Catania

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean Climate).[15] It has hot summers, one of the hottest in the whole country of Italy (a feature characterising nearly every month). Temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) are surpassed almost every year a couple of times,

Winters are mild with chilly nights (not rare peaks around 20 °C or 68 °F) . Most of precipitation is concentrated from October to March, leaving late spring and summer virtually dry (some years there is no rain for 3–4 months). The city receives around 500 millimetres (20 inches) of rain per year, although the amount can vary greatly from year to year (wettest over 1,200 millimetres or 47 inches, driest under 250 millimetres or 9.8 inches,).

During winter nights lows can occasionally go under 0 °C (32 °F). Highs under 10 °C (50 °F) can happen during winter.[16] Snow, due to the presence of Etna that protects the city from the northern winds, is an uncommon occurrence, but occasional snow flurries have been seen over the recent years especially in the hilly districts, more substantial in the northern hinterland. More recently, light snowfalls occurred on 9 February 2015, 6 January 2017 and 5 January 2019, but the last heavy snowfall dates back to 17 December 1988.

Around 729 BC, the ancient village of Katane was occupied by Chalcidian Greek settlers from nearby Naxos along the coast. It became the Chalcidian colony of Katánē under a leader named Euarchos (Euarchus) and the native population was rapidly Hellenised.

Thucydides states that it came into existence slightly later than Leontini (modern Lentini), which he claims was five years after Syracuse, or 730 BC.[18]

The settlement's acropolis was on the hill of Monte Vergine, a defensible hill immediately west of the current city centre. The port of Catania appears to have been much frequented in ancient time and was the chief place of export for the corn of the rich neighbouring plains.

In ancient times Catania was associated with the legend of Amphinomos and Anapias, who, on occasion of a great eruption of Etna, abandoned all their property and carried off their aged parents on their shoulders. The stream of lava itself was said to have parted, and flowed aside so as not to harm them. Statues were erected to their honour, and the place of their burial was known as the Campus Piorum; the Catanaeans even introduced the figures of the youths on their coins, and the legend became a favorite subject of allusion and declamation among the Latin poets, of whom the younger Lucilius and Claudian have dwelt upon it at considerable length.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

Catania was the birthplace of the philosopher and legislator Charondas (late 6th c. BC) who introduced his celebrated laws there. His legislation was extended to the other Chalcidic cities, not only of Sicily, but of Magna Graecia also, as well as to his own country.[30] It is evident that Catania had close relations with these other cities during this time.

It was residence of the poets Ibycus and Stesichorus (c. 630–555 BC), who was buried in a magnificent sepulchre outside one of the gates, hence its name of Porta Stesichoreia. Xenophanes (c. 570-475 BC), one of the founders of the Eleatic school of philosophy, also spent the latter years of his life in the city[31] so that it was evidently, at an early period, a place of cultivation and refinement.

Catania appears to have retained its independence up to the reign of the despot Hieron of Syracuse, whereupon in 476 BC he expelled all the original inhabitants of Catania and replaced them with those he ruled over at Leontini – said to have numbered no less than 10,000, consisting partly of Syracusans and Peloponnesians. At the same time he changed the city's name to Αἴτνη (Aítnē, Aetna or Ætna, after the nearby Mount Etna, and proclaimed himself the Oekist or founder of the new city. For this he was celebrated by Pindar, and after his death he received heroic honours from the citizens of his new colony.[32]

A few years after the death of Hieron and the expulsion of Thrasybulus, the Syracusans combined with Ducetius, king of the Sicels, to expel the newly settled inhabitants of Catania, who went on to settle in the fortress of Inessa (to which they gave the name Aetna). The old Chalcidic citizens were reinstated to the city in 461 BC.[33]

The period that followed appears to have been one of great prosperity for Catania, as well as for the Sicilian cities in general.

In the Peloponnesian War during the great Athenian expedition to Sicily in 415 BC, the Catanaeans at first refused to allow the Athenians into their city, but after the latter had forced an entrance, they found themselves compelled to honour the alliance of their invaders after a famous speech that Alcibiades would have made in front of the assembly. Catania became the headquarters of the Athenian army throughout the first year of the expedition, and the base of their subsequent operations against Syracuse.[34] After the defeat of the Athenians it was open to attack by Syracuse but was saved by the Carthaginian invasion of Sicily in 409 BC.

