Barda, Azerbaijan

Barda (Azerbaijani: Bərdə (listen)) is the capital city of the Barda District in Azerbaijan, located south of Yevlax and on the left bank of the Tartar river. It was the capital of Caucasian Albania perhaps since the end of the fourth century,[2] Barda became the chief city of the Islamic province of Arran, the classical Caucasian Albania, remaining so until the tenth century.[3]

Barda

Bərdə
City & Municipality
Barda
Coordinates: 40°22′28″N 47°07′36″E
Country Azerbaijan
DistrictBarda
Elevation
76 m (249 ft)
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total41,277
Time zoneUTC+4 (AZT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+5 (AZT)
Area code(s)+994 2020

Etymology

The name of the town derives from (Arabic: برذعة‎, romanized: Bardhaʿa) which derives from Old Armenian Partaw (Պարտաւ),[4] itself from Iranian *pari-tāva- 'rampart', from *pari- 'around' and *tā̆v- 'to throw; to heap up'.[5]

History

Ancient
Ancient bridge in Barda

In the 460s AD, King Vache II of Caucasian Albania, acting under the orders of the Sasanian Emperor Peroz I, had founded the settlement known as Partav, which was initially called Perozapat, and replaced Qabala as the capital of Caucasian Albania.[6][7] According to the seventh-century atlas, the Ashkharhats'uyts', attributed to Anania Shirakatsi, Barda was known by the name of Partav (Partaw) during the period of late antiquity and was located in the district of Uti Aṛandznak in the province of Utik', which was at that time in the possession of Albania.[8] (The same author also mentions it among the provinces of Armenia).[7][9] In 552, Partav was made the catholicosal seat of the Church of Caucasian Albania. In the mid-seventh century, Javanshir, the lord of Gardman, led a movement that expelled the Persian marzpan from the province of Utik' and made Partav his capital and constructed churches and other buildings.[7] His deeds were chronicled by the Armenian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi, who hailed from a neighboring village.

Medieval
Alexander the Great in Nushabah-s Pavilion in Barda. Nizami Ganjavi
Barda Mausoleum and fort surrounding it
Barda Cuma mosque and Barda Imamzadeh

In about 645, Partav fell under the control of the Muslim Arabs and was referred to as "Barda" or "Barda'a" in Arabic. In ca. 789, it was made the second alternate capital (after Dvin) of the governor (ostikan) of the province of Arminiya.[10] Its governors strengthened the defenses of the city in order to counter the invasions of the Khazars attacking from the north.[3] In 768, the Catholicos of All Armenians, Sion I Bavonats'i, convoked an ecclesiastical council at Partav, which passed 24 canons that addressed issues relating to the administration of the Armenian Church and marriage practices.[7] By the ninth to tenth centuries, Barda had largely lost its economic importance to the nearby town of Ganja; the seat of the Catholicos of the Church of Albania was also moved to Bardak (Berdakur), leaving Partav as a mere bishopric.[7][11] According to the Muslim geographers Estakhri, Ibn Hawqal, and Al-Muqaddasi, the distinctive Caucasian Albanian language (which they called al-Raniya, or Arranian) persisted into early Islamic times, and was still spoken in Barda in the tenth century.[12] Thus, Ibn Hawkal mentioned that the people of Barda spoke Arranian,[13] while Estakhri stated that Arranian was the language of the "country of Barda."[14]

During this time, the city boasted a Muslim Arab population, as well as a substantial Christian community.[3] Barda was even the seat of a Nestorian,(Christian) Bishopric in the 10th century.

Referring to events in the late eleventh century, the twelfth-century Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa described Partav as an "Armenian city ["K'aghak'n Hayots'"], which is also called Paytakaran and located near the vast [Caspian] Sea."[15]

The same Muslim geographers describe Barda as a flourishing town with a citadel, a mosque (the treasury of Arran was located here), a circuit wall and gates, and a Sunday bazaar that was called "Keraki," "Korakī" or "al-Kurki" (a name derived from Greek κυριακή (kyriaki), the Lord's Day and Sunday, as the Armenian word kiraki is).[3][16][17] In 914, the city was captured by the Rus, who occupied it for six months. In 943, it was attacked once more by the Rus and sacked.[18] This may have been a factor in the decline of Barḏa in the second half of the tenth century, along with the raids and oppressions from the rulers of the neighboring regions, when the town lost ground to Beylaqan.[3]

Centuries of earthquakes and, finally, the Mongol invasions destroyed much of the town's landmarks, with the exception of the fourteenth century tomb of Ahmad Zocheybana, built by architect Ahmad ibn Ayyub Nakhchivani. The mausoleum is a cylindrical brick tower, decorated with turquoise tiles. There is also the more recently built Imamzadeh Mosque, which has four minarets.[19]

Modern

Agriculture is the main activity in the area. Local economy is based on the production and processing of cotton, silk, poultry and dairy products. The cease fire line, concluded at the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, is just a few kilometers west of Barda, near Terter.

