Bundaberg

Bundaberg is a city in south-east Queensland, Australia,[2] about 385 kilometres (239 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane. It is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) inland from the Coral Sea coast and situated on the Burnett River. It is a major centre within the broader Wide Bay–Burnett geographical region.

For other uses, see Bundaberg (disambiguation).

Bundaberg
Queensland
From top left clockwise: East Water Tower, Bundaberg Post Office, War Memorial, Burnett Bridge
Bundaberg
Coordinates24.8661°S 152.3494°E / -24.8661; 152.3494 (Bundaberg (town centre))
Population70,921 (2018)[1]
Established1870
Postcode(s)4670
Location385 km (239 mi) from Brisbane
LGA(s)Bundaberg Region
CountyCook
State electorate(s)Bundaberg
Federal Division(s)Hinkler
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
26.5 °C
80 °F		 16.3 °C
61 °F		 1,142.6 mm
45 in
Bundaberg Brewed Drinks (The Barrel)

In 2018, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated Bundaberg's population was 70,921 people.[1]

Etymology

City name

The name was coined by surveyor John Charlton Thompson and his assistant Alfred Dale Edwards. Bunda is derived from the name of one of the kinship groups of the local Taribelang people, to which was added the Saxon suffix berg, meaning "town".[3] Colloquially the city is known as "Bundy".

Bourbong street

Bourbong Street is the main street of the city and there is some controversy in regards to its spelling and meaning; Bourbong was alternatively spelled Bourbon or Boorbong, which was a local Aboriginal title given to a large waterhole in the area.[4] The main street was historically also gazetted in the Bundaberg Mail as "Bourbon" street, but by 1941 there is no reference to "Bourbon" street. Robert Strathdee's farming selection in the vicinity of the watering holes was recorded on early survey maps as 'Boorbung'.[5]

A pioneer pastoralist of the region, Nicholas Tooth, wrote that "Bourbong" was derived from the local Aboriginal phrase "bier rabong", meaning "plenty dead". Tooth, who took up land in the area in the early 1860s, found that Aboriginal people resolutely avoided the "bier rabong" vicinity. He later found the skeletal remains there of around twenty Aboriginal people who were apparently massacred in a raid by the Native Police.[6]

History
Burnett River

Original people

The Traditional owner Aboriginal group are the [Taribelang Bunda] people. They are the original inhabitants of the region.[7]

The Moiety and kinship groups of the Bunda people are called Balguin, Banjurr, Barrang, Dundaburra, Butchulla, Goeng (Gureng), Goongari, Kabi Kabi, Kalkie, Koreng Goreng (Goreng Goreng).

Initial British colonisation

The first non-indigenous man to visit the area was James Davis in the 1830s. He was an escaped convict from the Moreton Bay Penal settlement who lived with the Kabi people to the south of the region. He resided mostly around the Mary River and was referred to as Durrumboi.[8] The Burnett River was surveyed by John Charles Burnett, after whom it was named during his exploration mission of the Wide Bay and Burnett regions in 1847.[9][10]

British occupation of the land in the region began in 1848 when pastoral squatters Gregory Blaxland Jnr and William Forster established a sheep station. Blaxland was a son of the Blue Mountains explorer, Gregory Blaxland, and Forster was later to become a Premier of New South Wales. They selected a very large area of land which encompassed most of the western part of the modern day Bundaberg Region along the Burnett River. They named this pastoral lease Tirroan. Blaxland and Forster had previously set up sheep stations near the Clarence River and had a notable history of conflict with Aboriginal people.[11] This continued at Tirroan when two of their shepherds were killed by Aboriginal people in 1849. Forster and Blaxland led a punitive expedition causing multiple Aboriginal deaths. Further conflict occurred the following year when Blaxland was clubbed to death. Forster and a number of other squatters conducted another reprisal, resulting in a large massacre of Aboriginal people in scrubland toward the coastal part of Tirroan. In the early 1850s, Forster sold the property to Alfred Henry Brown who changed the name of the pastoral lease to Gin Gin. At the same time, Native Police officer, Richard Purvis Marshall, took up the Bingera leasehold in the rainforest scrubland downstream from Tirroan. Three towns in the Bundaberg region, Tirroan, South Bingera and Gin Gin, commemorate these massive initial leaseholds.[12][13]