But in 403 BC it fell into the power of Dionysius I of Syracuse, who plundered the city and sold its citizens as slaves, after which he populated it with Campanian mercenaries. These, however, quit in 396 BC and retired to Aetna, on the approach of the great Carthaginian armament under Himilco and Mago. After the great naval Battle of Catana (397 BC) which was fought off Catania and in which the latter defeated Leptines of Syracuse, the city fell into the hands of the Carthaginians.[35]

Calippus, the assassin of Dion of Syracuse, held Catania for a time (Plut. Dion. 58); and when Timoleon landed in Sicily in 344 BC Catania was subject to the despot Mamercus who at first joined the Corinthian leader, but afterwards abandoned this allegiance for that of the Carthaginians. As a consequence he was attacked and expelled by Timoleon in 338 BC.[36]

Catania was now restored to liberty, and appears to have continued to retain its independence; during the wars of Agathocles of Syracuse from 311 BC with the Carthaginians, it sided at one time with the former, at others with the latter; and when Pyrrhus landed in Sicily in 278 BC, Catania was the first to open its gates to him, and received him with the great splendour.[37]

The first introduction of dancing to accompany the flute was also ascribed to Andron, a citizen of Catania.[38]

In the First Punic War Catania was one of the first cities of Sicily to submit to the Roman Republic after their first successes in 263 BC when it was taken by Valerius Messalla.[39][40] A sundial was part of the booty which was placed in the Comitium in Rome.[41] Since then the city became a civitas decumana i.e. was subject to the payment of a tenth of its agricultural income as a tax to Rome. The conqueror of Syracuse, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, built a gymnasium here.[42]

It appears to have continued afterwards to maintain its friendly relations with Rome and though it did not enjoy the advantages of a confederate city (foederata civitas), like its neighbours Tauromenium (modern Taormina) and Messana (modern Messina), it rose to a position of great prosperity under the Roman rule.

Around 135 BC during the First Servile War, it was conquered by rebel slaves.[43]

One of the most serious eruptions of Mount Etna happened in 121 BC, when a great part of Catania was overwhelmed by streams of lava, and the hot ashes fell in such quantities in the city itself, as to break in the roofs of the houses. Catana was in consequence exempted, for 10 years, from its usual contributions to the Roman state.[44] The greater part of the broad tract of plain to the southwest of Catana (now called the Piana di Catania, a district of great fertility), appears to have belonged, in ancient times, to Leontini or Centuripa (modern Centuripe), but that portion of it between Catana itself and the mouth of the Symaethus was annexed to Catana and must have furnished abundant supplies of grain.

Cicero repeatedly mentions it as, in his time, a wealthy and flourishing city; it retained its ancient municipal institutions, its chief magistrate bearing the title of Proagorus; and appears to have been one of the principal ports of Sicily for the export of corn.[45]

In the Sicilian revolt from 44 BC Sextus Pompeius selected Sicily as his base and Catania gave in to Sextus' revolt and joined his forces. Sextus amassed a formidable army and a large fleet of warships at his base at Messana, with many slaves joining from the villas of patricians. After the victory of Augustus in 36 BC much of the vast farmland in Sicily was either ruined or left empty, and much of this land was taken and distributed to members of the legions which had fought there. Catania suffered severely from the ravages but was afterwards one of the cities raised to the status of colony by Augustus which restored its prosperity through the settlement of veterans, so that in Strabo's time it was one of the few cities in the island that was flourishing.[46]

Another revolt led by the gladiator Selurus in 35 BC created mayhem for a while.[47]

The Roman aqueduct of Catania was the largest in Roman Sicily at 24 km length starting from the springs of Santa Maria di Licodia.

It retained its colonial rank, as well as its prosperity, throughout the period of the Roman Empire; so that in the 4th century Ausonius in his Ordo Nobilium Urbium, notices Catania and Syracuse alone among the cities of Sicily.[48]

Picture of Catania in 1575

Catania was sacked by the Vandals of Gaiseric in 440–441. After a period under the Ostrogoths, it was reconquered in 535 by the Eastern Roman Empire, under which (aside from a short period in 550–555) it remained until the 9th century. It was the seat of the Byzantine governor of the island.

