E-ZPass

E‑ZPass is an electronic toll collection system used on most tolled roads, bridges, and tunnels in the Midwestern and Eastern United States, as far south as Florida and as far west as Illinois. The E-ZPass Interagency Group (IAG) consists of 39 member agencies in operation within 17 states, which use the same technology and allow travelers to use the same transponder on toll roads throughout the network. Since its creation in 1987, various independent systems that use the same technology have been folded into the E-ZPass system, including the I-Pass in Illinois and the NC Quick Pass in North Carolina. Negotiations are ongoing for nationwide interoperability in the United States (see List of electronic toll collection systems § United States).

Not to be confused with EZ Tag.
E-ZPass
IndustryElectronic toll collection
Founded1987 (1987)
Headquarters
Wilmington, Delaware
,
United States
Area served
Websitee-zpassiag.com

Functionality

Technology
A typical E-ZPass toll booth in Massachusetts, before that state discontinued using its Fast Lane branding and converted to open road tolling in late 2016. The transmission antenna is highlighted in the yellow box.
An E-ZPass system transponder unit (also known as a "tag" or a "pack"); this unit was distributed by the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority for use with their E-ZPass-compatible Fast Lane system and other roads which utilize E-ZPass. (Dimensions W,H,D: 3.5,3,0.75 inches, 90,76,20 mm)
New G4 style E-ZPass transponder for MassDOT manufactured by Kapsch
E-ZPass exterior (license plate mount) transponder

E‑ZPass tags are active[2] RFID transponders, made exclusively by Kapsch TrafficCom (formerly Mark IV Industries Corp—IVHS Division). They communicate with reader equipment built into lane-based or open-road toll collection lanes by transmitting a unique radio signature. The most common type of tag is an internal tag that can be mounted on the inside of the vehicle's windshield in proximity to the rear-view mirror. Though toll agencies advise adherence to the windshield with mounting strips (usually 3M's Scotch brand "Dual Lock" fasteners), third-party options using trays with suction cups to adhere a pass to a windshield temporarily if used in multiple vehicles are available. Some vehicles have windshields that block RF signals; for those vehicles, historical vehicles, and customers who have aesthetic concerns, an external tag is offered, typically designed to attach to the vehicle's front license plate mounting points.[3]

Although a tag can be used with a motorcycle, there are usually no official instructions given for mounting due to the numerous variations between bike designs and the small area of a motorcycle windshield which could prove a hindrance if the transponder is attached following automobile instructions. Transponders may be put in a shirt or jacket pocket, if necessary.[4]

Most E‑ZPass lanes are converted manual toll lanes and must have fairly low speed limits for safety reasons (between 5 and 15 miles per hour (8 and 24 km/h) is typical), so that E‑ZPass vehicles can merge safely with vehicles that stopped to pay a cash toll and, in some cases, to allow toll workers to safely cross the E‑ZPass lanes to reach booths accepting cash payments. In some areas, however (typically recently built or retrofitted facilities), there is no need to slow down, because E‑ZPass users can utilize dedicated traffic lanes ("Express E-ZPass" or "open road tolling") that are physically separate from the toll-booth lanes. Examples include:

Other roads in the E-ZPass system have eschewed toll booths altogether, and switched to all-electronic tolling. As vehicles pass at normal speed under toll collection gantries, tolls are collected either through the E-ZPass transponder or by billing the owner of the vehicle via automatic number-plate recognition. Examples include:

Each E-ZPass tag is specifically programmed for a particular class of vehicle; while any valid working tag will be read and accepted in any E‑ZPass toll lane, the wrong toll amount will be charged if the tag's programmed vehicle class does not match the vehicle. This will result in a violation and possible large fine assessed to the tag holder, especially if a lower-class (e.g., passenger car) tag is being used in a higher-class vehicle such as a bus or truck. In an attempt to avoid this, E‑ZPass tags for commercial vehicles are blue in color, contrasting with the white tags assigned to standard passenger vehicles. The blue E‑ZPass is also used in government employee vehicles. In New York, an orange E‑ZPass tag is issued to emergency vehicles as well as to employees of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and New York State Thruway Authority. New York also offers green-colored E-ZPass tags (and a 10% toll discount plan) to qualifying low-emission and zero-emission vehicles.[6]