Cattle and logging
Timber workers

Before colonisation, much of the land around the lower reaches of the Burnett River consisted of either the Woongarra Scrub, a subtropical rainforest that stood where most of the Bundaberg canefields now grow, or the Barolin Plains, a lightly timbered grassland that stretched along the coastal fringe. Neither of these areas were suitable for sheep farming but the British soon found that raising cattle was possible. In the early 1860s the first cattle stations in the area were established; Branyan on the south side of the Burnett River and Tantitha on the north side.[13][14]

Timber companies, such as that owned by William Pettigrew, started the logging of the Woongarra Scrub in 1867.[13] In 1868, Samuel Johnston erected a sawmill in Waterview, on the north bank of the Burnett River.[15][16] The Waterview sawmill became a prominent supplier of timber until its closure in 1903 after being damaged by flood.[17]

Town of Bundaberg

In 1867, timber-getters and farmers, John and Gavin Steuart, established the Woondooma property which consisted of a few houses and a wharf on the northern banks of the Burnett River where Bundaberg North now stands.[18][15] An official survey of the area was undertaken in 1869 by John Charlton Thompson,[15] assisted by James Ellwood and Alfred Dale Edwards,[19] and the town of Bundaberg was gazetted across the river on the higher, southern banks. The first Bundaberg land sale was held in Maryborough on 11 May 1870 where hotelier John Foley bought the original lots.[13][20]

Sugar

Most of the early settlers exploited the timber and grew maize on their selections but as a result of the incentives of the Sugar and Coffee Regulations of 1864, sugar became a major component in Bundaberg's development from the 1870s. Experimental sugar cane cultivation in the district was first grown at John Charlton Thompson's Rubyanna property in 1870 and the first sugar mill was built by Richard Elliot Palmer at his Millbank plantation in 1872.[21][22] Bundaberg rapidly became an important sugar production region after the construction of the Millaquin Sugar Refinery at East Bundaberg by Robert Cran and his sons in 1882.[23] The Fairymead sugar processing plant owned by the Young Brothers (Arthur, Horace and Ernest Young) opened in 1884 which further augmented Bundaberg's sugar producing capacity.

The initial 35 years of the sugar industry in Bundaberg was reliant on South Sea Islander workers, who were often blackbirded and kept in a status close to slavery. The first significant shipload of Kanaka labour, as it was called, to arrive on the Burnett River came in January 1872 aboard the Petrel.[24] Allegations of kidnapping and wounding immediately arose concerning the recruitment of the Islanders on this vessel.[25] Influential Bundaberg plantation owners were able to purchase recruiting ships in order to obtain labour directly from areas such as the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. The Young Brothers owned the Lochiel and the May vessels,[26][27] the Cran family and Frederic Buss were the major investors in the Helena while the Ariel was co-owned by a number of local planters.[28] While some of the recruitment was voluntary, violence and deception toward Islanders often took place. For example, the crew of the Helena fought a battle with the locals of Ambrym while taking Islanders from there.[29]

These labourers had to work for three years and were only paid at the end of this time period. Instead of cash, they usually received substandard goods and trinkets of minimal value as payment.[30] Excessive mortality of the Islanders while serving their term of labour in the Bundaberg region was frequent. Overwork, poor housing, inadequate food, contaminated water supplies and a lack of medical care all contributed to the high death rate. Penalties for the plantation owners whose neglect resulted in these fatalities were rare and did not exceed a £10 fine.[31][32] Importing South Sea Islander labour was made illegal in 1904 and enforced repatriation of these workers out of Bundaberg and other locations in Queensland occurred from 1906 to 1908.[33]

