400 metres

The 400 metres, or 400-metre dash, is a sprinting event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. On a standard outdoor running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many countries, athletes previously competed in the 440-yard dash (402.336 m)—which is a quarter of a mile and was referred to as the 'quarter-mile'—instead of the 400 m (437.445 yards), though this distance is now obsolete.

Athletics
400 metres
The closing stages of a men's 400 m race
World records
Men Wayde van Niekerk 43.03 (2016)
Women Marita Koch 47.60 (1985)
Olympic records
Men Wayde van Niekerk 43.03 (2016)
Women Marie-José Pérec 48.25 (1996)
World Championship records
Men Michael Johnson 43.18 (1999)
Women Jarmila Kratochvílová 47.99 (1983)

Like other sprint disciplines, the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks. The runners take up position in the blocks on the 'ready' command, adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the 'set' command, and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter's pistol. The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability. Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event, but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap. While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400-metre athletes is open to debate.[1]

The current men's world record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa, with a time of 43.03 seconds; van Niekerk is also the Olympic champion. Steven Gardiner is the reigning World Champion. The world indoor record holder is Michael Norman, in 44.52 seconds. The current women's world record is held by Marita Koch, with a time of 47.60 seconds. Salwa Eid Naser is the reigning women's world champion, while Shaunae Miller holds the women's Olympic title. Jarmila Kratochvílová holds the world indoor record at 49.59 dating back to 1982. The men's T43 Paralympic world record of 45.07 seconds is held by Oscar Pistorius.[2]

An Olympic double of 200 metres and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Marie-José Pérec of France and Michael Johnson from the United States on the same evening in 1996. Alberto Juantorena of Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first and so far the only athlete to win both the 400 m and 800 m Olympic titles. Pérec became the first to defend the Olympic title in 1996, Johnson became the first and only man to do so in 2000. From 31 appearances in the Olympic Games, the men's gold medallist came from the US 19 times.

Continental records

  • Updated 22 December 2020.[3][4]
Area Men Women
Time (s) Athlete Nation Time (s) Athlete Nation
Africa (records)43.03 WRWayde van Niekerk South Africa49.10Falilat Ogunkoya Nigeria
Asia (records)43.93Yousef Ahmed Masrahi Saudi Arabia48.14Salwa Eid Naser Bahrain
Europe (records)44.33Thomas Schönlebe East Germany47.60 WRMarita Koch East Germany
North, Central America
and Caribbean
(records)
43.18Michael Johnson United States48.37Shaunae Miller-Uibo Bahamas
Oceania (records)44.38Darren Clark Australia48.63Cathy Freeman Australia
South America (records)44.15Anthony Zambrano Colombia49.64Ximena Restrepo Colombia

All-time top 25 sprinters

Men

  • Correct as of October 2019.[5]
Rank Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
1 43.03Wayde van Niekerk South Africa14 August 2016Rio de Janeiro[6]
2 43.18Michael Johnson United States26 August 1999Seville
3 43.29Butch Reynolds United States17 August 1988Zürich
4 43.45Jeremy Wariner United States31 August 2007Osaka
Michael Norman United States20 April 2019Torrance[7]
6 43.48 Steven Gardiner  Bahamas 4 October 2019 Doha [8]
7 43.50Quincy Watts United States5 August 1992Barcelona
8 43.64 Fred Kerley  United States 27 July 2019 Des Moines [9]
9 43.65LaShawn Merritt United States26 August 2015Beijing[10]
10 43.72Isaac Makwala Botswana5 July 2015La Chaux-de-Fonds[11]
11 43.74Kirani James Grenada3 July 2014Lausanne[12]
12 43.81Danny Everett United States26 June 1992New Orleans
13 43.86 ALee Evans United States18 October 1968Mexico City
14 43.87Steve Lewis United States28 September 1988Seoul
15 43.93Yousef Ahmed Masrahi Saudi Arabia23 August 2015Beijing[13]
Rusheen McDonald Jamaica
17 43.94Akeem Bloomfield Jamaica8 June 2018Eugene[14]
18 43.97 ALarry James United States18 October 1968Mexico City
19 44.01Machel Cedenio Trinidad and Tobago14 August 2016Rio de Janeiro[15]
20 44.02Baboloki Thebe Botswana6 July 2017Lausanne[16]
21 44.05Angelo Taylor United States23 June 2007Indianapolis
22 44.07Abdalleleh Haroun Qatar21 July 2018London[17]
23 44.09Alvin Harrison United States19 June 1996Atlanta
Jerome Young United States21 June 1998New Orleans
25 44.10Gary Kikaya Democratic Republic of the Congo9 September 2006Stuttgart