For purposes of interoperability, all agencies are connected to each other by a secure network (the "reciprocity network"). This network provides the means to exchange tag data and process toll transactions across the various agencies. Tag data is exchanged among the agencies on a nightly basis. This data can take up to 24 hours on the primary network the unit is issued by (e.g., the New York State Thruway or Illinois Tollway system), but may be delayed by as much as 72 hours on other networks.[7][8]

Technology details

The E‑ZPass transponder works by listening for a signal broadcast by the reader stationed at the toll booth. This 915 MHz signal is sent at 500 kbit/s using the TDM (formerly IAG) protocol in 256‑bit packets. Transponders use active Type II read/write technology. In April 2013, Kapsch (purchasers of Mark IV Industries) made the protocol available to all interested parties royalty-free in perpetuity and is granting the right to sublicense the protocol.[9]

Retail availability

Some issuing agencies offer a packaged E‑ZPass transponder preloaded with toll funds sold over-the-counter at a retail setting (such as a supermarket or pharmacy service desk) that is valid immediately.[10][11] A portion of the balance is available instantly; customers can access the remaining balance when they register their transponders with the issuing E‑ZPass agency within several days of first using their E-ZPass.

Usage

According to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 83.4% of vehicles crossing its six bridges and tunnels used E-ZPass for toll payment during all of 2016.[12] As of 2020, about 86% of vehicles along the Pennsylvania Turnpike use E-ZPass for payment of tolls.[13]

History
Express E-ZPass lanes on the Atlantic City Expressway in New Jersey, which allow the motorist to pay their toll at high speed
A New Hampshire E-ZPass plaza also using a coin drop basket (left) and a conventional toll booth (right)
Toll plaza with E-ZPass lanes on the Pennsylvania Turnpike
Massachusetts has replaced its toll booths with fare collection gantries such as this one. License plates of vehicles lacking E-ZPass transponders are photographed and the owners billed.

The notion of electronic tolling had been considered as early as the early 1990s in the New York metropolitan area. The tolling agencies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—which constitute two-thirds of the United States' $3-billion-a-year toll industry—sought to create a compatible electronic-tolling technology that could be used on the toll roads and bridges of the three states, in an effort to reduce congestion on some of the busiest roadways and toll plazas in the United States. In 1991, the Interagency Committee was created to develop an interoperable system, and involved the participation and cooperation of seven independent toll agencies—the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority, the New Jersey Highway Authority (which, at the time, operated the Garden State Parkway), the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (legally MTA Bridges and Tunnels), the New York State Thruway Authority, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, and the South Jersey Transportation Authority (operator of the Atlantic City Expressway).[14] The E‑ZPass trademark, however, belongs to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[15] The Port Authority has been aggressive at protecting its trademark, including forcing the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority to rename the "EZ Pass" regional transit pass to "EZ transit pass" to protect its rights.[16]

The seven agencies started making plans to test two possible technologies for E-ZPass in 1992. The technologies would be installed along the Garden State Parkway and the New York State Thruway.[17] E‑ZPass was first deployed on the Thruway at the Spring Valley toll plaza on August 3, 1993. Over the following three and a half years, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA) installed electronic toll-collection equipment, in stages, along the Thruway. By February 6, 1997, E‑ZPass had been installed along the entire length of the corridor.

