Ipswich, Queensland

Ipswich is an urban region in South East Queensland, Australia. Situated on the Bremer River, it is approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the Brisbane central business district. A local government area, the City of Ipswich has a population of 200,000 (projected to grow to 435,000 residents by 2031).[2] The city is renowned for its architectural, natural and cultural heritage. Ipswich preserves and operates from many of its historical buildings, with more than 6000 heritage-listed sites and over 500 parks.[3] Ipswich began in 1827 as a mining settlement.[4][5]

This article is about the metropolitan area. For For other meanings, see Ipswich (disambiguation).

Ipswich
Ipswich, Queensland
Ipswich aerial shot including CBD and surrounds;
Old Bremer Tafe;
Orion Lagoon
Flag of Ipswich (general use)
Population200,000 (2017; Local Government Area)[1]
Established1827
Postcode(s)4305
Elevation50 m (164 ft)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10)
Location40 km (25 mi) from Brisbane CBD
LGA(s)City of Ipswich
RegionSouth East Queensland
State electorate(s)Ipswich, Ipswich West, Bundamba, Part of Lockyer
Federal Division(s)Blair, Oxley, Wright
Suburbs around Ipswich:
Woodend North Ipswich Tivoli
West Ipswich Ipswich East Ipswich
One Mile Churchill Raceview

History
Ipswich Railway Station in 1865

Early history

Jagara (also known as Jagera, Yagara, and Yuggera) and Yugarabul (also known as Ugarapul and Yuggerabul) are Australian Aboriginal languages of South-East Queensland. There is some uncertainty over the status of Jagara as a language, dialect or perhaps a group or clan within the local government boundaries of Ipswich City Council, Lockyer Regional Council and the Somerset Regional Council.[6][7] The languages of Greater Brisbane are related - there is uncertainty over which dialects belong to which language. The Yugarabul language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of Brisbane City Council, Ipswich City Council and the Scenic Rim Regional Council.[8]

Prior to the arrival of European settlers, what is now called Ipswich was home to many indigenous language groups, including the Warpai tribe,[9] Yuggera and Ugarapul Indigenous Australian groups.[10] The area was first explored by European colonists in 1826, when Captain Patrick Logan, Commandant of the Moreton Bay penal colony, sailed up the Brisbane River and discovered large deposits of limestone and other minerals.[11]

Settlement
Lands Office, erected 1877

The town began in 1827 as a limestone mining settlement and grew rapidly as a major inland port. Ipswich was initially named "The Limestone Hills" and later shortened to "Limestone", however in 1843 it was renamed after the town of Ipswich in England.[12] The population was 932 in 1851 and had risen to 2459 by 1856.[13] It became a municipality in 1858. Ipswich had been a prime candidate for becoming the capital of Queensland from about 1847 when the Rev. John Dunmore Lang had toured both Ipswich and Brisbane, and noted the strength of Ipswich as a port town with access to the wool suppliers of the Darling Downs, but Brisbane was instead chosen due to its mercantile and colonial interests.[14][15] Brisbane was declared the capital of the new state of Queensland in 1859. It was proclaimed a city in 1904.[16]

The city became a major coal-mining area in the early 19th Century, contributing to the development of railways in the region as a means of transport. The first recorded coal mines in the central Ipswich area started at Woodend in 1848.[17]

From the 1840s onward, Ipswich was becoming an important river port for growing local industries such as coal and wool from the Darling Downs and a regular paddlesteamer service from Brisbane Town, The Experiment, was established in 1846.[18] This, and other steamer services,[19] remained the primary form of mass/bulk transport between the two cities until 1876, when the construction of the original Albert Bridge, spanning the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly, completed the railway line begun between Ipswich and Brisbane in 1873.[20]

Ipswich was proclaimed a municipality on 2 March 1860 and became a city in 1904.

