Discus throw

The discus throw (pronunciation), also known as disc throw, is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc—called a discus—in an attempt to mark a farther distance than their competitors. It is an ancient sport, as demonstrated by the fifth-century-BC Myron statue Discobolus. Although not part of the modern pentathlon, it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at least to 708 BC,[1] and it is part of the modern decathlon.

Athletics
Discus throw
German 2012 Olympic champion Robert Harting.
World records
Men Jürgen Schult (GDR) 74.08 m (1986)
Women Gabriele Reinsch (GDR) 76.80 m (1988)
Olympic records
Men Virgilijus Alekna (LTU) 69.89 m (2004)
Women Martina Hellmann (GDR) 72.30 m (1988)

History

Modern copy of the Diskophoros, attributed to Alkamenes

The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original Olympic Games of Ancient Greece.[2] The discus as a sport was resurrected in Magdeburg, Germany, by Christian Georg Kohlrausch and his students in the 1870s.[3] Organized Men's competition was resumed in the late 19th century, and has been a part of the modern Summer Olympic Games since the first modern competition, the 1896 Summer Olympics. Images of discus throwers figured prominently in advertising for early modern Games, such as fundraising stamps for the 1896 games, the main posters for the 1920 and 1948 Summer Olympics. Today the sport of discus is a routine part of modern track-and-field meets at all levels, and retains a particularly iconic place in the Olympic Games.

The main poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics

The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was František Janda-Suk from Bohemia (the present Czech Republic).[4] He invented this technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus. After only one year of developing the technique he earned a silver medal in the 1900 Olympics.

Women's competition began in the first decades of the 20th century. Following competition at national and regional levels it was added to the Olympic program for the 1928 games.

Regulations

The event consists of throwing a lenticular disc of a certain weight or size depending on the competitor. Men and women throw different sized discus with varying sizes of weights depending on age. The weight of the discus is either governed by the World Athletics for international or USA Track & Field for the United States.

US Weights[5]
Age Men Women
High School 1.6 kg 1 kg
Collegiate 2 kg 1 kg
Professional 2 kg 1 kg
Master's (35-59) 1.5 kg 1 kg
Master's (60-74) 1 kg 1 kg
Master's (75+) 1 kg 0.75 kg
International Weights[6]
Age Men Women
≤17 1.5 kg 1 kg
18-19 1.75 kg 1 kg
20-49 2 kg 1 kg
50-59 1.5 kg 1 kg
60-74 1 kg 1 kg
75+ 1 kg 0.75 kg

The typical discus has sides made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, carbon fiber or metal with a metal rim and a metal core to attain the weight. The rim must be smooth, with no roughness or finger holds. A discus with more weight in the rim produces greater angular momentum for any given spin rate, and thus more stability, although it is more difficult to throw. However, a higher rim weight, if thrown correctly, can lead to a farther throw. In some competitions, a solid rubber discus is used (see in the United States).

To make a throw, the competitor starts in a circle of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 14 in) diameter, which is recessed in a concrete pad by 20 millimetres (0.79 in). The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. He then spins anticlockwise (for right-handers) around one and a half times through the circle to build momentum, then releases his throw. The discus must land within a 34.92-degree sector.[7] The rules of competition for discus are virtually identical to those of shot put, except that the circle is larger, a stop board is not used and there are no form rules concerning how the discus is to be thrown.

The basic motion is a fore-handed sidearm movement. The discus is spun off the index finger or the middle finger of the throwing hand. In flight the disc spins clockwise when viewed from above for a right-handed thrower, and anticlockwise for a left-handed thrower. As well as achieving maximum momentum in the discus on throwing, the discus' distance is also determined by the trajectory the thrower imparts, as well as the aerodynamic behavior of the discus. Generally, throws into a moderate headwind achieve the maximum distance. Also, a faster-spinning discus imparts greater gyroscopic stability. The technique of discus throwing is quite difficult to master and needs much experience to perfect, thus most top throwers are 30 years old or more.