Notes

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 43.87:

  • Michael Johnson also ran 43.39 (1995), 43.44 (1996), 43.49 (1996), 43.65 (1993) 43.66 (1995), 43.66 (1996), 43.68 (1998), 43.68 (2000), 43.74 (1993), 43.75 (1997), 43.84 (2000) and 43.86 (1995).
  • Wayde van Niekerk also ran 43.48 (2015), 43.62 (2017) and 43.73 (2017).
  • Jeremy Wariner also ran 43.50 (2007), 43.62 (2006), 43.82 (2008) and 43.86 (2008).
  • Michael Norman also ran 43.61 (2018) and 43.79 (2019).
  • Fred Kerley also ran 43.70 (2017).
  • Quincy Watts also ran 43.71 (1992) and 43.83 (1992).
  • LaShawn Merritt also ran 43.74 (2013), 43.75 (2008) and 43.85 (2016).
  • Kirani James also ran 43.76 (2016) and 43.78 (2015).
  • Isaac Makwala also ran 43.84 (2017).
  • Steven Gardiner also ran 43.87 (2018).

Women

RankTimeAthleteNationDatePlaceRef
1 47.60Marita Koch East Germany6 October 1985Canberra
2 47.99Jarmila Kratochvílová Czechoslovakia10 August 1983Helsinki
3 48.14 Salwa Eid Naser  Bahrain 3 October 2019 Doha [20]
4 48.25Marie-José Pérec France29 July 1996Atlanta
5 48.27Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union6 October 1985Canberra
6 48.37Shaunae Miller-Uibo Bahamas3 October 2019Doha[20]
7 48.59Taťána Kocembová Czechoslovakia10 August 1983Helsinki
8 48.63Cathy Freeman Australia29 July 1996Atlanta
9 48.70Sanya Richards United States16 September 2006Athens
10 48.83Valerie Brisco-Hooks United States6 August 1984Los Angeles
11 48.89Ana Guevara Mexico27 August 2003Paris Saint-Denis
12 49.05Chandra Cheeseborough United States6 August 1984Los Angeles
13 49.07Tonique Williams-Darling Bahamas12 September 2004Berlin
14 49.10Falilat Ogunkoya Nigeria29 July 1996Atlanta
15 49.11Olga Nazarova Soviet Union25 September 1988Seoul
16 49.16Antonina Krivoshapka Russia5 July 2012Cheboksary
17 49.19 Mariya Pinigina  Soviet Union 10 August 1983 Helsinki
Aminatou Seyni  Niger 5 July 2019 Lausanne [21]
19 49.24Sabine Busch East Germany2 June 1984Erfurt
20 49.26Allyson Felix United States27 August 2015Beijing[22]
21 49.28Pauline Davis Bahamas29 July 1996Atlanta
Yuliya Gushchina Russia5 July 2012Cheboksary
23 49.29Irena Szewińska Poland29 July 1976Montreal
Charity Opara Nigeria14 July 1998Rome
25 49.30Petra Müller East Germany3 June 1988Jena
Lorraine Fenton Jamaica19 July 2002Monaco

Notes

Below is a list of other times superior to 49.08:

Indoor Top 15

Men indoor

Updated 9 March 2019.[23]

Rank Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
1 44.52 Michael Norman  United States 10 March 2018 College Station
2 44.57 Kerron Clement  United States 12 March 2005 Fayetteville
3 44.63 Michael Johnson  United States 4 March 1995 Atlanta
4 44.80 Kirani James  Grenada 27 February 2011 Fayetteville
5 44.82 Tyrell Richard  United States 9 March 2019 Birmingham [24]
6 44.85 Fred Kerley  United States 11 March 2017 College Station
7 44.86 Akeem Bloomfield  Jamaica 10 March 2018 College Station
8 44.88 Bralon Taplin  Grenada 3 February 2018 College Station
9 44.93 LaShawn Merritt  United States 11 February 2005 Fayetteville
10 45.02 Danny Everett  United States 2 February 1992 Stuttgart
11 45.03 Torrin Lawrence  United States 12 February 2010 Fayetteville
Deon Lendore  Trinidad and Tobago 1 March 2014 College Station
Kahmari Montgomery  United States 9 March 2019 Birmingham [24]
14 45.05 Thomas Schönlebe  East Germany 5 February 1988 Sindelfingen
Alvin Harrison  United States 28 February 1998 Atlanta
Karsten Warholm  Norway 2 March 2019 Glasgow [25]

