Armenians in Russia

There has been an Armenian presence in Russia since the Late Middle Ages, when various artisans, merchants and traders ventured north to the Crimea and the northern Caucasus in order to set up trade ties and conduct commerce.

Portrait of Russian-Armenian General Valerian Madatov by George Dawe from the Military Gallery, 1820

A significant number of Armenians were already living in the Russian Empire before the 1820s. After the destruction of the last remaining independent Armenian states in the Middle Ages, the nobility disintegrated, leaving Armenian society composed of a mass of peasants plus a middle class who were either craftsmen or merchants. Such Armenians were to be found in most towns of Transcaucasia; indeed, at the beginning of the 19th century they formed the majority of the population in cities such as Tbilisi. Armenian merchants conducted their trade across the world and many had set up base within Russia. In 1778, Catherine the Great invited Armenian merchants from the Crimea to Russia and they established a settlement at Nor Nakhichevan near Rostov-on-Don.[6] The Russian ruling classes welcomed the Armenians' entrepreneurial skills as a boost to the economy, but they also regarded them with some suspicion. The image of the Armenian as a "wily merchant" was already widespread. Russian nobles derived their income from their estates worked by serfs and, with their aristocratic distaste for engaging in business, they had little understanding or sympathy for the way of life of mercantile Armenians.

Nevertheless, middle-class Armenians prospered under Russian rule and they were the first to seize the new opportunities and transform themselves into a prosperous bourgeoisie when capitalism and industrialisation came to Transcaucasia in the later half of the 19th century. The Armenians were much more skilled at adapting to the new economic circumstances than their neighbours in Transcaucasia, the Georgians and the Azeris. They became the most powerful element in the municipal life of Tbilisi, the city regarded by Georgians as their capital, and in the late 19th century they began to buy up the lands of the Georgian nobility, who had gone into decline after the emancipation of their serfs. Armenian entrepreneurs were quick to exploit the oil boom which began in Transcaucasia in the 1870s, having large investments in the oil fields in Baku in Azerbaijan and the refineries of Batumi on the Black Sea coast. All this meant that the tensions between Armenians, Georgians and Azeris in Russian Transcaucasia were not simply ethnic or religious in nature but were due to social and economic factors too. Nevertheless, in spite of the popular image of the typical Armenian as a successful businessman, at the end of the 19th century 80 percent of Russian Armenians were still peasants working the land.[7]

Commemoration of the Armenian Genocide in Volgograd, 2012

According to the Union of Russian Armenians, there are 2.5 million Armenians living in Russia today. According to the same source, about 850,000 are immigrants from Armenia, 350,000 from Azerbaijan and 250,000 from Georgia, including 100,000 from Abkhazia and 180,000 from Central Asia, mostly Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.[8]

The Russian government is encouraging Armenians to immigrate and settle in Russia and is providing financial and settlement incentives.[9]

Armenians in Russia have one of the highest rates of educational attainment. According to the 2002 census 21.4% of Armenians have higher education, 31.8% have "middle special" education (i.e. vocational education), and 46.1% have secondary education.[10]

The Armenian Cathedral of Moscow, completed in 2011

The 2010 Russian census put the number of Moscow Armenians at 106,466. Another 63,306 Armenians lived in Moscow region at the time. There are various estimates on the number of Armenians in Moscow: 400,000,[23] 600,000,[24] 1,000,000.[25][26] Moscow is often regarded as the largest Armenian community outside Armenia.

Saint Catherine's Armenian Church, Saint Petersburg

In 1708 the first Armenians came to St. Petersburg, and in 1710 in the city already existed "Armenian offices". In 1730, under the leadership of the priest Ivan Sheristanova organized the first parish of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Throughout the 20th century Armenian population of St. Petersburg has been steadily increasing. The number of Armenians in St. Petersburg increased from 1,759 in 1926 to 19,164[15] in 2002.

According to Soviet 1989 census 47% Armenians speak Armenian as native language, 52% speak Russian as native language. At the same time almost all fluent in Russian language. About half of the Armenians have higher education and, consequently, higher social status.[27]

According to the head of Saint Petersburg's Armenian community Karen Mkrtchyan, currently about 100,000 Armenians are living in the region of Saint Petersburg. There are 2 Armenian churches, a Sunday school, "Havatamk" Armenian monthly and a printing house.[28]

The Krasnodar Krai is one of the biggest communities of the Armenian diaspora.[29] According to the Russian 2002 census, there were 274,566 Armenians. 211,397 of them spoke Armenian as their native language and 6,948 had Armenian citizenship.

According to estimates some 500,000,[30][31] 700,000[32] or 1,000,000[33] Armenians resided in Krasnodar.