Discus-thrower, tondo of a kylix by the Kleomelos Painter, Louvre Museum

Phases

The discus technique can be broken down into phases. The purpose is to transfer from the back to the front of the throwing circle while turning through one and a half circles. The speed of delivery is high, and speed is built up during the throw (slow to fast). Correct technique involves the buildup of torque so that maximum force can be applied to the discus on delivery.[8]

World and European champion Rutger Smith in phases of the discus throw

Initially, the thrower takes up their position in the throwing circle, distributing their body weight evenly over both feet, which are roughly shoulder width apart. They crouch in order to adopt a more efficient posture to start from whilst also isometrically preloading their muscles; this will allow them to start faster and achieve a more powerful throw. They then begin the wind-up, which sets the tone for the entire throw; the rhythm of the wind-up and throw is very important.

Focusing on rhythm can bring about the consistency to get in the right positions that many throwers lack. Executing a sound discus throw with solid technique requires perfect balance. This is due to the throw being a linear movement combined with a one and a half rotation and an implement at the end of one arm. Thus, a good discus thrower needs to maintain balance within the circle.[9]

For a right handed thrower, the next stage is to move the weight over the left foot. From this position the right foot is raised, and the athlete 'runs' across the circle. There are various techniques for this stage where the leg swings out to a small or great extent, some athletes turn on their left heel (e.g. Ilke Wylluda[10]) but turning on the ball of the foot is far more common.

The aim is to land in the 'power position', the right foot should be in the center and the heel should not touch the ground at any point. The left foot should land very quickly after the right. Weight should be mostly over the back foot with as much torque as possible in the body—so the right arm is high and far back. This is very hard to achieve.[11]

The critical stage is the delivery of the discus, from this 'power position' the hips drive through hard, and will be facing the direction of the throw on delivery. Athletes employ various techniques to control the end-point and recover from the throw, such as fixing feet (to pretty much stop dead[10]), or an active reverse spinning onto the left foot (e.g. Virgilijus Alekna[12]).

Sports scientist Richard Ganslen researched the Aerodynamics of the Discus, reporting the discus will stall at an angle of 29°.[13]

Culture

The discus throw has been the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies such as the Discobolus and Discophoros. The discus throw also appears repeatedly in ancient Greek mythology, featured as a means of manslaughter in the cases of Hyacinth, Crocus, Phocus, and Acrisius, and as a named event in the funeral games of Patroclus.

Discus throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Discus commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics. On the obverse of the coin a modern athlete is seen in the foreground in a half-turned position, while in the background an ancient discus thrower has been captured in a lively bending motion, with the discus high above his head, creating a vivid representation of the sport.

United States

Under US high school rules, if a discus hits the surrounding safety cage and is deflected into the sector, it is ruled a foul. In contrast, under International, WMA, NCAA and USATF rules, it is ruled a legal throw. Additionally, under US high school rules, distances thrown are rounded down to the nearest whole inch, rather than the nearest centimeter.[14]

US high school rules allow the use of a solid rubber discus; it is cheaper and easier to learn to throw (due to its more equal distribution of weight, as opposed to the heavy rim weight of the metal rim/core discus), but less durable. However, there are a vast variety of metal discuses to choose from. The weight is not always distributed into the rim of metal discuses as there are four categories that the discs are sold in; center weighted, low spin, high spin, and very high spin. Center weighted discs carry 50-60% of their weight in the rims and are intended for beginner throwers just as rubber discs are.[15]