Catania was under the Islamic emirate of Sicily from 875 until 1072, when it fell to the Normans of Roger I of Sicily. Subsequently, the city was ruled by a bishop-count. In 1194–1197 the city was sacked by German soldiers during after the conquest of the island by emperor Henry VI. In 1232 it rebelled to the former's son, Frederick II, who later built a massive castle, Castello Ursino and also made Catania a royal city, ending the dominance of the bishops. Catania was one of the main centers of the Sicilian Vespers revolt (1282) against the House of Anjou, and was the seat of the incoronation of the new Aragonese king of Sicily, Peter I. In the 14th century it gained importance as it was chosen by the Aragonese as a Parliament and Royal seat. Here, in 1347, it was signed the treaty of peace that ended the long War of the Vesper between Aragonese and Angevines. Catania lost its capital role when, in the early 15th century, Sicily was turned into a member of the Crown of Aragon, and kept its autonomy and original privileges specially during the period from 1282 to 1410.

In 1434 King Alfonso V founded here the Siciliae Studium Generale, the oldest university in the island.

Mount Etna erupting in 1669

With the unification of Castile and Aragon (early 16th century[49]), Sicily became part of the Spanish Empire. It rebelled against the foreign government in 1516 and 1647.[50]

In 1669 the city's surroundings suffered great material damage from the 1669 Etna eruption. The city itself was largely saved by its walls that diverted most of the lava into the port. Afterwards in 1693 the city was then completely destroyed by a heavy earthquake and its aftershocks. The city was then rebuilt in the Baroque architecture that nowadays characterizes it.

Catania was one of the vanguards of the movement for the Sicilian autonomy in the early 19th century.

In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi's expedition of the Thousand conquered Sicily for Piedmont from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Since the following year Catania was part of the newly unified Italy, whose history it shares since then.

During World War II, Catania was heavily bombed by the Allied air forces, owing to the presence of two of the main Axis airfields in Sicily (Gerbini and Fontanarossa) and for its strategically important port and marshalling yard. Altogether, the city suffered eighty-seven air raids. The heaviest took place in the spring and summer of 1943, before and during the Allied invasion of Sicily; they caused heavy damage to the city (among others, twenty-eight churches and most historic palaces suffered damage), killed 750 inhabitants and prompted most of the population to flee to the countryside.[51][52][53][54] After heavy fighting across eastern Sicily, Catania was eventually captured by the British 8th Army on 5 August 1943.[55]

After the conflict, and the constitution of the Italian Republic (1946), Catania attempted to catch up with the economic and social development of Italy's richer northern regions. The problems faced in Catania were emblematic of those faced by other towns in the Mezzogiorno, namely a heavy gap in industrial development and infrastructures, and the threat of the mafia. This notwithstanding, during the 1960s (and partly during the 1990s) Catania enjoyed development and a period of economic, social and cultural success. In the first decade of the 21st century, Catania's economic and social development somewhat faltered and the city is again facing economic and social stagnation. This was aggravated by the economical crisis left by the Forza Italia administration of mayor Scapagnini in 2008.[56]

In red: the City proper

In red: The Metropolitan area

In yellow: The Metropolitan City

The subdivision of the City proper in six circoscrizioni

The Metropolitan City of Catania was established in 2015 and replaced the former Province of Catania. It includes the city proper and 57 comuni (municipalities). The population of the Metropolitan City is 1,107,702.[2]

The Metropolitan area of Catania includes the comune of Catania (311,584 inhabitants[2]) and 26 surrounding comuni[57] forming an urban belt (498,650 inhabitants[2]). The total population of the Metropolitan area of Catania is therefore 810,234. The comuni of the Metropolitan area are:

These comuni form a system with the centre of Catania sharing its economical and social life and creating an organic urban texture.

The city of Catania proper (comune di Catania) is divided in six administrative areas called circoscrizioni. The current administrative setup was established in 2013, modifying previous setups dating back to 1971, 1978 and 1995.