Women indoor

Updated 7 February 2021.[26]

Rank Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
1 49.59 Jarmila Kratochvílová  Czechoslovakia 7 March 1982 Milan
2 49.68 Natalya Nazarova  Russia 18 February 2004 Moscow
3 49.76 Taťána Kocembová  Czechoslovakia 2 February 1984 Vienna
4 50.01 Sabine Busch  East Germany 2 February 1984 Vienna
5 50.02 Nicola Sanders  Great Britain 3 March 2007 Birmingham
6 50.04 Olesya Krasnomovets  Russia 18 February 2006 Moscow
12 March 2006 Moscow
7 50.15 Olga Zaytseva  Russia 25 January 2006 Moscow
8 50.21 Vania Stambolova  Bulgaria 12 March 2006 Moscow
9 50.23 Irina Privalova  Russia 12 March 1995 Barcelona
10 50.28 Petra Müller  East Germany 6 March 1988 Budapest
11 50.34 Christine Amertil  Bahamas 12 March 2006 Moscow
Kendall Ellis  United States 10 March 2018 College Station
13 50.36 Sydney McLaughlin  United States 10 March 2018 College Station
14 50.37 Natalya Antyukh  Russia 18 February 2006 Moscow
15 50.40 Dagmar Neubauer  East Germany 2 February 1984 Vienna
20 50.52 Athing Mu  United States 6 February 2021 College Station [27]
25

Fastest relay splits

Most successful athletes

3 or more 400-metre victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships:

  • 6 wins: Michael Johnson (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999.
  • 4 wins: Marie-Jose Perec (FRA) - Olympic Champion in 1992 and 1996, World Champion in 1991 and 1995.
  • 3 wins: Cathy Freeman (AUS) - Olympic Champion in 2000, World Champion in 1997 and 1999
  • 3 wins: Jeremy Wariner (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2004, World Champion in 2005 and 2007.
  • 3 wins: Christine Ohuruogu (GBR) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2007 and 2013.
  • 3 wins: LaShawn Merritt (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2009 and 2013.
  • 3 wins: Wayde van Niekerk (RSA) - Olympic Champion in 2016, World Champion in 2015 and 2017.

The Olympic champion has frequently won a second gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay. This has been accomplished 14 times by men; Charles Reidpath, Ray Barbuti, Bill Carr, George Rhoden, Charles Jenkins, Otis Davis, Mike Larrabee, Lee Evans, Viktor Markin, Alonzo Babers, Steve Lewis, Quincy Watts, Jeremy Wariner and LaShawn Merritt; and 4 times by women; Monika Zehrt, Valerie Brisco-Hooks, Olga Bryzgina and Sanya Richards-Ross. All but Rhoden, Markin, Zehrt and Bryzgina ran on American relay teams. Injured after his double in 1996, Johnson also accomplished the feat in 2000 only to have it disqualified when his teammate Antonio Pettigrew admitted to doping.

