Women in Panama
Women in Panama are the women who live in or are from Panama. Panamanian women, by tradition, are Hispanic and they are treated as equal to men, accorded with "deference and respect".
 A Panamanian woman wearing traditional clothing | |
| Gender Inequality Index[1] | |
|---|---|
| Value | 0.506 (2013) |
| Rank | 107th out of 152 |
| Maternal mortality (per 100,000) | 92 (2010) |
| Women in parliament | 19.3% (2014)[2] |
| Females over 25 with secondary education | 63.5% (2012) |
| Women in labour force | 49.0% (2012) |
| Global Gender Gap Index[3] | |
| Value | 0.722 (2018) |
| Rank | 45th out of 153 |
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| Women in society |
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Panamanian culture
Young women in Panama, particularly those who are single, are regarded as persons with "very high symbolic status", including giving them roles as Carnaval Queens. One particular example of this type of reverence of female adolescents is the celebration of the inna suid by the Kuna Indians, which is a three-day celebration of the adolescent girls' coming of age.[4]
Some Panamanian women occupy high positions in the field of the professions, education, and government service. Panama had a female president as their national leader, in the person of Mireya Moscoso, who was Panama's first female president, serving from 1999 to 2004.[4]
The literacy rate (as of 2015) is estimated at 94.4% for females and 95.7% males (aged 15 and over).[5]
Family life
In common with other Latin American countries, cohabitation is today very common in Panama, and most children are born to unmarried women: in the 2000s, 58,5% of births were to cohabiting mothers, 24,4% to married mothers, and 17,1% to single mothers (not living with a partner).[6] But unlike other countries in the region, births outside of marriage have been the majority for decades: in the 1970s only 30,4% of children were born inside of marriage.[6] The total fertility rate (TFR) is 2.38/children born per woman (as of 2014).[7]
Domestic violence
Domestic violence is a problem in the country. Panama enacted Ley No.38 del 2001 against domestic violence.[8] In 2013, the country enacted Law 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women (Ley 82 - Tipifica el Femicidio y la Violencia contra las Mujeres) a comprehensive law against violence against women.[9]
References
- "Table 4: Gender Inequality Index". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
- "The Global Gender Gap Report 2018" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 10–11.
- Panama, everyculture.com
- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html
- http://www.fcs.edu.uy/archivos/Mesa_46_Castro%20Mart%C3%ADn%20et%20al.pdf
- "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- http://www.organojudicial.gob.pa/cendoj/wp-content/blogs.dir/cendoj/codigo_judicial/leyes_modifican/ley_38_2001.pdf
- http://www.mef.gob.pa/es/direcciones/oficinaInstitucionalRecursosHumanos/Documents/Ley%20del%20Femicidio.pdf
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