Cane workers

The 1911 Queensland sugar strike occurred after the phasing out of South Sea Islander labour, with workers claiming that many plantation owners had substituted black indentured labourers (sometimes referred to as slaves) with white ones. Workers sought better accommodation, wages and conditions, including an eight-hour day and a minimum weekly wage of 30 shillings, including food. The mobilisation of unionists from Bundaberg to Mossman was a major achievement, with the 1911 strike lasting over seven weeks in Bundaberg where the town's economy was largely based on the sugar industry.[34] The end result of the strike was a Commonwealth Royal Commission into the sugar industry in 1911–12, which had been initially requested by Harry Hall, a Bundaberg AWA organiser in 1908 with a petition signed by 1500 Bundaberg sugar workers.[35] The Royal Commission, with ALF Secretary Albert Hinchcliffe as secretary, concluded the AWA demands had been justified. The union victory was a watershed in organised labour in Queensland and Australia.[36][37]

Further progress
Bundaberg War Memorial in front of the Bundaberg Post Office, 1948

St Joseph's School opened on June 1876.[38]

With the passage of the Local Authorities Act 1902, Barolin Division became the Shire of Barolin and the Borough of Bundaberg became the Town of Bundaberg on 31 March 1903. On 22 November 1913, Bundaberg was proclaimed a City.[39]

In 1912 Bundaberg pioneering aviator Bert Hinkler built and successfully flew his own glider on Mon Repos beach. He also completed a noteworthy non-stop flight from London to Turin in 1920. The following year in 1921 Hinkler flew from Sydney to Bundaberg, non-stop, in a record breaking flight of 8 and a half hours, in the process beating a telegram he had sent to his mother, to warn her of his arrival.[40]

The Bundaberg War Memorial commemorating those who died in the Anglo-Boer War and World War I was unveiled by Major-General Charles Brand on 30 July 1921.[41][42] The Bundaberg digger was imported from Italy and is constructed of Italian marble. The completed memorial, at a cost of £1,650, was the third most costly to be erected in Queensland. It is a major regional memorial and one of the two most intact digger memorials that remain in their original settings of intersections.

In the 1960s the township was completely flooded by the Burnett river. In 1967 Bundaberg celebrated its centenerary by producing a coin and opening The Bundaberg and District Historical Museum in the Bundaberg Botanical Gardens in Bundaberg North.

Bundaberg in the 21st Century
Bundaberg from space

In December 2010, Bundaberg suffered its worst floods in 60 years, when floodwaters from the Burnett River inundated hundreds of homes.[43]

Two years later, in January 2013, Bundaberg experienced its worst flooding in recorded history as a result of Cyclone Oswald. Floodwaters from the Burnett River peaked at 9.53 meters. Over 4000 properties and 600 businesses had been affected by floodwaters, which moved in excess of 70 km/h.[44] Two defence force Blackhawk helicopters were brought in from Townsville as part of the evacuation operation, which ultimately used an additional 14 aircraft.

On 6 April 2018 , Prince Charles visited Bundaberg Rum Distillery[45] He stated, “I'm thrilled that this Distillery's proving to be the one that produces some of the most famous and special of all rums around the world."[45]

In 2018, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated Bundaberg's population was 70,921 people.[1]

Heritage listings
Aerial view from the west

Bundaberg has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Population

In the 2016 Census, there were 69,061 people in Bundaberg (Significant Urban Area).