Olympic medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1896 Athens
Thomas Burke
 United States
Herbert Jamison
 United States
Charles Gmelin
 Great Britain
1900 Paris
Maxie Long
 United States
William Holland
 United States
Ernst Schultz
 Denmark
1904 St. Louis
Harry Hillman
 United States
Frank Waller
 United States
Herman Groman
 United States
1908 London
Wyndham Halswelle
 Great Britain
None awarded None awarded
1912 Stockholm
Charles Reidpath
 United States
Hanns Braun
 Germany
Edward Lindberg
 United States
1920 Antwerp
Bevil Rudd
 South Africa
Guy Butler
 Great Britain
Nils Engdahl
 Sweden
1924 Paris
Eric Liddell
 Great Britain
Horatio Fitch
 United States
Guy Butler
 Great Britain
1928 Amsterdam
Ray Barbuti
 United States
James Ball
 Canada
Joachim Büchner
 Germany
1932 Los Angeles
Bill Carr
 United States
Ben Eastman
 United States
Alex Wilson
 Canada
1936 Berlin
Archie Williams
 United States
Godfrey Brown
 Great Britain
James LuValle
 United States
1948 London
Arthur Wint
 Jamaica
Herb McKenley
 Jamaica
Mal Whitfield
 United States
1952 Helsinki
George Rhoden
 Jamaica
Herb McKenley
 Jamaica
Ollie Matson
 United States
1956 Melbourne
Charles Jenkins
 United States
Karl-Friedrich Haas
 United Team of Germany
Voitto Hellstén
 Finland
Ardalion Ignatyev
 Soviet Union
1960 Rome
Otis Davis
 United States
Carl Kaufmann
 United Team of Germany
Malcolm Spence
 South Africa
1964 Tokyo
Mike Larrabee
 United States
Wendell Mottley
 Trinidad and Tobago
Andrzej Badeński
 Poland
1968 Mexico City
Lee Evans
 United States
Larry James
 United States
Ron Freeman
 United States
1972 Munich
Vincent Matthews
 United States
Wayne Collett
 United States
Julius Sang
 Kenya
1976 Montreal
Alberto Juantorena
 Cuba
Fred Newhouse
 United States
Herman Frazier
 United States
1980 Moscow
Viktor Markin
 Soviet Union
Rick Mitchell
 Australia
Frank Schaffer
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
Alonzo Babers
 United States
Gabriel Tiacoh
 Ivory Coast
Antonio McKay
 United States
1988 Seoul
Steve Lewis
 United States
Butch Reynolds
 United States
Danny Everett
 United States
1992 Barcelona
Quincy Watts
 United States
Steve Lewis
 United States
Samson Kitur
 Kenya
1996 Atlanta
Michael Johnson
 United States
Roger Black
 Great Britain
Davis Kamoga
 Uganda
2000 Sydney
Michael Johnson
 United States
Alvin Harrison
 United States
Greg Haughton
 Jamaica
2004 Athens
Jeremy Wariner
 United States
Otis Harris
 United States
Derrick Brew
 United States
2008 Beijing
LaShawn Merritt
 United States
Jeremy Wariner
 United States
David Neville
 United States
2012 London
Kirani James
 Grenada
Luguelín Santos
 Dominican Republic
Lalonde Gordon
 Trinidad and Tobago
2016 Rio
Wayde van Niekerk
 South Africa
Kirani James
 Grenada
LaShawn Merritt
 United States

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1964 Tokyo
Betty Cuthbert
 Australia
Ann Packer
 Great Britain
Judy Amoore
 Australia
1968 Mexico City
Colette Besson
 France
Lillian Board
 Great Britain
Natalya Pechonkina
 Soviet Union
1972 Munich
Monika Zehrt
 East Germany
Rita Wilden
 West Germany
Kathy Hammond
 United States
1976 Montreal
Irena Szewińska
 Poland
Christina Brehmer
 East Germany
Ellen Streidt
 East Germany
1980 Moscow
Marita Koch
 East Germany
Jarmila Kratochvílová
 Czechoslovakia
Christina Lathan
 East Germany
1984 Los Angeles
Valerie Brisco-Hooks
 United States
Chandra Cheeseborough
 United States
Kathy Smallwood-Cook
 Great Britain
1988 Seoul
Olga Bryzgina
 Soviet Union
Petra Müller
 East Germany
Olga Nazarova
 Soviet Union
1992 Barcelona
Marie-José Pérec
 France
Olga Bryzgina
 Unified Team
Ximena Restrepo
 Colombia
1996 Atlanta
Marie-José Pérec
 France
Cathy Freeman
 Australia
Falilat Ogunkoya
 Nigeria
2000 Sydney
Cathy Freeman
 Australia
Lorraine Graham
 Jamaica
Katharine Merry
 Great Britain
2004 Athens
Tonique Williams-Darling
 Bahamas
Ana Guevara
 Mexico
Natalya Antyukh
 Russia
2008 Beijing
Christine Ohuruogu
 Great Britain
Shericka Williams
 Jamaica
Sanya Richards
 United States
2012 London
Sanya Richards-Ross
 United States
Christine Ohuruogu
 Great Britain
DeeDee Trotter
 United States
2016 Rio de Janeiro
Shaunae Miller
 Bahamas
Allyson Felix
 United States
Shericka Jackson
 Jamaica

