Vespertine

Vespertine is the fourth studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk.[nb 1] It was released on 27 August 2001 in the United Kingdom by One Little Indian Records and in the United States by Elektra Entertainment. Production on the album began during the filming of Dancer in the Dark, which was characterized by conflict between her and director Lars von Trier. Vespertine's sound reflected Björk's newly found interest in the music of artists such as Opiate and Console, who were also enlisted as producers.

For the term used in reference to phenomena observed during the evening hours, see Vespertine (biology).

Vespertine
Studio album by
Björk
Released27 August 2001
Recorded2000–01
Studio
Genre
Length55:33
Label
Producer
Björk chronology
Selmasongs
(2000)		 Vespertine
(2001)		 Greatest Hits
(2002)
Björk studio album chronology
Homogenic
(1997)		 Vespertine
(2001)		 Medúlla
(2004)
Singles from Vespertine
  1. "Hidden Place"
    Released: 6 August 2001
  2. "Pagan Poetry"
    Released: 5 November 2001
  3. "Cocoon"
    Released: 11 March 2002

Björk wanted to make an album with an intimate, domestic sound, deviating from the sonority of her previous studio album Homogenic (1997). With the rising popularity of Napster and music downloads, she decided to use instruments whose sounds would not be compromised when downloaded and played on a computer, including the harp, the celesta, clavichord, strings, and custom music boxes. Assisted by the duo Matmos, Björk created "microbeats" from various household sounds, such as that of shuffling cards and ice being cracked. Lyrically, the album revolves around sex and love – sometimes explicitly – inspired by her at the time new relationship with Matthew Barney; other lyrical sources include a poem by E. E. Cummings, Sarah Kane's play Crave, and dialogues written by Harmony Korine. Björk, a self-titled coffee table book containing photographs of the artist throughout her career, was released simultaneously with the album.

Vespertine peaked at number 19 on the US Billboard 200 and at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart. It was widely acclaimed by critics, with praise centred on its erotic, intimate mood and sonic experimentation. The album appeared on several publications' lists of the best albums of 2001 and of the decade, and has often been considered Björk's best album to date. It was certified gold in Canada, France, and the United Kingdom. Three singles were released from Vespertine: "Hidden Place", "Pagan Poetry", and "Cocoon". In 2001, she enlisted Zeena Parkins, Matmos, and a choir of Inuit women to embark on the Vespertine World Tour, which took place at theatres and small venues, in favor of acoustics over audience numbers.

Background and development
Björk wearing her swan dress at the 73rd Academy Awards on 25 March 2001. The famous Marjan Pejoski design would take a leading role in Vespertine's artwork and promotion later that year.

In July 1996, Björk published a poem titled "Techno Prayer" in Details magazine which would later be used as part of the lyrics of "All Neon Like". It featured thematic ideas such as cocooning and thread-weaving that she would later explore on Vespertine.[5] Björk had released her previous studio album, Homogenic, in 1997. The album was highly acclaimed on its initial release and stylistically differed from her previous two releases, described by her as "very emotionally confrontational and [...] very dramatic".[6] She also described "All Is Full of Love" — Homogenic's closing track – as the first song on Vespertine, as it opposed the rest of the album's "aggressive, macho" aesthetic.[7] In 2000, she starred in Lars von Trier's Dancer in the Dark, and composed its soundtrack, Selmasongs. The filming process was conflictive. Von Trier believes the problem was two-fold: they were both used to being the "dictator" over their products, and Björk was unable to separate herself from her character while acting.[8] Björk wrote "he has to destroy [his female leads] during the filming" and declared that she would never make another movie.[8] Her performance was praised: the film was awarded the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and she received the Best Actress award. On 25 March 2001, Björk attended the 73rd Academy Awards — as "I've Seen It All" was nominated for Best Original Song — wearing a swan dress designed by Marjan Pejoski that caused a media frenzy and was widely criticized.[9]

While she worked on the film, she also began producing her next album, writing new music, and teaming with new collaborators. She has said "Selmasongs was the day job and Vespertine was the hobby".[10] The earliest sessions took place in Spain with programmer Jake Davies.[11] Her new relationship with artist Matthew Barney, and the tension while filming Dancer in the Dark, have been referred to as the two major forces that shaped what would become Vespertine.[2] As the process of filming demanded that she be extroverted, the new music she was creating became hushed and tranquil as a way to escape.[2] Björk commissioned Valgeir Sigurðsson to relocate some of his studio equipment from Iceland to Denmark where Dancer in the Dark was being filmed.[2] While living in Copenhagen, she also contacted the electronic musician Thomas Knak (also known as Opiate), after having enjoyed his 1999 album Objects for an Ideal Home.[12] Björk's musical taste shifted from the "clang and clatter" and "thumping techno" that characterized Homogenic,[13] as she grew tired of "big beats".[10]