In March 1888, 239 allotments of the "Liverpool Estate" were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock in conjunction with Arthur Martin & Co.[21] A map advertising the auction shows the proximity of the estate to the railway workshops and the Bremer River.[22]

In June 1911, 26 building sites of "East Ipswich Station Estate" were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons.[23] A map advertising the auction shows the location of the estate in proximity to the railway line.[24]

In 1914 65 garden allotments were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons. The area was called the "Orangefield Estate". It was formerly an orchard and the real estate map advertised that the Estate was well stocked with fruit trees.[25][26][27] It was reported in the Queensland Times that 20 allotments were sold. This article also listed the buyers.[28] Unsold allotments were advertised in the Queensland Times.[29]

In 1922 12 allotments were advertised in the Queensland Times to be auctioned by Bacon & Co. Auctioneers in conjunction with H.J. Hargreaves & Co.[30] The area was called the "Whitehill Road Estate". A map advertising the auction shows the estate is across the road from the intersection of Whitehill Road and Griffith Road.[31] Both street names are still in use. By July 1922 The Queensland Times advertised that only six allotments were left.[32]

In October 1925, several allotments in the "Fiveways Estate" at East Ipswich were advertised to be auctioned by Jackson & Meyers in conjunction with Bacon & Co.[33] A map advertising the auction states that the lots were ideal for residential sites, convenient to the East Ipswich Railway Station and water, gas and electric light was available.[34]

In 1928 211 allotments were advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons and W. B. Parkinson. The area was called the "Cribb Estate" and on the estate map it was noted that it was on the eastern slopes of Limestone Hill.[35] The auction was advertised in the Queensland Times[36][37] and it was also noted in the notes of the Council Meeting published in the Queensland Times that approval had been granted to gravel new roads in the estate before it was sold.[38] It was reported in the Queensland Times that 40 allotments sold on the day of auction and some of the buyers were listed.[39] By the end of 1928 it was reported in the Queensland Times that another 20 allotments had been sold.[40]

In 1930 the Abermain Estate, Tivoli, was advertised to be auctioned by E. Bostock & Sons.[41] The estate map noted that the area comprised the Abermain Colliery containing 1295 acres and farms.[42] It was reported in the Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Gazette, and The Brisbane Courier, that there was no bid for the coal mine but some farms had sold on the day of auction and some of the buyers were listed.[43][44] It was also reported later in The Brisbane Courier of further items sold.[45]

Brisbane Street around the start of the 20th century
St Mary's Church, Ipswich

Royal visits

Several members of the British Royal Family have visited Ipswich.

1868 – Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh[46][47]

1920 – Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII)[47][48]

1927 – Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth)[47][49]

1958 – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother[47][50]

1962 – Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone[47]

2011 – Prince William (later Duke of Cambridge)[47][51]

2014 – Duke and Duchess of Cambridge[52]

Floods

Damaging flooding has occurred on numerous occasions in Ipswich, the largest being the 1893 Brisbane flood peaking at 24.5 m, and more recently during the 1974 Brisbane Flood, (peaking at 20.7 m) and 2010–11 Queensland floods (peaking at 19.4 m) on 12 January 2011.

1893

Around 35 people died in the floods in the 1893 Brisbane flood. The Brisbane River burst its banks on three occasions in February of that year and a fourth event several months later. 7 workers were killed at a colliery in north Ipswich as the Bremer River broke its banks.[53]

1974

14 people died in flooding in January 1974, during the Australia Day weekend. Two people were killed in Ipswich.[54] At least 6,700 homes flooded across the region. Thousands of homes in Ipswich and Brisbane could not be recovered.

2011

The Bremer River at Ipswich reached a height of 19.5 metres (64 ft) on 12 January, inundating the central business district and thousands of houses. 38 people died as a result of the floods. At Minden, on the border of Ipswich City, a four-year-old boy was swept away by floodwaters when he fell from a rescue boat.[55] A man in his fifties died when he accidentally drove into floodwaters in the Ipswich suburb of Wulkuraka.[56]

The worst affected areas of Ipswich were the suburbs of Goodna and Gailes.[57] The flooding allowed bull sharks to reach the centre of Goodna; one was spotted swimming in Williams Street, and a second in Queen Street.[57]

A multibillion-dollar class action lawsuit is underway against dam operators Seqwater, SunWater and the State of Queensland. Law firm Maurice Blackburn have lodged the suit on behalf of 5,500 Ipswich and Brisbane residents who lost their homes or businesses during the floods.[58] Modelling released in 2013 claimed flooding of Ipswich CBD would not have been as extreme if Wivenhoe Dam operators had operated the dam correctly.[59]

Community facilities and groups

The Ipswich Central Library building opened in 1994.[60]

The Ipswich Historical Society was established in 1966 and is located at Cooneana Heritage Centre, 11041 Redbank Plains Rd, New Chum, Ipswich.[61]

The Ipswich branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 84 Limestone Street (Liberty Hall).[62]

Climate

Ipswich experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot and humid summers, mild to warm winters with cool overnight temperatures and heavy summer storms.