The six areas are:

The city has been buried by lava a total of seventeen times in recorded history, and in layers under the present day city are the Roman city that preceded it, and the Greek city before that. Many of the ancient monuments of the Roman city have been destroyed by the numerous seisms. Currently, different ancient remains can be seen and visited in the city-centre, as part of an archaeological park (Parco Archeologico Greco-Romano di Catania).

The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi backs the Cavea of the Greek-Roman Theatre.

The Odeon.

Roman Amphitheatre.

Ancient edifices include:

• Greek-Roman Theatre of Catania (2nd century)
• Odeon (3rd century). It could house up to 1500 spectators
• Amphitheatre
• Greek Acropolis of Montevergine
• Roman Aqueduct
• Roman Forum
• Roman broken arcades
• Christian basilicas, hypogea, burial monuments and Catacombs
• Roman Colonnade

• Achillean Baths
• Terme dell’Indirizzo
• Terme di Santa Maria Odigitria
• Terme della Rotonda
• Baths of the Four Quoins
• Terme di Palazzo Asmundo
• Terme del Palazzo dell’Università
• Terme di Casa Gagliano
• Terme della Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate

Roman Thermal Baths of Santa Maria dell'Indirizzo.

San Placido

Badìa di Sant'Agata

San Francesco d'Assisi all'Immacolata

Sant'Agata alla Fornace or San Biagio

Santa Maria dell'Aiuto

San Benedetto da Norcia

San Francesco Borgia

The Baroque city centre of Catania is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

• The Cathedral (1070–1093, rebuilt after the 1693 earthquake)
• Saint Agatha Abbey (1620)
• Saint Placidus (1769)
• Church of San Giuseppe al Duomo
• Church of Santissimo Sacramento al Duomo
• Church of San Martino dei Bianchi
• Church of Sant'Agata la Vetere (254)
• Saint Agatha by the Furnace or Saint Blaise (1098, rebuilt in 1700)
• Church of the Saint Jail or Saint Agatha at the Jail (Santo Carcere or Sant'Agata al Carcere) (1760). This temple includes the ancient jail where Saint Agatha was allegedly imprisoned during her martyrdom.
• Saint Francis of Assisi at the Immaculate (1329). It still houses the mortal remains of Queen Eleanor of Sicily, who decided and promoted the construction of the principal Franciscan building of Catania on the same place of the once Roman Temple of Minerva
• Saint Benedict of Nursia (1704–1713)
• Badìa Grande e Badìa Piccola del Chiostro delle Monache Benedettine
• Benedictine Nuns' Arch (Arco delle Monache Benedettine)
• Basilica della Collegiata, a notable example of Sicilian Baroque, whose façade was designed by Stefano Ittar
• Saint Mary of Ogninella
• Saint Michael the Lesser
• Saint Michael Archangel or Minorites' Church
• Saint Julian
• Saint Julian's Monastery
• Santa Teresa di Avila
• Saint Francis Borgia or Jesuits' Church
• Convent of the Jesuits
• Saint Mary of Jesus (1465, restored in 1706)
• Saint Dominic or Saint Mary the Great (1224)
• Dominicans Friary (1224)
• Saint Mary of Purity or Saint Mary of Visitation (1775)
• Madonna of Graces' Chapel
• Saint Ursula
• Saint Agatha on the Lavic Runnels
• Saint Euplius Old Church Ruins
• Church of San Gaetano alle Grotte (260)
• Basilica of the Most Holy Annunciated Mary of Carmel (1729)
• Saint Agatha by the Borough (1669, destroyed in 1693 and rebuilt in 1709). The "Borough" (il Borgo) is an inner district of Catania.
• Saint Nicholas by the Borough
• Church of the Santissimo Sacramento al Borgo
• Church of Santa Maria della Provvidenza al Borgo
• Chapel of the Blind's Housing (Ospizio dei Ciechi)
• Saint Camillus of the Crucifers
• Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena (1558)
• Basilica of San Nicola l'Arena (1687)
• Church of Santa Maria dell'Indirizzo (1730)
• Saint Clare (1563)
• Convent of the Poor Clares (1563)
• Saint Sebastian Martyr (1313)
• Saint Anne
• Sanctuary of Santa Maria dell'Aiuto
• Madonna of Loreto
• Church of San Giuseppe al Transito
• Church of Immacolata Concezione dei Minoritelli
• Church of Sant'Agata al Conservatorio delle Verginelle
• Church of Santa Maria dell'Itria or Odigitria).
• Saint Philip Neri
• Saint Martha
• Church of the Holy Child
• Our Lady of Providence
• Church of San Berillo in Santa Maria degli Ammalati
• Our Lady of the Poor
• Church of San Vincenzo de' Paoli
• Saint John the Baptist, in the suburb of San Giovanni di Galermo
• Saint Anthony Abbot
• Little Saviour's Byzantine Chapel
• Saint Augustine
• Church of the Most Holy Trinity
• Church of the Little Virgins
• Our Lady of the Rotunda
• Church of the Santissimo Sacramento Ritrovato (1796).[59]
• Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ognina (1308).[60] Ognina is the maritime quarter and the main fishing pole of Catania. Many bareboats and umpteen smacks gather and crowd here all year round. In its close vicinities there is a cylindric tower, known as Saint Mary's Tower (Torre Santa Maria),[61] which was restructured in the 16th century to prevent the frequent plunders of the Saracen pirates. The church is the result of the gradual modification of the Greek Temple Athena Longatis or Parthenos Longatis that existed on the steep reef. This cult was imported from a Boeotian region of Greece called Longas[62] from where the first Hellenic settlers of this borough probably came. After the earthquake of 1693 it was rebuilt on the same place but with a different orientation.
• Our Lady of Montserrat (1755)[63]
• Church of Santa Maria della Salute
• Saint Mary of La Salette
• Church of Santa Maria della Mercede
• Church of Santa Caterina al Rinazzo
• Our Lady of Concordia
• Church of Santa Maria della Guardia
• Our Lady of Consolation
• Church of Santissimo Crocifisso Maiorana
• Crucifix of Miracles
• Crucifix of Good Death
• Our Lady of La Mecca[64]
• Saint Cajetan at the Marina
• Most Holy Redeemer
• Saint Francis of Paola
• Church of the Divina Maternità
• Chapel of Mary Auxiliatrix
• Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
• Church of the Sacro Cuore al Fortino (1898)
• Saints George and Denis
• Church of the Sacred Heart of the Capuchins
• Saint Christopher
• Saints Cosmas and Damian
• Church of Santa Maria del Soccorso or Santa Maria della Palma
• Saint Vitus
• Church of the Santi Angeli Custodi
• Church of the Santissimo Salvatore