Björk then set about making a record with a domestic mood featuring "everyday moods and everyday noises translating into melodies and beats",[13] hence its working title Domestika.[2] Marius de Vries told Sound on Sound that the project was driven by an "overriding aesthetic of being homely and comfortable", which had "all to do with Björk wanting to make a record as a reaction to the wanderings and the pain she experienced making Dancer in the Dark, and how much that had taken out of her, to make a record about the place you come back to after you've wandered."[11] She began to use her laptop to write music, and Vespertine has been retrospectively referred to as "her laptop album".[15][16] For the string and music box arrangements, she used Sibelius scorewriter software.[17] In Iceland, programmers Jake Davies and Marius de Vries joined Björk for a writing session, laying down more tracks, in addition to nine already mixed.[1] Then, she "set up camp [...] during summer" in a New York City loft, and began to work with harpist Zeena Parkins.[1] Much of Vespertine was "composed, crafted and edited" in that loft, in what has been called the "Domestika sessions".[1] Some tracks were recorded as an overdub "on top of a slave mixdown" of the Spanish sessions.[11] As she wanted to write her own songs on music boxes, Björk contacted a music box company requesting transparent acrylic boxes because she wanted the sound to be "as hard as possible, like it was frozen".[18] Björk decided to use instruments whose sound would not be compromised when downloaded from sites such as Napster.[15] She explained:

I use micro-beats, a lot of whispery vocals, which I think sound amazing when they're downloaded because of the secrecy of the medium. The only acoustic instruments I would use would be those that sound good after they've been downloaded, so the harp, the music box, celeste and clavichord. They're plucky sounds. [...] And the strings [...] ended up being more panoramic textures in the background. It's all about being in a little house, on your own. [...] The strings would be like white mountains outside.[15]

In Homogenic, every track was built around a loud beat, but in Vespertine Björk wanted to make a "microcosmos of thirty or forty beats interacting".[19] To do this, she recorded noises around her house to make beats out of them. Once the songs were almost finished, Björk contacted the duo Matmos, who she considered "virtuosos" in the field, and sent them various songs to work with.[19] They added beats made from the noise of crushing ice and shuffling cards, among others. In her documentary Minuscule, Björk explained that this process consisted of "taking something very tiny and magnifying it up to big", intending to convey the "sensation that you've been told a secret", that is also present in micrographs.[19] Marius de Vries and Björk did a lot of the sound design in Vespertine with a text-based synthesizer called Supercollider. Although he described it as "horrendous and impenetrable once you first get it", de Vries admitted: "There is something about typing commands in and hearing the noises come out which is very different from tweaking knobs and it really does take you in surprising directions. It's a way of disrupting the normal circuitry between you and the sound-making machinery."[11]

Her relationship with Barney influenced her lyrics, which were now more intimate, detailed, and revealing as opposed to those of her past works.[20] A particular example is "Cocoon", which is sexually explicit.[10] The eventual title change of the record reveals its changing nature. Writer and critic Mark Pytlik notes that, "where [Domestika] signified a focus of extracting magic from the platitudes of everyday life, [Vespertine] [...] suggested a creation of magic through much more powerful forces. In fine style, Björk had set out to write an album about making sandwiches.[nb 2] She'd ended up with an album about making love".[20]

"Heirloom" was an existing instrumental track titled "Crabcraft" by electronic musician Console, from his 1998 album Rocket in the Pocket. Björk contacted Console in early 2000 and they met in London; she then added her vocals on top.[21] "Undo" was written during a two-week session with Knak that January in Reykjavik. Björk recorded her vocals on top of Knak's minimalist rhythmic backbone, and months later she had added a full choir and string section.[21][22] "Cocoon", also produced by Knak, was one of the last songs to be written for the album; its melody came to Björk in a sudden rush and she contacted him.[22] Knak took it as a chance to make a more minimal track, similar to his own releases.[22] His original treatment of "Cocoon", made with an Ensoniq ASR-10, appeared relatively intact in the final version.[22] Björk also worked with Bogdan Raczynski on the song "Who Is It", but the track did not follow the direction of the record and was subsequently included on the album Medúlla.[22]

In a 2015 interview with The Pitchfork Review, Björk expressed frustration over to the lack of recognition for all of her work on Vespertine and her other albums.[23][24] She said:

I did 80% of the beats on Vespertine and it took me three years to work on that album, because it was all microbeats – it was like doing a huge embroidery piece. Matmos came in the last two weeks and added percussion on top of the songs, but they didn't do any of the main parts, and they are credited everywhere as having done the whole album. [Matmos'] Drew [Daniel] is a close friend of mine, and in every single interview he did, he corrected it. And they don't even listen to him. It really is strange.[24]

Composition
"The Björkian soundfield is much as it always is: skittering rhythms, warm keyboard tones, discreet "laptronic" pulses, plinking harps and swooshing strings, a general meshing of organic and synthetic textures. But her unique sonic palette is harnessed here in the service of hushed awe: womblike intimacy and occasional ecstasy."