Climate data for Ipswich-Amberley Air Base
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 44.3
(111.7)		 43.0
(109.4)		 38.9
(102.0)		 36.8
(98.2)		 33.3
(91.9)		 29.2
(84.6)		 29.6
(85.3)		 36.4
(97.5)		 39.7
(103.5)		 41.3
(106.3)		 43.0
(109.4)		 43.8
(110.8)		 44.3
(111.7)
Average high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2)		 30.4
(86.7)		 29.4
(84.9)		 27.2
(81.0)		 24.1
(75.4)		 21.6
(70.9)		 21.2
(70.2)		 22.8
(73.0)		 25.6
(78.1)		 27.8
(82.0)		 29.6
(85.3)		 30.8
(87.4)		 26.8
(80.2)
Average low °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.8
(64.0)		 14.0
(57.2)		 10.0
(50.0)		 7.1
(44.8)		 5.4
(41.7)		 6.2
(43.2)		 9.5
(49.1)		 13.3
(55.9)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.4
(65.1)		 13.1
(55.6)
Record low °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 11.1
(52.0)		 6.7
(44.1)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 2.1
(35.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 6.8
(44.2)		 −4.9
(23.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 117.2
(4.61)		 119.2
(4.69)		 85.9
(3.38)		 55.0
(2.17)		 53.3
(2.10)		 47.4
(1.87)		 37.9
(1.49)		 29.2
(1.15)		 34.1
(1.34)		 72.3
(2.85)		 81.6
(3.21)		 120.1
(4.73)		 863.3
(33.99)
Average precipitation days 11.0 11.7 11.4 7.9 7.7 6.4 6.5 5.7 6.0 8.7 9.3 10.7 103.0
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 51 54 52 48 48 46 42 38 38 43 46 49 46
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[63][64]

Demographics

According to the 2016 census,[65] the population of Ipswich was 323,069. The median age was 34 years old, 4 years younger than the nationwide median. The male-to-female ratio was 49.8-to-50.2.

The most commonly nominated ancestries were English (25.8%), Australian (24.9%), Irish (7.2%), Scottish (6.7%), and German (5.8%). 69.9% of people were born in Australia, while the other most common countries of birth were New Zealand (4.9%), England (3.1%), Vietnam (2.4%), India (1.1%), and the Philippines (0.9%). Indigenous Australians accounted for 4.0% of the population.

The most commonly spoken languages other than English were Vietnamese (3.7%), Samoan (1.7%), Mandarin and Spanish (0.6% each), and Hindi (0.5%). The most common religious affiliations reported were none (27.8%), Catholic (19.5%), Anglican (13.5%), and Uniting Church (5.0%).

Economy

Ipswich was a major mining centre, particularly coal mining. The city is the 'cradle of coal mining in Queensland'.[66] Other secondary manufacturing industries included earthenware works, sawmills, abattoirs and foundries, while the region is also rich agriculturally.

Ipswich remains a strong manufacturing region, with more than 14% of workers employed in the manufacturing industry, compared to just 7.6% for regional Queensland.[67]

Extensive growth is predicted in Ipswich and the Western Corridor region in years to come, the economy is projected to be worth $12.7 billion by 2026.[68] Global giant General Electric moved its Queensland headquarters into a $72 million building in Springfield in 2015.[69]

Ipswich is the site of RAAF Base Amberley, the Royal Australian Air Force's largest operational base. It is currently home to No. 1 Squadron and No. 6 Squadron (operating the F/A-18F Super Hornet), No. 33 Squadron (operating the Airbus KC-30A) and No. 36 Squadron (operating the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III jet transport). In addition, a number of ground support units are located at Amberley.

Film production
The Workshops Rail Museum, North Ipswich

In recent years, Ipswich has become a sought-after filming location. The 2013 movie The Railway Man was filmed around the city's railyards.[70] Other major films, including San Andreas starring Dwayne Johnson, and Inspector Gadget 2 were filmed around the city. Several Australian films have also used Ipswich for shooting locations, including the 2016 movie Don't Tell[71] and Savages Crossing, The Settlement, The Tree, Mystery Road, 500 Miles and telemovies, Parer's War[72] and Mabo.[73] Australian TV legal drama Rise was also filmed at Borallon Correctional Centre.[74]

Housing
The mansion at the Woodlands of Marburg, Ipswich, 2015

Ipswich is recognised for its important collection of historic buildings. Historic house types range from Early Colonial/Victorian (1850 onwards) to Queensland Bungalow (until 1935), with the city showcasing many markers and plaques outside heritage and historical locations.