All-time top 25 discus throwers

Men

Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 74.08 m (243 ft 12 in) Jürgen Schult (GDR)6 June 1986Neubrandenburg
2 73.88 m (242 ft 4 12 in) Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)3 August 2000Kaunas
3 73.38 m (240 ft 8 34 in) Gerd Kanter (EST)4 September 2006Helsingborg
4 71.86 m (235 ft 9 in)  Yuriy Dumchev (URS) 29 May 1983 Moscow
 Daniel Ståhl (SWE) 29 June 2019 Bottnaryd [18]
6 71.84 m (235 ft 8 14 in) Piotr Małachowski (POL)8 June 2013Hengelo
7 71.70 m (235 ft 2 34 in) Róbert Fazekas (HUN)14 July 2002Szombathely
8 71.50 m (234 ft 6 34 in) Lars Riedel (GER)3 May 1997Wiesbaden
9 71.32 m (233 ft 11 34 in) Ben Plucknett (USA)4 June 1983Eugene
10 71.26 m (233 ft 9 12 in) John Powell (USA)9 June 1984San Jose
71.26 m (233 ft 9 12 in) Rickard Bruch (SWE)15 November 1984Malmö
71.26 m (233 ft 9 12 in) Imrich Bugár (TCH)25 May 1985San Jose
13 71.18 m (233 ft 6 14 in) Art Burns (USA)19 July 1983San Jose
14 71.16 m (233 ft 5 12 in) Wolfgang Schmidt (GDR)9 August 1978Berlin
15 71.14 m (233 ft 4 34 in) Anthony Washington (USA)22 May 1996Salinas
16 71.06 m (233 ft 1 12 in) Luis Delís (CUB)21 May 1983Havana
17 70.98 m (232 ft 10 14 in) Mac Wilkins (USA)9 July 1980Helsinki
18 70.82 m (232 ft 4 in) Aleksander Tammert (EST)15 April 2006Denton
19 70.78 m (232 ft 2 12 in)  Fedrick Dacres (JAM) 16 June 2019 Rabat [19]
20 70.66 m (231 ft 9 34 in) Robert Harting (GER)22 May 2012Turnov
21 70.54 m (231 ft 5 in) Dmitriy Shevchenko (RUS)7 May 2002Krasnodar
22 70.38 m (230 ft 10 34 in) Jay Silvester (USA)16 May 1971Lancaster
23 70.32 m (230 ft 8 12 in) Frantz Kruger (RSA)26 May 2002Salon-de-Provence
24 70.29 m (230 ft 7 14 in)  Mauricio Ortega (COL) 22 July 2020 Lovelhe [20]
25 70.06 m (229 ft 10 14 in) Romas Ubartas (LTU)8 May 1988Smalininkai

Notes

Below is a list of all other throws equal or superior to 71.00 m:

Notable series

At the 2019 Diamond League Meeting in Doha, Qatar, Daniel Ståhl became the first man to produce six throws beyond 69.50 in a single competition.[21]

  • Ben Plucknett also threw a world record of 72.34 on 7 July 1981 in Stockholm, but this performance was annulled due to doping offense.
  • Rickard Bruch also threw 72.18 on 23 July 1974 at an exhibition meeting in Piteå.
  • John Powell also threw 72.08 on 11 September 1987 in Klagshamn, but the throw was made onto a sloping/downhill sector.
  • Kamy Keshmiri threw 70.84 on 27 May 1992 in Salinas, but this performance was annulled due to doping offense.