  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 4.3% of the population.
  • 81.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.2%, New Zealand 1.8%, Philippines 0.7%, South Africa 0.5% and Scotland 0.4%.
  • 88.9% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 0.5%, Italian 0.4%, German 0.3%, Afrikaans 0.2% and Tagalog 0.2%.
  • The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.3%, Catholic 18.7% and Anglican 18.6%.[67]

Climate

Bundaberg has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with hot, wet summers and mild, dry winters. The climate is rated the most equable of any Australian town or city and ranked 5th on a worldwide comparison.[15] The mean daily maximum temperature is highest in January at 30.3 °C (86.5 °F), and the mean daily minimum is lowest in July at 9.9 °C (49.8 °F).[68] The coldest temperature recorded in Bundaberg is −0.7 °C (30.7 °F), and some inland areas of Bundaberg sometimes experience frosts. The mean annual rainfall is 1,142.6 mm (44.98 in).

Climate data for Bundaberg Post Office
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.9
(102.0)		 38.3
(100.9)		 37.7
(99.9)		 34.9
(94.8)		 31.7
(89.1)		 29.7
(85.5)		 28.8
(83.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 36.5
(97.7)		 35.8
(96.4)		 37.7
(99.9)		 40.2
(104.4)		 40.2
(104.4)
Average high °C (°F) 30.3
(86.5)		 30.0
(86.0)		 29.3
(84.7)		 27.5
(81.5)		 24.8
(76.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.0
(71.6)		 23.2
(73.8)		 25.2
(77.4)		 27.1
(80.8)		 28.7
(83.7)		 30.1
(86.2)		 26.7
(80.1)
Average low °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 20.0
(68.0)		 17.4
(63.3)		 13.9
(57.0)		 11.3
(52.3)		 9.9
(49.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 13.4
(56.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 18.8
(65.8)		 20.6
(69.1)		 16.3
(61.3)
Record low °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4)		 12.2
(54.0)		 9.7
(49.5)		 6.7
(44.1)		 3.3
(37.9)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 0.2
(32.4)		 5.5
(41.9)		 7.9
(46.2)		 10.6
(51.1)		 −0.7
(30.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 205.8
(8.10)		 173.5
(6.83)		 139.7
(5.50)		 84.1
(3.31)		 70.6
(2.78)		 65.7
(2.59)		 53.5
(2.11)		 33.4
(1.31)		 35.7
(1.41)		 62.8
(2.47)		 85.0
(3.35)		 131.0
(5.16)		 1,142.6
(44.98)
Average precipitation days 10.0 9.6 9.5 6.6 5.7 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 5.2 6.3 7.9 76.1
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 62 63 63 60 58 56 53 52 53 57 59 61 58
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[69]

Suburbs of Bundaberg
Aerial view to the north

Increasing population in Bundaberg is extending residential development into rural localities.[70]

Economy
Looking down Bourbong Street, Bundaberg town centre.
Bundaberg town centre with Bundaberg General Post Office to the right.
Young woman riding on the back of a turtle at Mon Repos Beach, near Bundaberg, ca. 1930.

Subtropical Bundaberg is dependent to a large extent on the local sugar industry. Extensive sugar cane fields have been developed throughout the district. Value-adding operations, such as the milling and refinement of sugar, and its packaging and distribution, are located around the city. A local factory that manufactured sugar-cane harvesters was closed down after it was taken over by the US multinational corporation Case New Holland. Most of the raw sugar is exported.[22] A bulk terminal for the export of sugar is located on the Burnett River east of Bundaberg.

Another of the city's exports is Bundaberg Rum, made from the sugar cane by-product molasses. Bundaberg is also home to beverage producer Bundaberg Brewed Drinks, Craft Brewery Bargara Brewing Company and Craft Distillery Kalki Moon.

Commercial fruit and vegetable production is also significant: avocado, banana, bean, button squash, capsicum, chilli, citrus, cucumber, custard apple, egg fruit, honeydew melon, lychee, mango, passionfruit, potato, pumpkin, rockmelon, snow peas, stone fruit, sweet corn, sweet potato, tomato, watermelon, zucchini.[71] Macadamia nuts are also grown.[72]

Because of its high rate of unemployment, Bundaberg has been referred to as the "dole capital of Australia".[73]

Tourism

Tourism is an important industry in Queensland, and Bundaberg is known as the 'Southern Gateway to the Great Barrier Reef'.[15] The city lies near the southern end of the reef in proximity to Lady Elliot and Lady Musgrave Islands. The nearby town of Bargara is an increasingly popular holiday and retirement destination.