The traditional Ipswich dwelling has always been a detached home on land, and is frequently portrayed in the paintings of d'Arcy Doyle, however this is changing as modern housing developments increase. The city is the fastest-growing area in South East Queensland (SEQ).[75]

Two major developments, underway at Springfield and Ripley, will be central to housing this growth. The multibillion-dollar Greater Springfield development was awarded World's Best Master Planned Community 2010 and is designed to grow to an ultimate population of 85,000, with a projection of 105,000 total residents living in the area by 2030. Greater Springfield is positioned as the gateway to the western corridor of the south-east. At 2,860 hectares it is the largest master planned city in Australia.[76]

Robelle Domain Springfield Central Parklands

The Ripley Valley Development is master planned to be a model community for a projected population of 120,000 people.[77]

Infrastructure

Technology

In March 2016, Ipswich's digital innovation and startup hub, Fire Station 101, was officially launched. Owned by Ipswich City Developments and operated by Ipswich City Enterprises, Fire Station 101 will position the region as a leader of the digital economy. More than fifteen members had signed up prior to the opening. In 2015, Ipswich was named in the world's Top 7 most Intelligent Communities by the Intelligent Community Forum (ICF) in New York.[78][79]

Education

Ipswich is home to dozens of primary and secondary schools, including Ipswich Grammar School, which was the first high school in Queensland (established in 1863). Ipswich Girls' Grammar School was established 1892. Tertiary education facilities include University of Southern Queensland, which has campuses at Springfield and Ipswich. TAFE Queensland South West has a campus at Bundamba and another in Springfield.

Safety

Ipswich is home to the Safe City camera network, which commenced in 1994. More than 200 cameras are monitored 24/7 from a facility situated within the CBD.[80]

The Ipswich City Council Safe City Monitoring Facility has hosted representatives of law enforcement agencies from the Netherlands, Taiwan, Great Britain and approximately twenty-five local authorities from across Australia to inspect the closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera monitoring system.[81]

Health

Ipswich Hospital is the major public hospital. St Andrew's Private Hospital and Mater Private Hospital Springfield are local private hospitals.

Transport

Ipswich has direct access to the Ipswich Motorway (linking to Brisbane); the Cunningham Highway (linking to Warwick); the Warrego Highway (linking to Toowoomba); the Logan Motorway and its connection to the Pacific Motorway (linking to Logan and the Gold Coast); and the Centenary Highway (linking Springfield and the Ripley Valley to Brisbane).

Ipswich Railway Station is a major hub for rail transport. The electrified rail line that extends east from Ipswich through Brisbane's western suburbs to the Brisbane CBD is known as the Ipswich Line. The Rosewood railway line, part of the first railway in Queensland, is also electrified and extends west through Ipswich's western suburbs to the town of Rosewood. Both lines are operated by Queensland Rail.

Facilities
The boardwalk at Nerima Gardens in Queens Park, Ipswich

Ipswich has more than 500 parks and conservation estates, including Nerima Gardens, which was designed in consultation with Ipswich's Japanese sister city, Nerima. In 2015, Orion Lagoon opened in Springfield Central.

Brookwater hosts the Brookwater Golf and Country Club, designed by Greg Norman. The par 72 golf course measures 6,505 metres and has been voted as Queensland's number one golf course in Golf Australia magazine's best 50 courses.

The Ipswich Council operates a public library in Ipswich at 40 South Street.[82]

Media

Along with a number of other regional Australian newspapers owned by NewsCorp, the Ipswich Advertiser newspaper ceased publication in June 2020.[83]

Sport

Ipswich is noted for its strong contribution to sport at a state and national level. Local rugby league club Ipswich Jets had a stellar 2015 season, seeing the team win their maiden Intrust Super Cup title and take the NRL State Championship.[84] The win again fuelled interest in a successful Western Corridor NRL bid.