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, which maintains all toll bridges and tunnels that begin and end in New York City, is the largest tolling agency by revenue in the United States ($1.9 billion in 2017). It began its E-ZPass implementation in 1995 and completed it at all nine of its toll facilities by January 1997.[18] E-ZPass was popular among motorists who frequently used TBTA crossings, and by August 1996, nearly 2,000 motorists per day were signing up for E-ZPass.[19] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which operates all bridges and tunnels between New York City and New Jersey, implemented E-ZPass at the George Washington Bridge in July 1997,[20] and at the Holland Tunnel and Lincoln Tunnel in October 1997.[21]

The Pennsylvania Turnpike had planned to adopt E-ZPass by 1998;[22][23] however, implementation of the system was postponed until December 2, 2000,[24] when E-ZPass debuted on the turnpike between Harrisburg West and the Delaware River Bridge.[25] By December 15, 2001, E-ZPass could be used on the entire length of the mainline Pennsylvania Turnpike.[26][27] Commercial vehicles were allowed to use the system beginning on December 14, 2002,[28] and the entire Turnpike system was taking E-ZPass by 2006.[29]

On October 6, 1998, a U.S. patent for an "automated toll collection system" was issued to Fred Slavin and Randy J. Schafer.[30]

Meanwhile, various other agencies began work on similar electronic toll collecting facilities. This resulted in the emergence of other networks:

Originally, these systems were not interchangeable with E‑ZPass. However, since most of them use the same technology (or have since converted over to a compatible technology), all of them have been incorporated into the E‑ZPass network. Though several still retain their own brand name for their own facilities, users of those systems can use E‑ZPass and vice versa. As a result, all E-ZPass holders can use their transponders in any of the states that offer it.

The E‑ZPass system continues to expand. The Indiana Toll Road Concession Company has upgraded its toll plazas to include E‑ZPass functionality on the Indiana East–West Toll Road, while the Ohio Turnpike Commission has upgraded its toll plazas in October 2009 for the Ohio Turnpike (I‑76, I‑80, I‑90).[33] On December 16, 2008, Rhode Island joined the network by activating E‑ZPass lanes in the state's only toll booth, at the Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge.[34] The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, which had a toll road system predating the E-ZPass system which was ended in 2006, announced at the end of July 2015 its entrance into the E-ZPass system as part of the financing for the Louisville-area Ohio River Bridges Project involving the new Abraham Lincoln (paired with the retrofitted Kennedy) and Lewis and Clark bridges.[35] On November 9, 2017, the Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX) announced that it was joining the E-ZPass group. CFX began accepting E-ZPass along its toll roads on September 1, 2018.[1][36]

E‑ZPass ETC transponders do not work on all toll roads in the United States. Currently, the E-ZPass electronic toll-collection system (as well as the other ETC systems that are part of the E‑ZPass network) are not compatible with most Florida systems (including SunPass), California's FasTrak, Kansas's K‑Tag, Oklahoma's Pikepass, Texas's TxTag, Utah's Express Pass, Puerto Rico's AutoExpreso, Georgia's Peach Pass and Cruise Card, or other ETC systems outside of E‑ZPass operating regions. Under MAP-21, passed in 2012, all ETC facilities in the United States were supposed to have some form of interoperability by October 1, 2016; however, no funding was provided for this effort, nor were penalties established for failure to meet this deadline, and as of September 2018 this has yet to be accomplished.[37]

In 2009 an organization called the Alliance for Toll Interoperability[38] stated that it was exploring the option of using high-speed cameras to take photographs of the cars passing through non-E‑ZPass lanes in other states.[39] The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, which has been studying going towards all-electronic tolling in order to cut costs, plans to implement such a system for non-E-ZPass users.[40]

Canada

In general, E-ZPass is not accepted in Canada but several exceptions exist.

Until 2005, drivers crossing the Peace Bridge between Fort Erie, Ontario, and Buffalo, New York, paid a toll before crossing to Canada. Following upgrades to the border crossings in 2005, drivers instead pay a toll on the Canadian side of the Peace Bridge after clearing Canadian customs. This is the first E‑ZPass toll gantry outside of the United States. The toll goes to the Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority, a bi-national agency responsible for maintaining the international bridge.