Bundaberg Rum Tours

The Mon Repos turtle rookery is located on the coast just east of Bundaberg. The northern bank of the Burnett River between the Don Tallon and Burnett bridges is home to a colony of flying foxes.

Nearby beaches are popular with both locals and tourists.[74] Moore Park Beach, to the city's north, has 20 kilometres (12 mi) of golden sandy beach. Beaches on the southern side of the Burnett River are (from north to south) the Oaks Beach, Mon Repos, Nielson Park,[75] Bargara Beach, Kellys Beach, Innes Park and Elliott Heads.

Cania Gorge National Park, Deepwater National Park, Eurimbula National Park and Kinkuna National Park, located in the Bundaberg region are popular with campers and bush-lovers.[74]

Tours of the Bundaberg Rum distillery and attractions at Bundaberg Botanic Gardens, such as the 2 ft narrow gauge[76] Australian Sugar Cane Railway, are also popular with tourists.[74] The Mystery Craters, 35 unexplained water-filled holes in the ground, discovered in 1971 at South Kolan, are also a tourist attraction.[77]

Opened in 2002 by the former member for Hinkler Paul Neville, the Tom Quinn Community Centre gardens (a multiple "Bundy in Bloom" winner) is a site to be seen with local flora and fauna, its own cafe, marketplace, chapel, green house, training facilities, woodwork and indigenous nature section.[78]

Opened in December 2008, the Hinkler Hall of Aviation is an historical aviation tourist attraction that celebrates pioneer solo aviator Bert Hinkler. In 1928, Hinkler was the first person to fly solo from England to Australia.[79] The museum includes an exhibition hall, featuring multi-media exhibits, a flight simulator, a theatre, five aircraft and the historic Hinkler House.

Other local attractions and events include the Whaling Wall, East Bundaberg Water Tower, Baldwin Swamp Environmental Park, Alexandra Park Zoo, Buss Park, Barrell House, Bundy in Bloom, Whale watching, reef tours of Lady Musgrave & Lady Elliiot islands, the Bundaberg Show, Bundaberg & Childers Regional Art Galleries, the Bundaberg Gliding school, Fishing Charters, the Bundaberg International Air Show, and the Woongarra Marine Park.

Museums and galleries

The Bundaberg region contains a variety of museums and art galleries that showcase the region's history and culture.[80]

South Kolan Mystery Craters
Bundaberg Rum Factory, Bundaberg

Memorials

Culture

Arts and entertainment

Bundaberg has two cinemas. The Reading Cinemas, on Johanna Boulevarde, west Bundaberg, and the Moncrieff Entertainment Centre (formerly known as the Moncrieff Theatre), located on Bourbong Street, central Bundaberg. The Moncrieff Entertainment Centre also holds live musical and theatrical performances year round.[82]

The Bundaberg Regional Art Gallery (BRAG) is a large multi-purpose visual arts facility located in central Bundaberg.[83] The Bundaberg Regional Council operates a public library at 49 Woondooma Street.[84]

Media

The NewsMail newspaper is published in Bundaberg from Monday to Saturday. It is available in print and online.[85] Several community newspapers are also available including the Guardian,[86] The Bugle[87] & the Bundaberg Coastline[88]

Bundaberg is served by three commercial television stations (Seven Queensland, WIN Television and Nine) and publicly owned services (ABC TV) and (SBS).

Local news coverage of Bundaberg and the Wide Bay is provided on all three commercial networks with both Seven Queensland's Seven Local News and WIN Queensland's WIN News half-hour bulletins airing at 6pm each weeknight. Southern Cross Austereo also airs brief local news updates at various intervals throughout the day on Channel 9, presented from studios in Canberra.