Images

Women

Rank Mark Athlete Date Place Ref
1 76.80 m (251 ft 11 12 in) Gabriele Reinsch (GDR) 9 July 1988 Neubrandenburg
2 74.56 m (244 ft 7 14 in) Zdeňka Šilhavá (TCH) 26 August 1984 Nitra
74.56 m (244 ft 7 14 in) Ilke Wyludda (GDR) 23 July 1989 Neubrandenburg
4 74.08 m (243 ft 12 in) Diana Sachse (GDR) 20 June 1987 Karl-Marx-Stadt
5 73.84 m (242 ft 3 in) Daniela Costian (ROU) 30 April 1988 Bucharest
6 73.36 m (240 ft 8 in) Irina Meszynski (GDR) 17 August 1984 Prague
7 73.28 m (240 ft 5 in) Galina Savinkova (URS) 8 September 1984 Donetsk
8 73.22 m (240 ft 2 12 in) Tsvetanka Khristova (BUL) 19 April 1987 Kazanlak
9 73.10 m (239 ft 9 34 in) Gisela Beyer (GDR) 20 July 1984 Berlin
10 72.92 m (239 ft 2 34 in) Martina Hellmann (GDR) 20 August 1987 Potsdam
11 72.14 m (236 ft 8 in) Galina Murashova (URS) 17 August 1984 Prague
12 71.80 m (235 ft 6 34 in) Mariya Vergova (BUL) 13 July 1980 Sofia
13 71.68 m (235 ft 2 in) Xiao Yanling (CHN) 14 March 1992 Beijing
14 71.58 m (234 ft 10 in) Ellina Zvereva (URS) 12 June 1988 Leningrad
15 71.50 m (234 ft 6 34 in) Evelin Jahl (GDR) 10 May 1980 Potsdam
16 71.41 m (234 ft 3 14 in)  Sandra Perković (CRO) 18 July 2017 Bellinzona [24]
17 71.30 m (233 ft 11 in) Larisa Korotkevich (RUS) 29 May 1992 Sochi
18 71.22 m (233 ft 7 34 in) Ria Stalman (NED) 15 July 1984 Walnut
19 70.88 m (232 ft 6 12 in) Hilda Ramos (CUB) 8 May 1992 Havana
20 70.80 m (232 ft 3 14 in) Larisa Mikhalchenko (URS) 18 June 1988 Kharkiv
21 70.68 m (231 ft 10 12 in) Maritza Martén (CUB) 18 July 1992 Sevilla
22 70.65 m (231 ft 9 14 in) Denia Caballero (CUB) 20 June 2015 Bilbao [25]
23 70.50 m (231 ft 3 12 in) Faina Melnik (URS) 24 April 1976 Sochi
24 70.34 m (230 ft 9 14 in) Silvia Madetzky (GDR) 16 May 1988 Athens
25 70.15 m (230 ft 1 34 in)  Valarie Allman (USA) 1 August 2020 Rathdrum [26]

Notes

Below is a list of all other throws equal or superior to 72.94 m:

Olympic medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens
Robert Garrett
 United States
Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
 Greece
Sotirios Versis
 Greece
1900 Paris
Rudolf Bauer
 Hungary
František Janda-Suk
 Bohemia
Richard Sheldon
 United States
1904 St. Louis
Martin Sheridan
 United States
Ralph Rose
 United States
Nikolaos Georgantas
 Greece
1908 London
Martin Sheridan
 United States
Merritt Giffin
 United States
Bill Horr
 United States
1912 Stockholm
Armas Taipale
 Finland
Richard Byrd
 United States
James Duncan
 United States
1920 Antwerp
Elmer Niklander
 Finland
Armas Taipale
 Finland
Gus Pope
 United States
1924 Paris
Bud Houser
 United States
Vilho Niittymaa
 Finland
Thomas Lieb
 United States
1928 Amsterdam
Bud Houser
 United States
Antero Kivi
 Finland
James Corson
 United States
1932 Los Angeles
John Anderson
 United States
Henri LaBorde
 United States
Paul Winter
 France
1936 Berlin
Ken Carpenter
 United States
Gordon Dunn
 United States
Giorgio Oberweger
 Italy
1948 London
Adolfo Consolini
 Italy
Giuseppe Tosi
 Italy
Fortune Gordien
 United States
1952 Helsinki
Sim Iness
 United States
Adolfo Consolini
 Italy
James Dillion
 United States
1956 Melbourne
Al Oerter
 United States
Fortune Gordien
 United States
Des Koch
 United States
1960 Rome
Al Oerter
 United States
Rink Babka
 United States
Dick Cochran
 United States
1964 Tokyo
Al Oerter
 United States
Ludvík Daněk
 Czechoslovakia
Dave Weill
 United States
1968 Mexico City
Al Oerter
 United States
Lothar Milde
 East Germany
Ludvík Daněk
 Czechoslovakia
1972 Munich
Ludvík Daněk
 Czechoslovakia
Jay Silvester
 United States
Ricky Bruch
 Sweden
1976 Montreal
Mac Wilkins
 United States
Wolfgang Schmidt
 East Germany
John Powell
 United States
1980 Moscow
Viktor Rashchupkin
 Soviet Union
Imrich Bugár
 Czechoslovakia
Luis Delís
 Cuba
1984 Los Angeles
Rolf Danneberg
 West Germany
Mac Wilkins
 United States
John Powell
 United States
1988 Seoul
Jürgen Schult
 East Germany
Romas Ubartas
 Soviet Union
Rolf Danneberg
 West Germany
1992 Barcelona
Romas Ubartas
 Lithuania
Jürgen Schult
 Germany
Roberto Moya
 Cuba
1996 Atlanta
Lars Riedel
 Germany
Vladimir Dubrovshchik
 Belarus
Vasiliy Kaptyukh
 Belarus
2000 Sydney
Virgilijus Alekna
 Lithuania
Lars Riedel
 Germany
Frantz Kruger
 South Africa
2004 Athens
Virgilijus Alekna
 Lithuania
Zoltán Kővágó
 Hungary
Aleksander Tammert
 Estonia
2008 Beijing
Gerd Kanter
 Estonia
Piotr Małachowski
 Poland
Virgilijus Alekna
 Lithuania
2012 London
Robert Harting
 Germany
Ehsan Haddadi
 Iran
Gerd Kanter
 Estonia
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Christoph Harting
 Germany
Piotr Małachowski
 Poland
Daniel Jasinski
 Germany

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1928 Amsterdam
Halina Konopacka
 Poland
Lillian Copeland
 United States
Ruth Svedberg
 Sweden
1932 Los Angeles
Lillian Copeland
 United States
Ruth Osburn
 United States
Jadwiga Wajs
 Poland
1936 Berlin
Gisela Mauermayer
 Germany
Jadwiga Wajs
 Poland
Paula Mollenhauer
 Germany
1948 London
Micheline Ostermeyer
 France
Edera Gentile
 Italy
Jacqueline Mazéas
 France
1952 Helsinki
Nina Romashkova
 Soviet Union
Yelisaveta Bagriantseva
 Soviet Union
Nina Dumbadze
 Soviet Union
1956 Melbourne
Olga Fikotová
 Czechoslovakia
Irina Beglyakova
 Soviet Union
Nina Romashkova
 Soviet Union
1960 Rome
Nina Romashkova
 Soviet Union
Tamara Press
 Soviet Union
Lia Manoliu
 Romania
1964 Tokyo
Tamara Press
 Soviet Union
Ingrid Lotz
 United Team of Germany
Lia Manoliu
 Romania
1968 Mexico City
Lia Manoliu
 Romania
Liesel Westermann
 West Germany
Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek
 Hungary
1972 Munich
Faina Melnik
 Soviet Union
Argentina Menis
 Romania
Vasilka Stoeva
 Bulgaria
1976 Montreal
Evelin Schlaak
 East Germany
Mariya Vergova
 Bulgaria
Gabriele Hinzmann
 East Germany
1980 Moscow
Evelin Jahl
 East Germany
Mariya Petkova
 Bulgaria
Tatyana Lesovaya
 Soviet Union
1984 Los Angeles
Ria Stalman
 Netherlands
Leslie Deniz
 United States
Florența Crăciunescu
 Romania
1988 Seoul
Martina Hellmann
 East Germany
Diana Gansky
 East Germany
Tsvetanka Khristova
 Bulgaria
1992 Barcelona
Maritza Martén
 Cuba
Tsvetanka Khristova
 Bulgaria
Daniela Costian
 Australia
1996 Atlanta
Ilke Wyludda
 Germany
Natalya Sadova
 Russia
Ellina Zvereva
 Belarus
2000 Sydney
Ellina Zvereva
 Belarus
Anastasia Kelesidou
 Greece
Iryna Yatchenko
 Belarus
2004 Athens
Natalya Sadova
 Russia
Anastasia Kelesidou
 Greece
Věra Pospíšilová-Cechlová
 Czech Republic[27]
2008 Beijing
Stephanie Brown Trafton
 United States
Yarelys Barrios
 Cuba
Olena Antonova
 Ukraine
2012 London
Sandra Perković
 Croatia
Li Yanfeng
 China
Yarelys Barrios
 Cuba
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Sandra Perković
 Croatia
Mélina Robert-Michon
 France
Denia Caballero
 Cuba