World Championships medalists

Men

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Bert Cameron (JAM)  Michael Franks (USA)  Sunder Nix (USA)
1987 Rome
 Thomas Schönlebe (GDR)  Innocent Egbunike (NGA)  Harry Reynolds (USA)
1991 Tokyo
 Antonio Pettigrew (USA)  Roger Black (GBR)  Danny Everett (USA)
1993 Stuttgart
 Michael Johnson (USA)  Butch Reynolds (USA)  Samson Kitur (KEN)
1995 Gothenburg
 Michael Johnson (USA)  Butch Reynolds (USA)  Greg Haughton (JAM)
1997 Athens
 Michael Johnson (USA)  Davis Kamoga (UGA)  Tyree Washington (USA)
1999 Seville
 Michael Johnson (USA)  Sanderlei Parrela (BRA)  Alejandro Cárdenas (MEX)
2001 Edmonton
 Avard Moncur (BAH)  Ingo Schultz (GER)  Greg Haughton (JAM)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Tyree Washington (USA)  Marc Raquil (FRA)  Michael Blackwood (JAM)
2005 Helsinki
 Jeremy Wariner (USA)  Andrew Rock (USA)  Tyler Christopher (CAN)
2007 Osaka
 Jeremy Wariner (USA)  LaShawn Merritt (USA)  Angelo Taylor (USA)
2009 Berlin
 LaShawn Merritt (USA)  Jeremy Wariner (USA)  Renny Quow (TRI)
2011 Daegu
 Kirani James (GRN)  LaShawn Merritt (USA)  Kevin Borlée (BEL)
2013 Moscow
 LaShawn Merritt (USA)  Tony McQuay (USA)  Luguelín Santos (DOM)
2015 Beijing
 Wayde van Niekerk (RSA)  LaShawn Merritt (USA)  Kirani James (GRN)
2017 London
 Wayde van Niekerk (RSA)  Steven Gardiner (BAH)  Abdalelah Haroun (QAT)
2019 Doha
 Steven Gardiner (BAH)  Anthony Zambrano (COL)  Fred Kerley (USA)

Women

Championships Gold Silver Bronze
1983 Helsinki
 Jarmila Kratochvílová (TCH)  Taťána Kocembová (TCH)  Mariya Pinigina (URS)
1987 Rome
 Olga Bryzgina (URS)  Petra Muller (GDR)  Kirsten Emmelmann (GDR)
1991 Tokyo
 Marie-José Pérec (FRA)  Grit Breuer (GER)  Sandra Myers (ESP)
1993 Stuttgart
 Jearl Miles (USA)  Natasha Kaiser-Brown (USA)  Sandie Richards (JAM)
1995 Gothenburg
 Marie-José Pérec (FRA)  Pauline Davis (BAH)  Jearl Miles (USA)
1997 Athens
 Cathy Freeman (AUS)  Sandie Richards (JAM)  Jearl Miles Clark (USA)
1999 Seville
 Cathy Freeman (AUS)  Anja Rücker (GER)  Lorraine Graham-Fenton (JAM)
2001 Edmonton
 Amy Mbacké Thiam (SEN)  Lorraine Fenton (JAM)  Ana Guevara (MEX)
2003 Saint-Denis
 Ana Guevara (MEX)  Lorraine Fenton (JAM)  Amy Mbacké Thiam (SEN)
2005 Helsinki
 Tonique Williams-Darling (BAH)  Sanya Richards (USA)  Ana Guevara (MEX)
2007 Osaka
 Christine Ohuruogu (GBR)  Nicola Sanders (GBR)  Novlene Williams (JAM)
2009 Berlin
 Sanya Richards (USA)  Shericka Williams (JAM)  Antonina Krivoshapka (RUS)
2011 Daegu
 Amantle Montsho (BOT)  Allyson Felix (USA)  Anastasiya Kapachinskaya (RUS)
2013 Moscow
 Christine Ohuruogu (GBR)  Amantle Montsho (BOT)  Antonina Krivoshapka (RUS)
2015 Beijing
 Allyson Felix (USA)  Shaunae Miller (BAH)  Shericka Jackson (JAM)
2017 London
 Phyllis Francis (USA)  Salwa Eid Naser (BHR)  Allyson Felix (USA)
2019 Doha
 Salwa Eid Naser (BHR)  Shaunae Miller-Uibo (BAH)  Shericka Jackson (JAM)