They are chiefly concentrated in Greater Sochi (80,045[34]–125,000)[35] the city of Krasnodar (28,022[n 2]–70,000),[37] the city of Armavir (18,262[36]–50,000)[38] Tuapse (18,194)[n 3], Novorossiysk (12,092[36]–40,000)[39] Apsheron (10,659),[36] and Anapa (8,201).[36]

Historically, the Don region was home to the largest Armenian community on the territory of the modern Russian Federation. Armenians were resettled from Crimean Khanate in 1779 by orders of Catherine the Great and founded several settlements around the territory of modern Rostov-on-Don. The largest of them, Nakhichevan-on-Don, was merged into the Rostov city in 1928. Armenians still constitute the majority of Myasnikovsky District population. In 2010 Rostov-on-Don had the third largest Armenian population of all Russian cities (after Moscow and Sochi, Krasnodar Krai).

King of Russian pop Philipp Kirkorov

• Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900), painter, one of the greatest masters of marine art
• Irina Allegrova (b. 1952), pop singer
• Artsvik (b. 1984), pop singer
• Lev Atamanov (1905–1981), director of Soyuzmultfilm animation studio
• Arno Babajanian (1921–1983), composer and pianist
• Armen Dzhigarkhanyan (1935-2020), actor, appeared in more films than any other Russian actor
• Karina Evn (b. 1997), singer-songwriter
• Sergey Galoyan (b. 1981), music producer
• Mikhail Galustyan (b. 1979), comedian and showman
• Armen Grigoryan (b. 1960), singer songwriter
• Luara Hayrapetyan (b. 1997), singer-songwriter
• Artur Janibekyan (b. 1976), co-producer of Comedy Club
• Karen Kavaleryan (b. 1961), lyricist of Eurovision songs
• Edmond Keosayan (1936–1994), film director
• Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978), classical composer, one of the titans of Soviet music
• Dmitry Kharatyan (b. 1960), actor
• Philipp Kirkorov (b. 1967), singer, king of Russian pop
• Arshak Makichyan, violinist and activist who is called the Russian Greta Thunberg
• Garik Martirosyan (b. 1974), comedian, co-producer of Comedy Club
• Frunzik Mkrtchyan (1930–1993), actor
• Stas Namin (b. 1951), rock singer
• Levon Oganezov, pianist and conductor
• Sergei Parajanov (1924–1990), film director and artist who made significant contributions to Soviet cinematography
• Yevgeny Petrosyan (b. 1945), comedian
• Eva Rivas (b. 1987), pop singer, represented Armenia in Eurovision 2010
• Avraam Russo (b. 1969), pop singer
• Igor Sarukhanov (b. 1956), rock singer
• Martiros Saryan (1880–1972), painter
• Karen Shakhnazarov (b. 1952), filmmaker, producer, director of Mosfilm since 1998
• Mikael Tariverdiev (1931–1996), composer
• Agrippina Vaganova (1879–1951), ballet teacher
• Yevgeny Vakhtangov (1883–1922), actor and theatre director
• Lousine Gevorkyan (b. 1982), rock singer

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov

Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Bagramyan

• Sergey Aganov (1917–1996), Marshal of Engineer Troops
• Sergei Avakyants (b. 1957), admiral, commander of the Pacific Fleet
• Hamazasp Babadzhanian (1906–1977), Chief Marshal of the Armoured Forces
• Ivan Bagramyan (1897–1982), Marshal of the Soviet Union
• Vasili Bebutov (1791–1858), Adjutant General of the H.I.M. Retinue, General of the Infantry
• Ivan Isakov (1894–1967), Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union
• Sergei Khudyakov (1902–1950), Marshal of Aviation
• Sergey Kurginyan (b. 1949), political scientist
• Ivan Lazarev (1820–1879), general
• Sergey Lavrov (b. 1950), Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004
• Mikhail Loris-Melikov (1825–1888), General of the Cavalry, Minister of Interior of Russia in 1880–1881
• Valerian Madatov (1782–1829), prince, a lieutenant-general of the Russian Empire
• Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978), Soviet statesman and diplomat, First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (second highest figure in the Soviet Union) from 1955 to 1964
• Gaik Ovakimian (1898–1967), leading Soviet NKVD spy in the United States
• Movses Silikyan (1862–1937), Major General in the Russian Imperial Army
• Nelson Stepanyan (1913–1944), two times hero of USSR, dive bomber pilot during WWII
• Gevork Vartanian (1924–2012), legendary Soviet spy
• Saak Karapetyan (1960–2018), Russian deputy attorney general

Nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian

• Evgeny Abramyan (1930–2014), physicist, one of the founders of several research directions in the Soviet and Russian nuclear technology
• Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), engineer, one of the founders of color television
• Sergei Adian (1931–2020), one of the most prominent Soviet mathematicians
• Tateos Agekian (1913–2006), astrophysicist, a pioneer of stellar dynamics
• Sos Alikhanian (1906–1985), geneticist, one of the founders of molecular genetics in the USSR, founder of the State Research Institute of Genetics
• Abram Alikhanov (1904–1970), physicist, one of the founders of nuclear physics in USSR, founder and director of Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP)
• Victor Ambartsumian (1908–1996), astrophysicist, one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics
• Gurgen Askaryan (1928–1997), physicist, inventor of light self focusing
• Boris Babayan (b. 1933), computer scientist, father of supercomputing in the former Soviet Union and Russia (Elbrus computers)
• Mikhail Chailakhyan (1902–1991), founder of hormonal theory of plant development
• Artur Chilingarov (b. 1939), polar explorer, member of the State Duma from 1993 to 2011
• Amo Elyan (1903–1965), major general of engineering, head of the KB-1 which created the first anti-aircraft missile defense system S-25 Berkut[40]
• Bagrat Ioannisiani (1911–1985), designer of the BTA-6, one of the largest telescopes in the world
• Andronik Iosifyan (1905–1993), aerospace engineer, one of the founders of Soviet missilery and cosmonautics, father of electromechanics in the USSR
• Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), aerospace engineer, designer of the first rovers to explore another world: first moon rovers and first mars rovers
• Leonid Khachiyan (1952–2005), mathematician and computer scientist, known for ellipsoid algorithm
• Tigran Khudaverdyan (b. 1981), computer scientist, deputy CEO of Yandex
• Artem Mikoyan (1905–1970), aerospace engineer, designed many of the famous MiG jet aircraft
• Semyon Kirlian (1898–1978), founder of Kirlian photography; discovered that living matter is emitting energy fields
• Ivan Knunyants (1906–1990), chemist, a major developer of the Soviet chemical weapons program
• Samvel Kocharyants (1909–1993), developer of nuclear warheads for ballistic missiles
• Sergey Mergelyan (1928–2008), mathematician, made major contributions to the Approximation Theory
• Yuri Oganessian (b. 1933), nuclear physicist in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), the world's leading researcher in superheavy elements
• Leon Orbeli (1882–1958), founder of evolutionary physiology
• Yuri Osipyan (1931–2008), physicist who worked in the field of solid state physics
• Mikhail Pogosyan (b. 1956), aerospace engineer, general director of Sukhoi and the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC)
• Alexei Sisakian (1944–2010), theoretical physicist, director of JINR from 2006–2010[41]
• Norair Sisakian (1907–1966), biochemist, a founder of space biology; pioneer in biochemistry of sub-cell structures and technical biochemistry
• Karen Ter-Martirosian (1922–2005), theoretical physicist, known for his contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, founder of the Elementary Particle Physics chair of the MIPT

First vice-president of Russian Football Union Nikita Simonyan

• Artur Dalaloyan (b. 1996), artistic gymnast, 2018 World All-Around Champion
• Artur Danielian (b. 2003), 2018 World Junior silver medalist, men's singles figure skater
• Yana Egorian (b. 1993), 2016 Olympic Champion in women's individual sabre
• Robert Emmiyan (b. 1965), fourth best long jumper in history, holder of European record
• Arsen Galstyan (b. 1989), judoka, 2012 Olympic champion
• Margarita Gasparyan (b. 1994), singles tennis player (father's side)
• Karen Khachanov, (b. 1996), singles tennis player
• Evgenia Medvedeva (b. 1999), 2018 Olympic silver medalist, 2 time World Champion, ladies' singles figure skater (father's side)
• Grigory Mkrtychan (1925–2003), ice hockey player and coach, 1956 Olympic champion
• Nikita Simonyan (b. 1926), football player and coach, first vice-president of the Russian Football Union
• Seda Tutkhalyan (b. 1999), artistic gymnast, 2016 Olympic team silver medalist
• Yurik Vardanyan (1956–2018), weightlifter, set several world records

World chess champion Garry Kasparov

• Ara Abrahamyan (b. 1957), businessman
• Ruben Dishdishyan (b. 1959), entrepreneur
• Gabriel El-Registan (1899–1945), poet, co-author of the Anthem of the Soviet Union
• Pavel Florensky (1882–1937), orthodox theologian, philosopher, mathematician, electrical engineer, and inventor
• Sergey Galitsky (b. 1967), billionaire businessman, the founder and co-owner of Magnit, Russia's largest retailer
• Karo Halabyan (1897–1959), architect, executive secretary of Union of Soviet Architects, led the development of the recovery plan of Stalingrad
• Garry Kasparov (b. 1963), chess grandmaster, writer and political activist, considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time
• Miron Merzhanov (1895–1975), personal architect of Joseph Stalin in 1933–1941
• Tigran Petrosian (1929–1984), chess grandmaster, world champion from 1963 to 1969
• Photios I of Constantinople (810–893), orthodox patriarch, central figure in the Christianization of Kievan Rus'
• Margarita Simonyan (b. 1980), journalist, editor-in-chief of the television news network RT (Russia Today)
• Artyom Tarasov (1950–2017), businessman, first millionaire in the USSR
• Garegin Tosunyan (b. 1955), banker, president of Association of Russian Banks[42]
• Ruben Vardanian (b. 1968), businessman, CEO of Troika Dialog