World Championships medalists

Men

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Imrich Bugár (TCH)  Luis Delís (CUB)  Géjza Valent (TCH)
1987 Rome
 Jürgen Schult (GDR)  John Powell (USA)  Luis Delís (CUB)
1991 Tokyo
 Lars Riedel (GER)  Erik de Bruin (NED)  Attila Horváth (HUN)
1993 Stuttgart
 Lars Riedel (GER)  Dmitry Shevchenko (RUS)  Jürgen Schult (GER)
1995 Gothenburg
 Lars Riedel (GER)  Vladimir Dubrovshchik (BLR)  Vasiliy Kaptyukh (BLR)
1997 Athens
 Lars Riedel (GER)  Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)  Jürgen Schult (GER)
1999 Seville
 Anthony Washington (USA)  Jürgen Schult (GER)  Lars Riedel (GER)
2001 Edmonton
 Lars Riedel (GER)  Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)  Michael Möllenbeck (GER)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)  Róbert Fazekas (HUN)  Vasiliy Kaptyukh (BLR)
2005 Helsinki
 Virgilijus Alekna (LTU)  Gerd Kanter (EST)  Michael Möllenbeck (GER)
2007 Osaka
 Gerd Kanter (EST)  Robert Harting (GER)  Rutger Smith (NED)
2009 Berlin
 Robert Harting (GER)  Piotr Małachowski (POL)  Gerd Kanter (EST)
2011 Daegu
 Robert Harting (GER)  Gerd Kanter (EST)  Ehsan Haddadi (IRI)
2013 Moscow
 Robert Harting (GER)  Piotr Małachowski (POL)  Gerd Kanter (EST)
2015 Beijing
 Piotr Małachowski (POL)  Philip Milanov (BEL)  Robert Urbanek (POL)
2017 London
 Andrius Gudžius (LTU)  Daniel Ståhl (SWE)  Mason Finley (USA)
2019 Doha
 Daniel Ståhl (SWE)  Fedrick Dacres (JAM)  Lukas Weißhaidinger (AUT)

