Anti-Dutch sentiment

Anti-Dutch sentiment, also known as Dutchphobia,[1] is a spectrum of negative feelings, fears and dislikes towards Netherlands, Dutch people and Dutch culture. Historically, dislike or hatred toward the Netherlands, the Dutch people and their culture has arisen from the colonization undertaken by the Netherlands, and from the roles it has played in European wars. This sentiment is reflected in various expressions that have entered the English language, one of which is the pejorative Kaaskop.

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Dutch colonies

Southeast Asia

Most of present-day Indonesia was a Dutch colony – the Dutch East Indies – from 1800 until the Japanese invasion during World War II. After the defeat of the Japanese, when the Dutch attempted to reassert control, anti-Dutch feeling developed among the native population, encompassing anything associated with the Dutch.[2][3] The outcome was the Indonesian National Revolution, culminating in 1949 in the independence of Indonesia.

South Africa

In South Africa, following the Boer War (1899-1902) between the British government and settlers of Dutch descent, anti-Dutch sentiments were present within the English-speaking population[4] and were identified with the Unionist Party.[5]

South America and the Caribbean

A growing nationalist movement gave rise to anti-Dutch sentiment during the 1950s in the then colony of Surinam.[6] Suriname became self-governing in 1954 and fully independent in 1975.

European wars

Anglo-Dutch Wars

From the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th to 18th centuries date expressions conveying varying degrees of hostility or mockery towards the Dutch, such as "Dutch courage", "Dutch uncle", "Going Dutch", "Dutch treat", "Double Dutch" and "I'm a Dutchman". Anti-Dutch feeling grew in England during the three wars against the Dutch Republic between 1652 and 1674, and continued during and after the reign of William of Orange.[7]

First World War

The neutrality maintained by the Netherlands during the First World War evoked unfavourable comment in Britain, epitomised by a remark in Punch:

Holland is a low country, in fact it is such a very low country that it is no wonder that it is dammed all round.

— Various, [8]

Second World War

During World War II, German occupiers in Belgium were promoting the use of Dutch language in communities of French-speakers, which lead to strong Dutchphobia among those people.[9]

Modern times

In the Muslim world Anti-Dutch sentiment is fueled by emotion, not logic about the Srebrenica massacre in which Dutchbat is blamed for not protecting the Muslim enclave while in reality Dutchbat had no task in protecting the enclave but to disarm both parties to ensure peace. (the United Nations is a neutral organisation in war). In the Muslim world it is portrayed as if Dutch soldiers participated in the massacre.[10] [11] Turkish citizens in the Netherlands are indoctrinated in Turkish Mosques (Diyanet) and Turkish media as an enemy of Turkey.[12]

In Indonesia Anti-Dutch sentiment has never disappeared and has been fueled many times since the Sukarno era. Today Anti Dutch sentiment is mainly based on old war propaganda like the South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947 in which it is portrayed as if Captain Raymond Westerling killed 40,000 civilians.[13] It was used by Sukarno to motivate Indonesians to support the Trikora campaign for the colonisation (Called liberation in Indonesia) of West New Guinea President Sukarno said: “Today we all remember the details of 40,000 people of South Sulawesi as victims of the inhumanity of the Dutch colonial army under the command of Westerling. The inhumanity of the right hand of Imperialism is part of the ruthless imperialism to uphold colonialism on Indonesian soil. The death of 40,000 souls in this episode prove that the people of Indonesia paid for Indonesian Independence.” Until this day the number 40,000 is still used as Anti-Dutch sentiment in Indonesia.[14] [15]

In Indonesia the myth of 350 years of colonialism of the Dutch East Indies (1816-1949) is also used as Anti-Dutch in which it is portrayed that the whole archipelago was under Dutch rule for 350 years while in reality the whole Archipelago was only under Dutch control between 1910-1942.[16] [17]

Because this anti-Dutch sentiment is still inherent in Indonesia, several revenge campaigns have been carried out such as reporting on Dutch war crimes while occupied Indonesia on social media,the vandalism of the Dutch monument and the film de oost which tells about Dutch colonialism in Indonesia which turned out to be financed by 3 Indonesian companies.[18][19]

References
  1. Dean A. Stahl; Karen Landen (23 March 2001). Abbreviations Dictionary, Tenth Edition. CRC Press. pp. 1453–. ISBN 978-1-4200-3664-0.
  2. Albertus Bagus Laksana (29 April 2016). Muslim and Catholic Pilgrimage Practices: Explorations Through Java. Taylor & Francis. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-317-09123-3.
  3. Marc Frey; Ronald W. Pruessen; Tai Yong Tan (26 August 2003). The Transformation of Southeast Asia: International Perspectives on Decolonization. M.E. Sharpe. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7656-3185-5.
  4. Adriaan J. Barnouw (2012). Language and race problems in South Africa. Springer. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-94-011-9255-2.
  5. The New Statesman. Statesman Publishing Company. 1921.
  6. Edward Dew (2013). The Difficult Flowering of Surinam: Ethnicity and Politics in a Plural Society. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 97. ISBN 978-94-017-3278-9.
  7. Jonathan Israel, "England, the Dutch, and the Struggle for Mastery of World Trade in the Age of the Glorious Revolution (1682-1702)", in Dale Hoak; Mordechai Feingold (1996). The World of William and Mary: Anglo-Dutch Perspectives on the Revolution of 1688-89. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2406-7.
  8. "Charivaria", Punch, Vol. 147, 30 December 1914
  9. Paul F. State (27 July 2004). Historical Dictionary of Brussels. Scarecrow Press. pp. 171–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6555-6.
  10. https://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2017/03/14/shadow-of-srebrenica-still-hovers-over-the-netherlands-erdogan-says
  11. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/7/17/confronting-the-srebrenica-massacre
  12. https://www.ad.nl/politiek/turken-wordt-ingeprent-dat-nederland-hen-vijandig-gezind-is~a5081f22/
  13. https://tirto.id/korban-westerling-40000-jiwa-dari-mana-datangnya-angka-itu-de7u
  14. https://tirto.id/sejarah-pembantaian-di-sulsel-westerling-datang-darah-tergenang-deUW
  15. https://voi.id/memori/2043/westerling-pembantai-warga-sulawesi-yang-dilindungi-belanda
  16. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/28/15540211/benarkah-indonesia-dijajah-belanda-selama-350-tahun?page=all
  17. https://historia.id/politik/articles/mitos-350-tahun-penjajahan-PKKEP
  18. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/08/indonesian-monument-daubed-with-red-paint-ahead-of-remembrance-ceremony/
  19. http://www.federatie-indo.nl/21-01-06/
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