— Wondering Sound describing the sound of Vespertine.[25]

Björk has stated that she wanted the album to sound like "modern chamber music", referring to the times where "the most ideal music situation was in the home, where people would play harps for each other".[26][27] She argued that with the popularity of festivals like Woodstock, the situation became "the opposite", and that with the advent of Napster, the Internet, music downloading and DVD, "we've come full circle and the most ideal musical situation now, [...] is back to the home".[27] She also considers Vespertine to be the opposite of her previous studio album Homogenic, the former being an introverted, quiet, winter record; the latter a loud, dramatic, summer record.[6] Writer and critic Mark Pytlik writes, "Her appetite for thumping techno had been, temporarily at least, subsumed by a desire for stark melodies and minimalist production".[13] Although generally considered an electronica album, as with other Björk releases, it has been difficult for critics to classify Vespertine within a musical genre. The album – and Björk's body of work in general – is considered art pop.[28] The Orlando Weekly wrote that with the album, Björk "[took] her modernist art-pop further into the abstract".[29] Music journalists have noted the experimental nature of the record.[30][31] According to Joseph Hale of Tiny Mix Tapes, Vespertine's music "finally made good on its dubious "trip-hop" label," and described it as a combination of "psychedelic techno, chamber music, and chorale together into modal constructions that swelled and receded like emotions (or psylocibin)".[32] The music was also considered psychedelia by The Dallas Morning News and American critic Jim DeRogatis.[33][34] David Fricke of Rolling Stone wrote "Vespertine is the closest any pop-vocal album has come to the luxuriant Zen of the new minimalist techno".[35] Björk has also described the album as "more electronic folk music,"[13] and Jason Killingsworth of Paste referred to the album as a "folktronica gem".[36] Vespertine's music has also been categorised as ambient,[37][38] and glitch pop,[39][40] with Björk's performance described as that of an "art-rock torch singer.[41]

Stylistically, Vespertine incorporates elements of both art and dance music.[42] For example, the instrumentation of choir, strings, and harp is suggestive of Romantic art music, while the "synthesised keyboard sonorities, filtering effects and complex percussive sounds" are elements characteristic of dance-based pop.[42] According to Nicola Dibben:

...the way in which classical and dance-based elements are made to sit alongside one another as part of the same texture mediates the relationship between the two: the spiritual and the sensual are shown to be compatible, perhaps even suggesting that the sensual is spiritual, and that it can facilitate transcendence and hence grant access to a utopian world.[42]

Vespertine is also characterized by "the obsession with sonic traces of analog technology – that is, the pervasive use of loops, static and white noise— despite the obviously digital orientation of twenty-first-century electronics."[43] Unlike previous albums like Debut and Post, "electronic sounds are the norm, and the acoustic sounds become the interjections."[43] Björk's voice is used as a supplement to "the complex electronic textures".[43] Her vocals often appear to be recorded close to the microphone and with little treatment, and sung in a sometimes "unstable whisper", conveying a sense of close proximity and reduced space suitable for the intimate lyrics.[44]

Songs

The album opens with "Hidden Place", which features a soprano section and strings, "over the top of a warm, intimate melody".[46] Michael Hubbard of musicOMH felt the track was reminiscent of Homogenic's "Hunter", but less focused on the beats.[46] NME called it progressive folk,[47] while Drowned in Sound wrote it was electro.[48] Björk sings about "how two people can create a paradise just by uniting", as she intones: "I'm so close to tears/And so close to/Simply calling you up/And simply suggesting/We go to that hidden place".[49] "Cocoon" is "based around an exploratory bassline and beats that sound like fingertips on skin".[50] Discussing the glitch nature of the track, Björk said, "when you take technology and use the areas where it breaks, where it's faulty, you're entering a mystery zone where you can't control it".[51] Lyrically revolving around making love, the song alternates between metaphors like "Who would have known/That a boy like him/Would have entered me lightly/Restoring my blisses", and explicit lines such as "He slides inside/Half awake, half asleep" and "Gorgeousness/He's still inside me".[50] According to Michael Cragg of The Guardian, the song "best represents the album's sense of heavy-lidded, post-coital hibernation".[50] Björk sings a breathy, "whispered, near-cracking falsetto" on the track.[50]