Women

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Martina Opitz (GDR)  Galina Murašova (URS)  Mariya Petkova (BUL)
1987 Rome
 Martina Hellmann (GDR)  Diana Gansky (GDR)  Tsvetanka Khristova (BUL)
1991 Tokyo
 Tsvetanka Khristova (BUL)  Ilke Wyludda (GER)  Larisa Mikhalchenko (URS)
1993 Stuttgart
 Olga Chernyavskaya (RUS)  Daniela Costian (AUS)  Min Chunfeng (CHN)
1995 Gothenburg
 Ellina Zvereva (BLR)  Ilke Wyludda (GER)  Olga Chernyavskaya (RUS)
1997 Athens
 Beatrice Faumuina (NZL)  Ellina Zvereva (BLR)  Natalya Sadova (RUS)
1999 Seville
 Franka Dietzsch (GER)  Anastasia Kelesidou (GRE)  Nicoleta Grasu (ROU)
2001 Edmonton
 Ellina Zvereva (BLR)  Nicoleta Grasu (ROU)  Anastasia Kelesidou (GRE)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Iryna Yatchenko (BLR)  Anastasia Kelesidou (GRE)  Ekaterini Voggoli (GRE)
2005 Helsinki
 Franka Dietzsch (GER)  Natalya Sadova (RUS)  Věra Pospíšilová-Cechlová (CZE)
2007 Osaka
 Franka Dietzsch (GER)  Yarelis Barrios (CUB)  Nicoleta Grasu (ROU)
2009 Berlin
 Dani Samuels (AUS)  Yarelis Barrios (CUB)  Nicoleta Grasu (ROU)
2011 Daegu
 Li Yanfeng (CHN)  Nadine Müller (GER)  Yarelis Barrios (CUB)
2013 Moscow
 Sandra Perković (CRO)  Mélina Robert-Michon (FRA)  Yarelis Barrios (CUB)
2015 Beijing
 Denia Caballero (CUB)  Sandra Perković (CRO)  Nadine Müller (GER)
2017 London
 Sandra Perković (CRO)  Dani Stevens (AUS)  Mélina Robert-Michon (FRA)
2019 Doha
 Yaime Pérez (CUB)  Denia Caballero (CUB)  Sandra Perković (CRO)

Season's bests

See also

Notes and references

  1. "Sports - List of Summer and Winter Olympic Sports". olympic.org. 14 January 2018.
  2. "Discus Throwing | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  3. "History of Discus". www.discusnada.org. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  4. "Discus Throw". site.dev.aws.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  5. "Track and Field Throwing Implement Weight Requirements Rules". www.everythingtrackandfield.com. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  6. "Book of Rules | Official Documents". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  7. "The Rules and Regulations Every Discus Thrower Should Be Aware Of". Sports Aspire. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  8. Rosenbaum, Mike (2018-12-11). "How to Throw a Discus Step-By-Step". LiveAbout. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  9. Cappos, Scott. "Shot Put and Discus Technique and Training". Digital Track and Field.
  10. throwhammer (13 September 2010). "wyludda discus throw 1996 olympics" via YouTube.
  11. Power position, about.com
  12. ntujavelin (26 December 2008). "2005 World Championship Men's Discus - 1st Virgilijus Alekna" via YouTube.
  13. http://archive.auvac.org/research/publications/files/2003/niewiadomska.pdf
  14. "NATIONAL FEDERATION HIGH SCHOOL DISCUS RULES" (PDF). GV Track and Field. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  15. https://www.elitethrowscoaching.com/single-post/2018/02/27/How-To-Choose-The-Correct-Discus-Rim-Weight
  16. Discus Throw - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.
  17. "All-time men's best Discus Throw". alltime-athletics.com. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  18. "Stahl goes to equal fourth on the world all-time discus list with 71.86m". European Athletics. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  19. "Discus Throw Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 16 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  20. Bob Ramsak (24 July 2020). "Dadic impresses in one-hour heptathlon, Ortega smashes South American discus record". World Athletics. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  21. Bob Ramsak (3 May 2019). "Stahl sends discus beyond 70 metres in Doha – IAAF Diamond League". IAAF. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  22. Discus Throw - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-20.
  23. "All-time women's best Discus Throw". alltime-athletics.com. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  24. Diego Sampaolo (19 July 2017). "Perkovic throws 71.41m in Bellinzona, world's best discus mark since 1992". IAAF. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  25. "Denia Caballero sets Discus world lead of 70.65, Pichardo debuts in long jump". watchathletics.com. 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  26. Bob Ramsak (2 August 2020). "Nageotte tops 4.92m in Atlanta, Reekie and Pozzi shine in Trieste". World Athletics. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  27. Day 2 of IOC Executive Board meeting in St. Petersburg . Olympic (2013-05-30). Retrieved on 2014-04-19.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.