On 27 October 2020, Armenian missiles struck the city which killed at least 21 civilians, including a 7 year old girl, and injured 70 others.[20][21] Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International verified the use of cluster munition by Armenia.[22][23]

Notable residents

Notes
  1. World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan Archived June 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine – World-Gazetteer.com
  2. Chaumont, M. L. "Albania." Encyclopaedia Iranica. July 29, 2011.
  3. Bosworth, C.E. "Barda'a." Encyclopaedia Iranica. December 15, 1988.
  4. Pourshariati, Parvaneh. Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: the Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London: I.B. Tauris, 2008, p. 116, note 613.
  5. (in Russian) Périkhanian, Anahit G. "Этимологические заметки" [Notes on Etymology]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes 1 (1982), 77-80.
  6. "The earlier capital of Albania seems to have lain north of this river (Kur), whereas the later capital Perozapat (Partav, Barda'a) was built by the Albanian Vach'e only under the Sasanian king Peroz (457-84)": Vladimir Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge: Heffer and Sons, 1958.
  7. (in Armenian) Ulubabyan, Bagrat. «Պարտավ». Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1983, vol. 9, p. 210.
  8. Anania Shirakatsi (1992). The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions. Trans. Robert Hewsen. Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. 66.
  9. Adontz, Nicholas (1970). Armenia in the Period of Justinian: The Political Conditions Based on the Naxarar System. Trans. and rev. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 125*. In the long recension of the Ashkharats'uyts', this section, in Classical Armenian, reads: "Ուտի առ մտից կայ Երասխայ ընդ մէջ Արցախայ և Կուռ գետոյ. ունի գաւառս զոր Աղուանք ունին՝...Ուտի առանձնակ՝ յորում Պարտաւ քաղաք."
  10. Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. (1976). The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. pp. 36–37.
  11. Kirakos Gandzaketsi. History of the Armenians. Trans. Robert Bedrosian.
  12. Bosworth, C. E. "Arrān." Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  13. (in Russian) Арабские источники о населенных пунктах и населении Кавказской Албании и сопредельных областей (Ибн Руста, ал-Мукаддасий, Мас’уди, Ибн Хаукаль)
  14. (in Russian) Караулов Н. А. Сведения арабских писателей X и XI веков по Р. Хр. о Кавказе, Армении и Адербейджане
  15. Matthew of Edessa (1993). Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. Trans. Ara E. Dosturian. Lanham: University Press of America, p. 151.
  16. Wheatley, Paul. The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic lands, Seventh through the Tenth Centuries. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. ISBN 0-226-89428-2, ISBN 978-0-226-89428-7, p 159.
  17. Estakhri states that there was a Sunday bazaar in Barda, known locally as "Koraki," which in the opinion of scholar George Bournoutian derives directly from the Armenian, not the Greek, rendition of the word Sunday ("Kiraki"). On this basis, Bournoutian speculates that the city still had a significant Armenian element during the tenth century: see Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi, Two Chronicles on the History of Karabagh: Mirza Jamal Javanshir’s Tarikh-e Karabagh and Mirza Adigozal Beg’s Karabagh-name. Introduction and annotated translation by George A. Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2004, p. 40, note 2.
  18. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century, 2nd ed. Harlow: Longman, p. 256.
  19. Turánszky, Ilona (1979). Azerbaijan, mosques, turrets, palaces. Corvina Kiadó. p. 56. ISBN 978-963-130321-6.
  20. "Azerbaijan says 14 people killed by shelling in Barda: RIA". Reuters.
  21. "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Missile strike on Azeri town kills 21 civilians". BBC News. 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  22. "Armenia/Azerbaijan: First confirmed use of cluster munitions by Armenia 'cruel and reckless'". Amnesty International. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  23. "Armenia: Cluster Munitions Kill Civilians in Azerbaijan". Human Rights Watch. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  24. Howard-Johnston 2010.

Further reading
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