"It's Not Up to You" has been described as a "dizzying ballad" and a song that lifts the album upward.[52] Michael Paoletta of Billboard described the track as "melancholy".[49] Its lyrics are about "love for the unknown devices that culminate in 'perfect days'",[53] and "pleas to find beauty in unlikely places".[54] The "caressing lyrics" of "Undo" assure that: "It's not meant to be a strife/It's not meant to be a struggle uphill".[55] Biographer Mark Pytlik writes, "Undo" is a held hand, a reassuring reminder that anything can happen once you let it. If you are in pain, undo it, Björk suggests, no hint of disingenuousness in her voice, over climbing strings and a rising choir".[56] "Pagan Poetry" is a "harp-splashed" song that concerns unrequited love.[49][57] The track builds slowly, "with Björk wailing over swelling keyboard crescendos," until, at the four-minute mark, "all the music drops away, leaving Björk utterly exposed" as she sings "I love him, I love him/I love him, I love him/I love him, I love him".[58] The song also features "a flotilla of music boxes with an Asian-teahouse touch."[35] The instrumental interlude "Frosti" has been described as a "metallic tundra".[59] Its sound stems from a music box,[60] creating an intimate, fairy tale-like effect.[30]

"Frosti" fades into "Aurora", while "a warm, faintly crunchy sound" is heard.[61] Those are samples of footprints in the snow – the work of Matmos —, re-appropriated as the song's "subtly shifting beat".[61] "Aurora" has been described as "something that appeals to a child-like imagination", and having a "magical and airy quality".[62] In the lyrics, she addresses a Nature goddess,[62] and sings about "literally dissolving with pleasure" as she "prays to become one with the pure color of the northern lights".[35] One of Björk's broodiest compositions, "An Echo, a Stain" is underpinned by a creeping choir line and nibbling clicks, and features an "unresolved, ominous tension" that is atypical of her writing style.[63] Most of the song's lyrics speak directly to incidents in Sarah Kane's 1998 dark-themed play Crave, so much so that it was titled "Crave" up to the last minute.[63] "Sun in My Mouth" is an adaptation of E.E. Cummings' poem "I will wade out/Till my thighs are steeped in burning flowers", with an emphasis on the vocal and accompaniment provided by a string orchestra, a harp, and soft electronica.[37] The track's lyrics have been considered a "startling allusion to masturbation", positioned "within the fantasy-like imagery of burning flowers, sea-girls, darkness and the sun".[62] This track, and the album in general, have a "resounding message of sexual liberation" that reinforces Björk's "resistance to the socially constructed categories of gender," which has generated analysis associating it with Donna Haraway's 1983 essay, A Cyborg Manifesto.[62]

"Heirloom" alters "between what sounds like a samba preset on a vintage Wurlitzer organ and skittering breakbeats, and is decorated with inverted synthtones and analog keyboards".[64] The song's lyrics tell a "fuzzy story" about a recurring dream,[49] while "[likening] the art of singing to swallowing and exhaling 'glowing lights'" as Björk sings: "During the night/They do a trapeze walk/Until they're in the sky/Right above my bed".[35] Film director Harmony Korine wrote "Harm of Will"'s lyrics. The Slate album review noted the minimalist nature of the track, pointing out a lack of hook, beat and melody.[65] It is a slow song, as is the closing track, "Unison".[66] The latter "[contains] a refrain directly inspired by [Björk's] experience in Dancer in the Dark and a healthy dollop of self-effacing humor evoked to counter the balance".[56] It "brings beats and strings together in a final crescendo that also manages to incorporate a little jungle".[67]

Imagery

Music videos
The controversial music video for "Pagan Poetry", directed by Nick Knight, features highly stylized images of unsimulated sex, going in hand with Vespertine's central theme of eroticism and intimacy.
Fauna illustrations by Ernst Haeckel, including the one pictured above, were used as a backdrop during the Vespertine World Tour.[68][69]

Once the album was finished, Björk wrote a manifesto describing a very introverted fictional character, "the character who did Vespertine", and sent it to M/M Paris, Nick Knight and Eiko Ishioka.[70] They directed the music videos for "Hidden Place", "Pagan Poetry", and "Cocoon" respectively.[70] It was the threesome's directorial debut. She said:

Vespertine is an album made by a character who's very introvert.(sic) And it's about the universe inside every person. This time around, I wanted to make sure that the scenery of the songs is not like a mountain or a city or outside, it's inside, so it's very internal. So I guess all three videos are very internal. [...] Sort of how you communicate with the world in a very intimate, personal way.[70]

The music video for "Hidden Place" was directed by Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin and co-directed by M/M (Paris). It was shot in London over four days in February 2001.[1] It was originally planned for a song from Selmasongs, but Björk felt the project was more appropriate for Vespertine.[71] The video consists of close-up shots panning around Björk's face, as fluids flow in and out of her facial orifices. M/M (Paris) explained the concept behind the video:

We always wanted to get as close to her as we could, as we all felt she had never been portrayed as the "real" and beautiful woman she is. This is somehow taboo, to observe a pop star with no makeup from a distance of half an inch. Then the idea of the liquid works as a visualization of all possible emotions pulsating and circulating in her very busy brain. The loop idea was a main point for us as well, trying to extend the usual time frame of pop video super-fast editing, to make it hypnotising, mesmerising and irritating, like an eternally burning fireplace.[71]

Nick Knight, who had previously shot the cover art for Homogenic, directed the music video for "Pagan Poetry".[72] It is about a woman preparing herself for marriage and for her lover, as she sews a wedding dress onto her skin. As she had asked him to make a video about her love life, Knight gave Björk a camcorder and asked her to shoot her own private scenes.[73] Shots of skin being pierced were also recorded with this camera; the people being pierced were five women who "were into subculture and piercings" and Björk herself, who only pierced her ear.[73] This first two-thirds of the video contains a great deal of post-production by Peter Marin, who gave the image its abstract watercolor-like effect. The shots of Björk with her Alexander McQueen topless wedding dress were filmed in super 35 format. The main idea behind the music video was: "to do something with the moving image that was a mirror of what was happening musically".[73] Although the music video has been well received by critics, it was highly controversial and banned from MTV in 2001.[74][75]

The music video for "Cocoon" was directed by Eiko Ishioka and was shot in April 2001 in New York City.[1] One of Björk's most avant-garde music videos, it: "plays with minimalist white for both costume and bleached eyebrows, treating Björk as a geisha whose makeup extends over her entire nude body".[76] Red threads emerge from her nipples and circulate between her breasts and nose, finally enveloping her in a cocoon.[76] Björk actually wore a very close-fitting body suit.[77] Although not as controversial as the "Pagan Poetry" music video, it was still banned from MTV.[78] The three music videos were included in the DVDs Volumen Plus (2002) and Greatest Hits – Volumen 1993–2003 (2002).[79][80]

Artwork
See also: Swan dress of Björk
Tony Robert-Fleury (1837–1911), Léda. Some consider that Vespertine's artwork and promotion evoke the mythical story of Leda and the Swan.

The album's ethereal artwork mirrors its "delicacy and introverted romance".[81] The cover art, shot by Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin in Los Angeles, California, is a black and white photograph of Björk lying down on the patterned ground next to a swimming pool, covering her eyes from the sun and wearing her Marjan Pejoski swan dress that caused a stir at the 73rd Academy Awards.[82] The duo M/M (Paris), known for applying and integrating their work on photographs (so called dessin dans l'image, or "drawings in the picture"),[83] illustrated the cover, featuring a swan and the album's title with feathers. Björk thought swans embodied Vespertine's music, describing them as "a white, sort of winter bird" and "very romantic".[84] Vespertine came with a booklet of M/M (Paris) artwork.[85]

Michael Hubbard of musicOMH commented positively on it, writing "the spine of the CD is entirely white, while the rest of the sleeve features innovative photography and artwork, preparing the listener before they even hear the album for something very special".[46] Jason Killingsworth of Paste wrote: "When I see the swan, my eye drifts past its beak to those pillowy white feathers, recalling the plushness and warmth of a down comforter. Feathers so white they evoke the purity of freshly fallen snow blanketing the ground outside while you sip a coffee by the fire, both hands curled around the mug's warm ceramic finish".[36]

Academic Nicola Dibben has likened Vespertine's artwork and promotion to representations of the Greek myth of Leda and the Swan, emphazising the erotic overtones of both. She stated:

The cover art to Vespertine [...] explores the theme of personal identity through visual means: hence Björk is featured in black and white, shading her eyes, lips slightly parted in an unmistakably erotic pose. For the first time in this context, however, she does not meet the viewer's gaze directly. Instead, the superimposed image of a swan provides a protective shield between Björk and the viewer. Both this photograph and Björk's subsequent appearances at promotional events dressed as a swan metonymically evokes not only the mythic figure of Leda, but more particularly the familiar legend in which she exchanges her husband, the Spartan king Tyndareus, for the God Zeus when he approaches her in disguised form. As in other visual representations of this myth, the entwined bodies of Leda and the swan permit a representation of erotic intimacy that would prove unacceptable if realised in a more literal fashion.[42]

Release and promotion
See also: Vespertine World Tour
Björk performing during the Vespertine World Tour at New York's Radio City Music Hall.