On August 11, 2014, E-ZPass began to be accepted at the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge, Rainbow Bridge, and Whirlpool Rapids Bridge.[41] The toll for the Lewiston–Queenston Bridge is paid in Canada after clearing Canadian customs, whereas the toll is paid before leaving the United States at the other two bridges. The toll from these three bridges goes to the Niagara Falls Bridge Commission.

On June 27, 2019, E-ZPass began to be accepted at the Thousand Islands Bridge on both the US side and Canada side.[42]

While these facilities take both US and Canadian cash, E-ZPass is only billable in US dollars.

Variants

E-ZPass Plus

For E-ZPass subscribers who replenish their accounts with a major credit card, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey offers an E-ZPass option to pay for parking at three Port Authority airports—John F. Kennedy, LaGuardia, and Newark Liberty—through a program known as E-ZPass Plus.[43] This program is also available in New York at Albany International Airport in Albany; Syracuse Hancock International Airport in Syracuse; and the parking lots at the New York State Fair when the fair is in progress; as well as in Atlantic City, New Jersey, at Atlantic City International Airport, the New York Avenue Parking Garage, and the Atlantic City Surface Lot.

The parking payment is debited from the prepaid E‑ZPass account if the parking fee is less than $20. If it is $20 or more, the amount is charged directly to the credit card used to replenish the E‑ZPass account.[43] The Port Authority reports that drivers save an average of 15 seconds by opting to pay for airport parking using E‑ZPass.

Subscribers who replenish their E‑ZPass accounts with cash or check cannot participate in this program. Additionally, as of 2013, this service is only available to customers of the DelDOT, Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission, Delaware River and Bay Authority, in Delaware; of the New Hampshire DOT; in Maryland; in New Jersey[44] and New York to customers of the PANYNJ, the New York MTA, or the NYS Thruway; and to customers of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission.[45]

E-ZPass Flex

In late 2012, the I‑495 HOT (high occupancy toll) lanes in Virginia introduced the concept of the E‑ZPass Flex transponder.[46]

E-ZPass Flex transponders work similarly to regular transponders, but they allow the driver to switch between HOV and toll-paying modes. When a transponder is switched to HOV mode, it is read by the HOT lane's toll equipment, but no toll is charged. E-ZPass Flex also works like a standard E-ZPass on all other toll roads where E-ZPass is accepted, regardless of the position of the switch.[47]

E-ZPass Flex devices are currently issued only by Virginia, Maryland,[48] North Carolina,[49] and New York's MTA authority (to Staten Island residents only).[50]

The following toll roads support E-ZPass Flex in HOV mode:

New York
  • Verrazano-Narrows Bridge ($15.60 discount per trip for HOV 3+, only if a registered resident of Staten Island)[51]
North Carolina
  • I-77 Express Lanes (free for HOV 3+)
Virginia
  • I-495, I-395 and I-95 Express Lanes (free for HOV 3+)
  • I-66 Express Lanes inside the I-495 Beltway (free for HOV 2+)
  • I-64 Express Lanes (free for HOV 2+)

E-PASS uni

The Central Florida Expressway Authority offers E-PASS 'uni', which is compatible with E-ZPass as well as E-PASS, SunPass, LeeWay, PeachPass, NC QuickPass, RiverLink, I-PASS and FastPass toll systems. It works on E-ZPass toll roads as well as all toll roads in Florida and Georgia.[52] It does not, however, offer the E-ZPass Flex functionality noted above.

