Torngat Mountains

The Torngat Mountains are a mountain range on the Labrador Peninsula at the northern tip of Newfoundland and Labrador and eastern Quebec. They are part of the Arctic Cordillera.[1] The mountains form a peninsula that separates Ungava Bay from the Atlantic Ocean.

For the electoral district, see Torngat Mountains (electoral district).
Torngat Mountains
Folded rocks of the Torngat Mountains
Highest point
PeakMount Caubvick (Mont D'Iberville)
Elevation1,652 m (5,420 ft)
Coordinates58°53′01″N 63°42′57″W 
Dimensions
Area30,067 km2 (11,609 sq mi)
Geography
CountryCanada
ProvincesLabrador and Quebec
Range coordinates59°25′N 64°30′W
Parent rangeArctic Cordillera

Etymology

The name Torngat is derived from an Inuktitut word meaning place of spirits, sometimes interpreted as place of evil spirits.[2]

Geography

The Torngat Mountains have a substantial geographical extent. About 56% of the range is located in Quebec, 44% is in Labrador, and the remainder, less than 1%, is located on Killiniq Island in Nunavut. At least 2% of the mountain chain is under water, and poorly surveyed. The Torngat Mountains cover 30,067 square kilometres (11,609 sq mi), including lowland areas and extend over 300 km (186 mi) from Cape Chidley in the north to Hebron Fjord in the south. The Torngat Mountains have the highest peaks of eastern continental Canada.

The highest point is Mount Caubvick (also known as Mont D'Iberville) at 1,652 m (5,420 ft). There are no trees in the Torngat Mountains because the mountains lie in an arctic tundra climate and are therefore above the tree line.

Permafrost is continuous on the Quebec side of the border, and it is extensive but discontinuous on the eastern Atlantic side. The terrain is over 300 m (984 ft) above sea level and is predominantly rocky desert.

Highest Peaks of the Torngat Mountains
RankNamemft
1Mount Caubvick16525420
2Torngarsoak Mountain15955232
3Cirque Mountain15685144
4Peak 5100 (24I/16)1554+5100+
5Peak 507415475074
6Mount Erhart15395049
7Jens Haven15315023
8Peak 5000 (24P/01)1524+5000+
9Peak 5000 (24I/16)1524+5000+
10Innuit Mountain15094951

Geology
Aerial view of Four Peaks region of Torngat Mountains

Precambrian gneisses that comprise the Torngat Mountains are among the oldest on Earth and have been dated at roughly 3.6 to 3.9 billion years old.[2] Geologists recognize the gneisses of the Torngats as a part of the Canadian Shield or Laurentian Upland,[3] which, composing the very old North American Craton, split from the continent of Rodinia roughly 750 million years ago to form the geologic core of North America.[4]

However, the mountain-building or orogeny of the Torngats took place much more recently, and is characteristic of the folding and faulting that defines the series of geological events known as Arctic Cordillera.[5] This, according to some, makes the Torngats, as mountains, "distinct compared to the surrounding Precambrian Canadian Shield,"[6] though they are ultimately composed of shield rock. Evidence of this dramatic cordilleran folding and faulting characterizing the Torngat Mountains can be seen distinctly in rocks where the North American Craton long ago collided with the Nain Craton, later exposed in cross-section by glacial scouring, especially at Saglek Fjord.[7]

Glaciation

The ranges of the Torngat Mountains are separated by deep fjords and finger lakes surrounded by sheer rock walls. The fjords were produced by glaciation. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of the mountains at least once, however during the last ice age the coverage was more limited.

Currently, there are over 100 active small mountain glaciers in the Torngat Mountains with a total of about 195 ice masses in the region.[8][9]

Ecology
Torngat Mountain tundra
Torngat Mountains and Nachvak Fjord
Location of the Torngat Mountain tundra ecoregion in North America
Ecology
RealmNearctic
BiomeTundra
BordersEastern Canadian Shield taiga and Middle Arctic tundra
Geography
Area32,375 km2 (12,500 sq mi)
CountryCanada
ProvincesNewfoundland and Labrador and Quebec
Conservation
Conservation statusRelatively Stable/Intact[10]

Flora

The Torngat Mountain tundra is characterized by sparse cover of arctic sedge, grass, lichen, and moss. Patches of mixed arctic evergreen and deciduous shrubs can be found on sheltered south-facing slopes, increasing in prevalence as one moves south.[10]

Fauna

The tundra provides seasonal habitat for caribou, polar bears, and the only tundra-dwelling black bears in the world. In addition, the coastal area of this ecoregion lies along the Atlantic migratory flyway.[10]

Conservation

The Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve was announced on 1 December 2005. It aims to protect wildlife (caribou, polar bears, peregrine falcon and golden eagle among others), while offering wilderness-oriented recreational activities.[11]

In the CBC Series Geological Journey the Torngat mountains are featured. Notably, a billion-year-old coal seam (based on algae, not peat swamps) was discovered in the Torngat mountains on the Newfoundland Coast as part of the filming of the series.

Backcountry Magazine ran a feature story written by Drew Pogge in 2009 on steep skiing in the Torngat Mountains, notably first descents in Nachvak and Saglek fjords, as well as on the Caubvick massif.

See also

References
  1. Park Wardens - Arctic Cordillera Archived 2008-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
  2. "Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve". Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
  3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 2007-12-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. Nick Eyles and Andrew Miall, Canada Rocks: The Geologic Journey (Markham, Ont., Fitzhenry & Whiteside: 2007) pp. 66–67.
  5. Nick Eyles and Andrew Miall, Canada Rocks: The Geologic Journey (Markham, Ont., Fitzhenry & Whiteside: 2007)
  6. Exhumation of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador, Canada Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, J. P. Centeno, D. F. Stockli, J. Gosse.
  7. Nick Eyles and Andrew Miall, Canada Rocks: The Geologic Journey (Markham, Ont., Fitzhenry & Whiteside: 2007) p. 100.
  8. R.Way (2013). The Glaciers of the Torngat Mountains of northern Labrador. Memorial University of Newfoundland. MSc Thesis, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
  9. "An inventory and topographic analysis of glaciers in the Torngat Mountains, northern Labrador, Canada". Journal of Glaciology. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  10. "Torngat Mountain tundra | Ecoregions | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  11. "Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve". Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2008-06-17.

Further reading
  • Ives, J. D. 1957. "Glaciation of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador". Arctic. 10, no. 2: 67–87.
  • Kobalenko, Jerry. 2007. "Ghost Coast - Kayaking the Foreboding Fiords of Torngat Mountains National Park". Canadian Geographic. 127, no. 3: 38.
  • Schaefer, James A, and Stuard N Luttich. 1998. "Articles - Movements and Activity of Caribou, Rangifer Tarandus Caribou, of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador and Quebec". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 112, no. 3: 486.
  • Way, R.G., Bell, T. and Barrand, N.E. 2014. "An inventory and topographic analysis of glaciers in the Torngat Mountains, northern Labrador, Canada". Journal of Glaciology. 60, no. 223: 945–956.
  • Perkins, Robert "Against Straight Lines/Alone in Labrador" 1983 Perkins sets off on a journey in 1979 to remote Labrador crossing the Torngat Mountains from Atlantic Ocean to Ungavava Bay.
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