The city has been the location for three film sets:

Sport
Mitchell Langerak, former Bundaberg footballer, who is now playing for Borussia Dortmund in the German Bundesliga

Most major Australian sporting codes are played in Bundaberg.

Australian Rules

Bundaberg has two current clubs playing in the AFL Wide Bay competition.

  • Across The Waves Bundaberg Eagles (merger of North Bundaberg and Souths/ATW Magpies)
  • Brothers Bulldogs (formerly West Bundaberg)

Basketball

Bundaberg has two professional teams competing in the ConocoPhillips Central Queensland Cup. They are the Bundaberg Autobarn Bulls (men) and Bundaberg Bears (women) and both feature local players.

Rowing

Bucca Weir, west of Bundaberg, is home to the Queensland State Rowing Championships every year in December.

Rugby League

The Bundaberg Rugby Football League is a nine-club competition run under the Queensland Rugby League's Central Division. Bundaberg competes in the Central Division's 47th Battalion Shield and the Bundaberg Grizzlies formerly competed in the Queensland Cup statewide competition.

Soccer

Bundaberg was home to the Bundaberg Spirit soccer club. They participated in the Queensland State League against other teams across Queensland.

Tennis

The Bundaberg & District Tennis Senior Association operates eleven floodlit clay courts in Drinan Park, Bundaberg West at the corner of George & Powers Streets.[92] Competition tennis is played all year round. The Bundaberg & District Junior Tennis Association operates five artificial grass courts, and two granite courts.

Community groups

The Bundaberg branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 15 Quay Street, Bundaberg Central.[93] The Hinkler branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the McDonalds Central Bundaberg on the corner of Woongarra & Targo Street, Bundaberg Central.[93]

Education

There are many public and private primary schools in Bundaberg. Bundaberg South State School opened on 11 May 1891, with an enrollment of 167 students and under the direction of William Benbow.[94][95] The school celebrated its 125-year anniversary in 2016.[95]

Bundaberg has three public high schools, Bundaberg North State High School which opened on 29 January 1974,[96][94] Bundaberg State High School which opened on 30 January 1912 [97][94] (the second-oldest high school in Queensland that is still open)[94] and Kepnock State High School which opened on 28 January 1964.[94][98] There are also three main private secondary schools: Shalom Catholic College, St Luke's Anglican School, and Bundaberg Christian College.

There is a campus of the Wide Bay Institute of Technical and further education on Walker St and a campus of the Central Queensland University, located adjacent to the airport. There is a campus of the Booth College at the Salvation Army's Tom Quinn Community Centre.[99]

Transport
View of Bundaberg town centre from the Burnett River bridge.

Bundaberg Airport has flights to Brisbane and Lady Elliot Island. The city is home to the Jabiru Aircraft Company, which designs and manufactures a range of small civil utility aircraft.

Bundaberg's bus operator is Duffy's City Buses. As of 2013, they transport over 1000 passengers in town services, and over 2000 passengers in school services every day.[100] Routes extend to the beach suburbs of Burnett Heads, Bargara, and Innes Park. Stewart & Sons also operates bus services in the area.[101]

Main article: Bundaberg railway station

Bundaberg is serviced by several Queensland Rail passenger trains, including the Tilt Train and is approximately four and a half hours north of Brisbane by rail. The closed North Bundaberg station formerly served the Mount Perry railway line and is now a museum.

Bundaberg is situated at the end of the Isis Highway (State Route 3), approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of its junction with the Bruce Highway. Many long-distance bus services also pass through the city.

Bundaberg Port is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of the city, at the mouth of the Burnett River. The port is a destination for ships from Australia and overseas. It is predominantly used for shipping raw sugar and other goods related to that industry such as Bundaberg Rum.

Health

Bundaberg is served by three hospitals. One public hospital, Bundaberg Base Hospital on Bourbong St, and two private hospitals, Friendly Society Private Hospital & Mater Hospital.