Vespertine was released later than One Little Indian Records had intended. Originally, the album's release was scheduled for May, but by March it had been put back to August, so as to enable Björk to work on the album's promotion.[86] On 22 May 2001, Björk premiered six songs off the new album in an intimate concert at the Riverside Church in New York City, accompanied by Matmos and Zeena Parkins.[87] On 6 August, "Hidden Place" was released as the album's lead single, its music video having premiered in July.[88] It was released as two CDs and a DVD, featuring B-sides "Generous Palmstroke", "Foot Soldier", "Mother Heroic" and "Verandi".[89] Vespertine was released on 27 August,[90] as a double 12" record, CD and compact cassette.[91] To coincide with the release of the album, Björk also released an eponymously titled coffee table book, created by her and edited and designed by M/M (Paris).[92] A second single, "Pagan Poetry", was released on 5 November 2001 as two CDs and a DVD, featuring a remix by Matthew Herbert, "Domestica", "Batabid", an Opiate remix of "Aurora", and a music video directed by Nick Knight.[93][94] Towards the end of 2001, Vespertine was released as a DVD-Audio.[95] "Cocoon", the album's third single, was released on 11 March 2002. Its music video had premiered in February.[96] Once again, the single was released as two separate CDs and a DVD, with "Pagan Poetry", "Sun in My Mouth" and "Amphibian" as B-sides.[97]

Together, Elektra, and New York-based independent marketing firm Drill Team, created the Björk Vespertine Syndicate (BVS), a group of 30-plus websites that had exclusive access to non-album tracks, music videos, and concert/rehearsal footage.[57] To promote the album, Björk appeared in various magazines in mid-2001, including: The Fader, Q, Pulse, URB, USA Today, InStyle, Vibe, Us, Nylon, Index, CMJ New Music Monthly and, Spin.[98] Magazines Dazed & Confused and Les Inrockuptibles featured a special issue with texts, photographs, and different CDs issued randomly, each with a different song from the album.[99] The Times issued a Björk special, featuring videos, music, photographs, and a competition to see Björk perform.[100] She also appeared on several TV shows, including: The Rosie O'Donnell Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, The David Letterman Show and, Charlie Rose, among others.[101][102]

In early August 2001, Björk confirmed the first set of dates for the Vespertine World Tour which would take place at opera houses, theatres, and small venues, with favourable acoustics for the concerts.[103] She enlisted Matmos, Zeena Parkins, a choir of Inuit girls from Greenland, and conductor Simon Lee;[19] the tour opened at the Grand Rex in Paris on 18 August.[57] While in Paris, she held a press conference to discuss the album but gave no individual interviews saying that: "she'd rather do music than talk about it."[104] While in France she also received the National Order of Merit at the Ministry of National Education in Paris.[105] Another press conference was held in Barcelona on 3 November 2001 while touring in Spain.[106] A 16 December 2001 performance at the Royal Opera House in London was released as the DVD Live at Royal Opera House in 2002.[68] A DVD release featuring a behind-the-scenes look at the tour, titled Minuscule, was released at the end of 2003.[19] Vespertine Live, a live album consisting of songs recorded during the Vespertine World Tour, was included in the 2003 box set Live Box; it also includes a live version of "All Is Full of Love", a song from Homogenic.[107]

Commercial reception

By September 2001, the album had reached number 19 on the Billboard 200 and the top spot on the Top Electronic Albums chart, with One Little Indian head Derek Birket declaring that the album had sold over 1.2 million copies in Europe alone.[108] That month, the album also became number one on the album charts in Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, France, Norway,[109] and the European Top 100 Albums chart.[110] In addition, Vespertine charted in the Top 10 of Canada,[111] Italy,[112] Germany,[110] Japan,[113] the United Kingdom,[114] Finland, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria and Australia.[115] The album was certified Gold in Canada, France, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

Lead single "Hidden Place" reached the top spot of the singles charts in Spain,[116] also charting in the Top 40 in the United Kingdom,[114] Canada,[117] Italy, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Belgium and France.[118] Following release "Pagan Poetry" also performed well in Spain, while entering the French chart at 49 and the UK chart at 38.[114][116][119] "Cocoon" performed more poorly, charting at 61 in France and 35 in the United Kingdom.[114][120]

Critical reception
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
SourceRating
Metacritic88/100[121]
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[30]
Entertainment WeeklyB+[122]
The Guardian[123]
Los Angeles Times[124]
NME8/10[125]
Pitchfork7.2/10[64]
Q[126]
Rolling Stone[35]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[127]
The Village VoiceA−[128]