Castello Ursino

Palazzo delle Poste

Negozio Frigeri

• Ursino Castle, built by emperor Frederick II in the 13th century.
• Palace of the Elephants, designed by Giovan Battista Vaccarini. It houses the Town Hall.
• Biscari Palace
• Tezzano Palace
• Uzeda Gate
• The Medieval Gothic-Catalan Arch of Saint John of Friars (San Giovanni de' Fleres)
• Ferdinandean Gate or Garibaldi Gate (Porta Ferdinandea or Porta Garibaldi), a triumphal arch erected in 1768 to celebrate the marriage of Ferdinand I of Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline of Austria
• Porta del Fortino ("Redoubt Gate")
• Bellini Theater
• Sangiorgi Theater
• Palazzo Rosa ("Pink Palace")
• Negozio Frigeri ("Frigeri Shop", or "Frigeri Palace")
• The House of the Mutilateds of War (Casa del Mutilato) built in Fascist-style architecture
• Catania War Cemetery, a Commonwealth Graveyard located in the southern country hamlet of Bicocca[65][66]
• Palazzo delle Poste ("Post Office Palace")
• Bellini Garden, or Villa Bellini
• Catania Botanical Garden
• Pacini Garden, or Villa Pacini
• Gioeni Park

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Catania, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 56 min. 13% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 23 min, while 46% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.7 km, while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[83]

The following countries have a Consulate in Catania: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Romania, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine.[84]

Catania is twinned with:[85]

The site of what was to become the major Australian city of Adelaide was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia. In 1823, Light had fondly written of Catania: "The two principal streets cross each other at right angles in the square in the direction of north and south and east and west. They are wide and spacious and about a mile [1.6 km] long". This became the basis for his plan of Adelaide.[86]