The Friendly Society Hospital has undergone a redevelopment and forms part of the GP Super Clinic Program.[102]

Bundaberg is also home to the Royal Flying Doctor Service, who regularly transport patients to Bundaberg from more rural and remote areas, as well as transferring critically ill patients to Brisbane for specialist care.

Military

Bundaberg houses two military bases. Bundaberg Army Barracks and Training Ship (TS) Bundaberg. Bundaberg barracks contains mostly infantrymen and army cadets. TS Bundaberg houses mostly Cadet staff and Navy Cadets.

Sister cities

The city council responsible for the Bundaberg Region maintains Sister City arrangements with two cities.[103]

City Since
Nanning, China12 May 1998
Settsu, Japan9 November 1998

People

Notable residents
Bert Hinkler is memorialised in many places throughout Bundaberg
Mal Meninga is an inductee of the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame

Representatives

Current

Former

Notes
  1. "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
  2. "Bundaberg – city (entry 5190)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  3. "EARLY BUNDABERG". Daily Mail (6679). Queensland, Australia. 23 July 1923. p. 8. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. "Correspondence". Cairns Post. XXIV (641). Queensland, Australia. 18 January 1910. p. 7. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. Rackemann (1992), Bundaberg, p. 48
  6. "MEETINGS". The Brisbane Courier. LI (11, 556). Queensland, Australia. 28 January 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. Haydon, Cam. "Aboriginal heritage". Discover Bundaberg. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  8. Petrie, C.C. "Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland". archive.org. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  9. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. "Christ Church, Bundaberg" (PDF). Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  11. "CLARENCE RIVER HISTORICAL SOCIETY". Daily Examiner. 28 (8999). New South Wales, Australia. 5 June 1937. p. 8. Retrieved 17 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. Laurie, Arthur (1 January 1952), Early Gin Gin and the Blaxland tragedy, Royal Historical Society of Queensland, retrieved 23 April 2020
  13. Nolan, Janette Gay (1 January 1978), A history of Bundaberg, 1840-1920, The University of Queensland, School of History, Philosophy, Religion, and Classics, retrieved 23 April 2020
  14. "EARLY BUNDABERG". The Bundaberg Mail. Queensland, Australia. 4 April 1925. p. 8. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  15. "History of Bundaberg". Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  16. "History of Bundaberg". Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  17. Kerr, John (1998). "Report on Site Visits" (PDF): 298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. "Bundaberg". Archived from the original on 14 May 2016.
  19. Bundaberg – From Pioneers to Prosperity. (1992) Neville Rackemann. p46 ISBN 0-646-12555-9
  20. "GOVERNMENT LAND SALE". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay And Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 12 May 1870. p. 2. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  21. "THE QUEENSLAND, STEAMER, AT BUNDABERG". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay And Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 12 March 1872. p. 2. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  22. Hall, James; Dening, Jill (1988). Beautiful Sugar Country. West End, Queensland: Child & Associates Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-949267-86-4.
  23. "MILLAQUIN REFINERY". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay And Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 20 October 1882. p. 2. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  24. "SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay And Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 16 January 1872. p. 2. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  25. "THE CHARGE OF KIDNAPPING ON BOARD THE PETREL". The Brisbane Courier. Queensland, Australia. 27 January 1872. p. 5. Retrieved 24 April 2020 – via Trove.
  26. "Schooner Lochiel". The Telegraph. Queensland, Australia. 20 September 1900. p. 7. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  27. "A Successful Recruiting Trip". The Queenslander. Queensland, Australia. 2 February 1895. p. 197. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  28. "BUNDABERG". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay And Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 5 December 1884. p. 2. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  29. "TRIP OF THE "HELENA."". Morning Bulletin. Queensland, Australia. 12 November 1888. p. 5. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  30. Docker, Edward W. (1970). The Blackbirders. Angus and Robertson.
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