Upon release, Vespertine received universal acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 88, based on 28 reviews.[121] Heather Phares from AllMusic called it "an album singing the praises of peace and quiet", praising it for proving that "intimacy can be just as compelling as louder emotions".[30] Anthony Carew from About.com gave the album the highest rating and said it was "quite possibly the best album of the '00s".[129] He considered the album to be self-aware of "the digital epoch [that] had just dawned upon the realm of recorded music" in the early 2000s, noting that it is "not just a product of this brave new non-world, but wholly informed by that."[129] The A.V. Club's Keith Phipps found it to be: "an album both timeless and of the moment, an avant-garde electronic-pop exploration of classic themes".[130] David Fricke of Rolling Stone felt that Vespertine was: "the sound and sentiment of a woman exulting in the power and possibility of her gift, one who has finally figured out how to grow up without growing old."[35] In a later review for The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Douglas Wolk described the album as "a banquet in the hall of Björk's personal erotics" and stated that "it's not the stuff of radio hits, but the music is spectacular".[127]

An enthusiastic review came from The Wire, which felt that: "In the end, Vespertine commits its magic by daring to go places more obvious and more human than one would have ever expected."[53] Calling it "one of the most impressive and cohesive" albums of the year, Tiny Mix Tapes found Vespertine to be Björk's most effective use of the studio as an instrument.[131] Simon Reynolds, praised it in Uncut saying [It was] "Her best yet, it reminds me of the jackfrost wonderland of Cocteau Twins circa In The Gold Dust Rush, of the bejewelled coldness of Siouxsie and the Banshees circa A Kiss in the Dreamhouse. The glittering sound fits the album's idea of inner riches, the treasure people keep hidden inside."[132] Katy Widder, writer for PopMatters, believed the album was a masterpiece, stating that it challenged the predominant theories of rock music and gender, particularly a statement made by Simon Reynolds and Joy Press in the acclaimed book, The Sex Revolts: Gender, Rebellion, and Rock 'n' Roll: "Women have seized rock 'n' roll and usurped it for their own expressive purposes, but we've yet to see a radical feminization of rock itself."[133] Chris Smith of Stylus Magazine praised the album for its nuance and delicacy, describing its sonic palette as "a breath of fresh air."[38] Noting that Vespertine showed a more mature side of her, musicOMH's Michael Hubbard wrote that "It sounds like Björk has grown up [...]; while that would be a pity, it is also fascinating for anyone who loves her music. She is a legend in her time."[46]

Billboard's Michael Paoletta applauded Vespertine for its "positive [introversion]", feeling some of the tracks "have the strength to bring tears (of joy and pain) to the eyes."[49] Q also praised the album, stating that it "quietly proves that cutting-edge production and human contact aren't mutually exclusive."[126] American music journalist Robert Christgau enjoyed the album's central theme of sex and wrote: "when she gets all soprano on your ass you could accuse her of spirituality".[128] A more lukewarm review came from Pitchfork's Ryan Schreiber, who felt that: "while undeniably beautiful, Vespertine fails to give electronic music the forward push it received on Björk's preceding albums".[64] However, Pitchfork later named Vespertine the 92nd best album of the 2000s.[134] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said "her lyrics occasionally dive into the deep end" and "her voice is at times stiff", although he also wrote "when it all comes together, [...] Björk and her electronica collaborators create moving interplanetary chorals".[122] Almost Cool wrote: "if there's one question to be raised with the album, it's that it's all simply so lush and nice that on some levels it fails to excite".[135] Various reviews named Vespertine Björk's best album to date, including The A.V. Club,[130] Rolling Stone,[35] About.com,[129] and PopMatters.[133]

Accolades

In 2002, Vespertine was nominated for the Shortlist Music Prize, though the award went to In Search of... by N.E.R.D.[136] The same year, the album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Alternative Album, losing to Coldplay's Parachutes.[137] In addition, Björk was nominated for Best International Female Solo Artist at the Brit Awards,[138] and Best International Female Artist at the Italian Music Awards,[139] while Vespertine was nominated for Album of the Year at the Icelandic Music Awards.[140]

Critics' lists

The information regarding lists including Vespertine is adapted from Acclaimed Music, except where otherwise noted.[141]