  • Association football: Western Pride play in the statewide National Premier League (NPL), while historic club Ipswich Knights play in the Brisbane Premier League. Other teams playing in Ipswich include the Ipswich City Bulls, Springfield United, Western Spirit, Whitehill, Westminster, Raceview, Silkstone and Rosewood.
  • Australian rules football: The Ipswich Eagles play in the second tier division of AFL Queensland, and Collingwood Park Power play in Division 3. The Ipswich Miners play in the under 18 competition of AFL Queensland. Collingwood Park (Power), Ipswich Central (Cats), Limestone Eagles (part of the Ipswich Eagles) and Springfield Lakes play in the junior competition of AFL Brisbane Juniors.
  • Basketball: The Ipswich Force play in the Queensland Basketball League, fielding teams in the men's competition and women's competition. They play their home games at Cotton On Foundation Stadium in Bundamba.
  • Cricket: The Ipswich Logan Hornets play in the Brisbane Grade Cricket competition, fielding teams in 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades. They have their home ground at the Ivor Marsden Complex in Amberley.
  • Gridiron: The Ipswich Cougars play in the Gridiron Queensland league and have been one of the most dominant teams since the launch of Gridiron in Queensland.
  • Hockey: is a major sport in the city and is played at Briggs Rd Sporting Complex facility where there are 2 world-class, artificial surfaces.
  • Motorsport: Drag racing is conducted at Willowbank Raceway year round with events open to both professional and amateur racers, including a series conducted to facilitate newcomers to the sport.
  • Motorsport: V8 Supercars race each year in the SuperSprint at Queensland Raceway at Willowbank in mid July.
  • Rugby league: The Ipswich Jets play in the Queensland Cup competition, FOGS and FOGS Colts. Ipswich Diggers are the junior representative teams playing all other QLD regions in the Mal Meninga (under 18s) and the Cyril Connell (under 16s) statewide Cups. Ipswich also has a thriving local league competition Ipswich Rugby League including 4 grades of Seniors and every age group of juniors (multiple divisions). Clubs include West End Bulldogs, Brothers, Swifts, Goodna Eagles, Springfield, Norths Tigers, Laidley Lions, Fassifern Bombers, Redbank Bears, Lowood Stags, Twin Rivers, Rosewood Roosters and Brisbane Valley.
  • Rugby union: The Ipswich Rangers play in the Queensland Suburban Rugby Union competition usually competing with 3–4 grades including Colts. The Rangers juniors compete in the Brisbane Junior Rugby competition.

Events

Ipswich Show

The first Ipswich Annual Show was held on 2 April 1873 by the Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Society. There had been shows staged by the Ipswich and West Moreton Horticultural and Agricultural Society as early as 1868. Originally held at the sale yards situated at Lobb St, Churchill, the show moved to its present home at the Ipswich Showgrounds in 1877.

Ipswich Jacaranda Trees at Goodna

Goodna Jacaranda Festival

This festival has been held annually at Goodna (Evan Marginson Sportsground) since 1968.[85]

Ipswich Festival

The Ipswich Festival is an annual multi-disciplinary festival. The event showcases a broad program of entertainment and arts that continues to entertain, inspire and celebrate the essence of the culture, spirit and community in Ipswich.

First staged in 1998, the Ipswich Festival is regarded as the city's premier event. The variety, size and scope of the program has grown exponentially through increasing interest group participation, corporate partnerships and community enthusiasm.

The festival presents Ipswich's cultural heritage and highlights the city's emerging talents through a deliberate program of live bands, concerts, art exhibits, fireworks, theatre, jazz, multicultural celebrations, interactive displays and a range of family-based events to encourage participation by all age groups whilst attracting day tourism to the region.

The Ipswich Festival runs for two weeks at the end of April and beginning of May with the majority of events free.[86]

Winternationals

The Fuchs Winternationals is an annual event, typically held around June at Willowbank Raceway, part of the Ipswich Motorsport Precinct. The four-day event is one of the largest drag racing festivals in the southern hemisphere and has drawn crowds of more than 40, 000 people in previous years.[87]

Notable people

Sportspeople

Other
  • Neville Bonner AO - the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament. He was elected in his own right in 1972, 1974, 1975 and 1980.

References
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  2. Council, Ipswich City. "Ipswich Population Modeller identifies 200,000th resident". www.ipswich.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  3. "About Ipswich". Ipswich City Council. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  4. "Ipswich History Time Line" (PDF). Ipswich City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
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  6. This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Jagara". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  7. This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Yuggera". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  8. This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Yugarabul". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
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  13. Knight, J.J. "Brisbane : a historical sketch of the capital of Queensland, giving an outline of old-time events, with a description of Brisbane of the present day, and a municipal retrospect". Biggs & Morcom. p. 24. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017.
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  35. "Cribb Estate on the eastern slope of Limestone Hill, Ipswich / Bostock & Sons, and W.B. Parkinson, Auctioneers ; E. Bostock & Sons, and J. & H.J. Hargreaves, Surveyors". 24 November 1928. hdl:10462/deriv/341226. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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