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]  Thomas Schönlebe (GDR)  Todd Bennett (GBR)  Mark Rowe (USA)
1987 Indianapolis
 Antonio McKay (USA)  Roberto Hernández (CUB)  Michael Franks (USA)
1989 Budapest
 Antonio McKay (USA)  Ian Morris (TTO)  Cayetano Cornet (ESP)
1991 Seville
 Devon Morris (JAM)  Samson Kitur (KEN)  Cayetano Cornet (ESP)
1993 Toronto
 Butch Reynolds (USA)  Sunday Bada (NGR)  Darren Clark (AUS)
1995 Barcelona
 Darnell Hall (USA)  Sunday Bada (NGR)  Mikhail Vdovin (RUS)
1997 Paris
 Sunday Bada (NGR)  Jamie Baulch (GBR)  Shunji Karube (JPN)
1999 Maebashi
 Jamie Baulch (GBR)  Milton Campbell (USA)  Alejandro Cárdenas (MEX)
2001 Lisbon
 Daniel Caines (GBR)  Milton Campbell (USA)  Danny McFarlane (JAM)
2003 Birmingham
 Tyree Washington (USA)  Daniel Caines (GBR)  Paul McKee (IRL)
 Jamie Baulch (GBR)
2004 Budapest
 Alleyne Francique (GRN)  Davian Clarke (JAM)  Gary Kikaya (COD)
2006 Moscow
 Alleyne Francique (GRN)  California Molefe (BOT)  Chris Brown (BAH)
2008 Valencia
 Tyler Christopher (CAN)  Johan Wissman (SWE)  Chris Brown (BAH)
2010 Doha
 Chris Brown (BAH)  William Collazo (CUB)  Jamaal Torrance (USA)
2012 Istanbul
 Nery Brenes (CRC)  Demetrius Pinder (BAH)  Chris Brown (BAH)
2014 Sopot
 Pavel Maslák (CZE)  Chris Brown (BAH)  Kyle Clemons (USA)
2016 Portland
 Pavel Maslák (CZE)  Abdalelah Haroun (QAT)  Deon Lendore (TTO)
2018 Birmingham
 Pavel Maslák (CZE)  Michael Cherry (USA)  Deon Lendore (TTO)

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Paris[A]  Diane Dixon (USA)  Regine Berg (BEL)  Charmaine Crooks (CAN)
1987 Indianapolis
 Sabine Busch (GDR)  Lillie Leatherwood (USA)  Judit Forgács (HUN)
1989 Budapest
 Helga Arendt (FRG)  Diane Dixon (USA)  Jillian Richardson (TTO)
1991 Seville
 Diane Dixon (USA)  Sandra Myers (ESP)  Anita Protti (SUI)
1993 Toronto
 Sandie Richards (JAM)  Tatyana Alekseyeva (RUS)  Jearl Miles Clark (USA)
1995 Barcelona
 Irina Privalova (RUS)  Sandie Richards (JAM)  Daniela Georgieva (BUL)
1997 Paris
 Jearl Miles Clark (USA)  Sandie Richards (JAM)  Helena Fuchsová (CZE)
1999 Maebashi
 Grit Breuer (GER)  Falilat Ogunkoya (NGR)  Jearl Miles Clark (USA)
2001 Lisbon
 Sandie Richards (JAM)  Olga Kotlyarova (RUS)  Olesya Zykina (RUS)
2003 Birmingham
 Natalya Nazarova (RUS)  Christine Amertil (BAH)  Grit Breuer (GER)
2004 Budapest
 Natalya Nazarova (RUS)  Olesya Forsheva (RUS)  Tonique Williams-Darling (BAH)
2006 Moscow
 Olesya Forsheva (RUS)  Vania Stambolova (BUL)  Christine Amertil (BAH)
2008 Valencia
 Olesya Zykina (RUS)  Natalya Nazarova (RUS)  Shareese Woods (USA)
2010 Doha
 Debbie Dunn (USA)  Tatyana Firova (RUS)  Vania Stambolova (BUL)
2012 Istanbul
 Sanya Richards-Ross (USA)  Aleksandra Fedoriva (RUS)  Natasha Hastings (USA)
2014 Sopot
 Francena McCorory (USA)  Kaliese Spencer (JAM)  Shaunae Miller (BAH)
2016 Portland
 Kemi Adekoya (BHR)  Ashley Spencer (USA)  Quanera Hayes (USA)
2018 Birmingham
 Courtney Okolo (USA)  Shakima Wimbley (USA)  Eilidh Doyle (GBR)
  • A Known as the World Indoor Games

Season's bests

Notes and references

  1. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, "Aerobic versus anaerobic training for success in various athletic events" by Shepard, R. J., 1978
  2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. "Men's outdoor 400 Metres". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  4. "Women's outdoor 400 Metres". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  5. "All-time men's best 400m". alltime-athletics.com. 8 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  6. "Men's 400m Results" (PDF). Rio 2016 official website. 14 August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  7. "61st ANNUAL MT. SAC RELAYS". rtspt.com. RecordTiming. 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  8. "400m Results" (PDF). IAAF. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
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