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Christophe Brault France Top 20 Albums by Year 1964–2004 2006 9
Fnac The 1000 Best Albums of All Time 2008 561
Les Inrockuptibles Albums of the Year 2001 5
Heineken Spain Top 50 International Albums of the 2000s 2009 13
Jenesaispop Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2010 80
Mondo Sonoro Albums of the Year 2001 6
Muzikalia Top 62 Albums of the 2000s 2009 *
PlayGround Top 200 Albums of the 2000s 20
Rockdelux Albums of the Year 2001 10
Top 100 International Albums of the 2000s 2009 45
The 300 (+200) Best Albums from 1984–2014 2014 301
Drowned in Sound United Kingdom The Top 66 Albums of 2000–2005 2006 1
Fact Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2009 13
The Guardian The 100 Best Albums of the 21st Century[142] 2019 27
The Line of Best Fit Top 30 Albums of the 2000s 2009 22
Mojo Albums of the Year 2001 7
musicOMH Top 21 Albums of the 2000s 2010 11
Paul Morley Words and Music, 5 x 100 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 *
NME Albums of the Year 2001 32
Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2009 95
The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2013 403
Q Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2009 48
Resident Advisor Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2010 54
Rock's Backpages Albums of the Year 2001 5
Top 176 Albums of the 2000s 2009 44
The Times Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 68
Uncut Albums of the Year 2001 26
Top 150 Albums of the 2000s 2009 55
The Wire 2001 Rewind – 50 Records of the Year 2001 1[143]
The Word Top 25 Albums of the 2000s 2009 18
About.com United States Top 100 Albums of the 2000s[144] 2010 2
Addicted to Noise Albums of the Year 2001 7
Alternative Press Albums of the Year 3
Amazon.com Albums of the Year 4
The Best of the Decade in Music... So Far 2006 *
The A.V. Club Top 50 Albums of the 2000s 2009 27
Barnes & Noble Albums of the Year 2001 14
Blender Albums of the Year 22
CMJ Albums of the Year *
Coke Machine Glow Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2010 91
Down Beat Albums of the Year 2001 1
GQ The 40 Best Albums of the 21st Century 2003 *
Kitsap Sun The Top 101 Albums of the 2000s 2010 49
Los Angeles Times Albums of the Year 2001 2
Los Angeles New Times Albums of the Year 7
Music-Critic.com Albums of the Year 3
One Thirty BPM Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2010 11
Paste Top 50 Albums of the 2000s 2009 50
Pitchfork Top 200 Albums of the 2000s 92
PopMatters The 100 Best Albums of the 2000s 2014 32
Robert Dimery 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die 2013 *
Rolling Stone Albums of the Year 2001 4
The 50 Coolest Records of All Time 2002 16
Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2009 67
Slant Magazine Top 250 Albums of the 2000s 2010 3
Spin Albums of the Year 2001 5
Stylus Magazine The 50 Best Albums of 2000–2004 2005 36
Top 100 Albums of the 2000s 2010 17
Treble Top 150 Albums of the 2000s 61
Unpop Albums of the Year 2001 7
The Village Voice Albums of the Year 3
Washington City Paper Albums of the Year 18
(*) designates lists that are unordered.

Track listing

All tracks produced by Björk, except where noted.

No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Hidden Place"Björk5:10
2."Cocoon" (producers: Björk, Thomas Knak)
  • Björk
  • Knak
4:30
3."It's Not Up to You"Björk5:10
4."Undo"
  • Björk
  • Knak
5:42
5."Pagan Poetry"Björk5:16
6."Frosti"Björk1:42
7."Aurora"Björk4:42
8."An Echo, A Stain"
3:58
9."Sun in My Mouth"
2:38
10."Heirloom" (producers: Björk, Console)
  • Björk
  • Console
5:10
11."Harm of Will"
4:41
12."Unison"Björk6:50
Japanese edition bonus track
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
13."Generous Palmstroke"
4:08

Notes:

  • The "Heirloom" instrumental was released as "Crabcraft" by Console on his 1998 album Rocket in the Pocket, although the track was reportedly re-produced from scratch with Björk.
  • "Unison" samples "Aero Deck" by Oval, from the 1994 album Systemisch and "Viri Galilaei", composed by Patrick Gowers.

Personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Vespertine.[85]

Musicians

Technical personnel
  • Björk – production, basslines, vocal editing, sounds recording, field recording
  • Valgeir Sigurðsson – Pro Tools, engineering
  • Martin Gretschmann a.k.a. Console – production (track 10)
  • Jake Davies – Pro Tools, engineering
  • Leigh Jamieson – Pro Tools
  • Thomas Knak – production (track 2)
  • Jan "Stan" Kybert – Pro Tools
  • Matmos – programming, beat programming
  • Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
  • Damian Taylor – Pro Tools
  • Marius de Vries – production

Artwork

Charts

Certifications
Region CertificationCertified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)[154] Gold 50,000^
France (SNEP)[155] Gold 200,000[156]*
Japan —124,550[157]
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[158] Gold 50,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[159] Gold 20,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[160] Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA) — 402,000[161]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

See also

Notes
  1. Vespertine is officially considered to be her fourth solo album.[1][2] It is Björk's fifth solo studio album if her 1977 juvenilia self-titled release is taken into account.[3] The album can also be considered as sixth, adding Gling-Gló to the count, a 1990 collaboration with Tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar.[4]
  2. Referring to a 2001 interview with NME, during which Björk stated "This is [...] music for the home. It's corny to make a soundtrack for making a sandwich, but I quite like it."[10]

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Bibliography
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