Effects

Reduced pollution and health improvement

A study published in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, "Traffic Congestion and Infant Health: Evidence from E-ZPass", compared fetal health outcomes for mothers living near congested and uncongested toll plazas on three major highways in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The researchers focused on areas where toll plazas had instituted E-ZPass, which, because cars travel through more efficiently, diminishes congestion and pollution. The study drew its conclusions by looking at the health outcomes of nearly 30,000 births among mothers who lived within two kilometers of an E-ZPass toll plaza. The researchers state that their findings "suggest that the adoption of E-ZPass was associated with significant improvements of infant health." The study's specific findings were: 1) In areas where E-ZPass was adopted, rates of infant prematurity decreased by between 6.7% and 9.1%; this means that, out of the sample studied, 255 preterm births were likely avoided; 2) Introduction of E-ZPass was correlated with a reduction in the incidence of low birth weight by between 8.5% and 11.3%; that means 275 cases of low birth weight may have been avoided.[53]

Privacy concerns
RFID E-ZPass reader attached to the pole and its antenna (right) used in traffic monitoring in New York City by using the vehicle re-identification method

Civil liberties and privacy rights advocates have expressed concern about how the position data gathered through E‑ZPass is used. As of August 2007, several states that employ E‑ZPass had provided electronic toll information in response to court orders in civil cases, including divorces and other non-criminal matters.[54]

Position data is collected by antennas at locations in addition to fee collection locations. The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), for example, collect transponder information to provide real-time estimates of travel times between common destinations. By subtracting the time when vehicles pass under the first sign from the current time, the sign can display the expected travel time between the sign and the destination point ahead. This information is also used to determine the best times to schedule maintenance-related lane closures and for other traffic management purposes. According to NYSDOT, the individual tag information is encrypted, and is deleted as soon as the vehicle passes the last reader, and is never made available to the Department.[55]

Accounts and agencies

Within the IAG, each member agency has its own billing and customer service center, and each establishes its own fee and discount structures. The agencies also set their own customer account policies. Areas of variation include the refundable deposit or nonrefundable charge for a tag, periodic maintenance fees, paper statement fees, the low account threshold, and replenishment amounts. E‑ZPass is usually offered as a debit account: tolls are deducted from prepayments made by the users. Users may opt to have prepayments automatically deposited when their account is low, or they may submit prepayments manually, either by phone or a toll authority's web portal, depending on the agency. For commercial accounts, some agencies allow postpaid plans with a security deposit (which effectively renders them prepaid accounts, with a different replenishment policy).

Fees and discounts by state

Some agencies have imposed periodic account maintenance fees on their subscribers. After New Jersey began losing money with the E‑ZPass system, a monthly account fee of one dollar was implemented on July 15, 2002[56] and is still in effect for both individual and business accounts.[57] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey also charges a monthly individual account fee of one dollar.[58] On July 1, 2009, the Maryland Transportation Authority began charging a fee of $1.50 a month to account holders[59] which, as of July 1, 2015, only applies to non-residents and is waived if three Maryland E‑ZPass tolls were incurred during the previous month.[60]

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) in New York City once imposed a monthly account fee starting on July 1, 2005, claiming to defray the administrative costs.[61] However, New York State Assembly Bill A06859A in 2005 and 2006 and Senate Bill S6331 in 2006 both considered such a fee threatening the efficiency to move traffic faster with lower tolls and sought to ban it.[62] When the New York State Law started to ban the monthly account fee,[63] the TBTA repealed it on June 1, 2006, and those, especially New Jerseyans, seeking New York accounts and avoiding the monthly fee still imposed by New Jersey and Port Authority, would have to apply for the TBTA or the New York State Thruway accounts at an E‑ZPass New York Service Center.[64]

Some highway exits, such as this one on the Garden State Parkway in New Jersey, are designated exclusively for E-ZPass users.

Several agencies offer discounted tolls to E-ZPass customers. The details vary widely, and can include general discounts for all E‑ZPass users, variable pricing discounts for off-peak hours, commuter plans with minimum usage levels, flat rate plans offering unlimited use for a period of time, carpool plans for high-occupancy vehicles, and resident plans for those living near particular toll facilities. Many of these plans are available only to customers whose tags are issued by the agency that owns the toll facility in question (reciprocity applies to tag acceptance, not to discounts). Eight authorities in the Northeast (Maine,[65] the Massachusetts Turnpike,[66] the New Hampshire Turnpike,[67] Rhode Island,[68] the New York TBTA,[69] the New York State Thruway,[70] the New Jersey Turnpike,[71] DelDOT[72] and Maryland) restrict their general discounts to their own respective tagholders. The Delaware Memorial Bridge restricts its discount plans to New Jersey tags[73] despite its toll plaza being located in Delaware (DelDOT-issued tags cannot obtain the discount plans).[74]

Some agencies charge a one-time fee between $20 and $30 for each new transponder, including the Delaware Department of Transportation, the New Hampshire Department of Transportation, and the Maine Turnpike Authority.[75] At least two agencies, the Delaware River and Bay Authority and the Maryland Transportation Authority, once charged multiple fees. In a press release dated July 17, 2007, the DRBA stated: "Beginning January 1, 2008, all DRBA E-ZPass account holders will be charged an account management fee of $1.50 per month. The transponder cost will also be passed on to E-ZPass customers for each new transponder." E‑ZPass New York charges a monthly fee of 50 cents for each tag in connection with a business account.[76] The DRBA since merged its service center with New Jersey's E-ZPass service center. On July 1, 2015, a plan put forth by Governor Larry Hogan eliminated Maryland's monthly fee (except accounts without a Maryland address, unless using Maryland toll facilities at least three times in the previous statement period)[77] along with decreasing some toll rates especially for Maryland-issued E-ZPass tags.[78]

E‑ZPass users are not required to maintain their account with an agency in their home state. Subscribers can open an E‑ZPass account with any member of the IAG regardless of residency. This means that users have the option of choosing an agency based on the fees that it charges, effectively allowing them to circumvent transponder and account maintenance fees.[79]

List of places where accepted

List of agencies
Map of states that use E-ZPass or a compatible tolling system.
  •   Purple states use E-ZPass or have an electronic tolling system that is compatible with E-ZPass.
  •   Yellow states have an electronic tolling system that is partially compatible with E-ZPass.
  •   Red states have an electronic tolling system that is not compatible with E-ZPass.
  •   Dark red states collect tolls but do not use electronic tolling.
  •   Gray states do not have tolls.

As listed on its website, the E-ZPass Interagency Group includes "39 members in 17 states".[80]

Although the Virginia Department of Transportation is Virginia's sole member of the E-ZPass Interagency Group, not all E-ZPass facilities in Virginia are operated by the Department of Transportation.[81]

Each of the 17 E-ZPass states operates its own E-ZPass Service Center.[82] NJ E-ZPass manages accounts for the Burlington County Bridge Commission, Delaware River and Bay Authority, Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission and Delaware River Port Authority.[83][84] The E-ZPass New York Service Center operates accounts for the Buffalo and Port Erie Public Bridge Authority, the Niagara Falls Bridge Commission, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the New York State Thruway Authority.[85]

List of roadways, bridges, tunnels, and airports

The following tolled roads, bridges, tunnels, and airports accept E‑ZPass. Crossings between jurisdictions are listed in the state where the toll collection point is located, or linked to (in the case of international border crossings).

Delaware

Florida

Note: Does not work with any Maine E-ZPasses or older (2017 or earlier) E-ZPasses from other states and not all tolls works with E-ZPass in Florida.

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

Virginia

West Virginia

Other non-toll uses

Although not part of the E‑ZPass-Plus program, E‑ZPass users may also pay for parking at Pittsburgh International Airport. The E‑ZPass transponder is used for identification only. The Southern Beltway, which also uses E-ZPass, has its western terminus at the airport.

E‑ZPass was tested in a since-discontinued program by some McDonald's restaurants on Long Island, New York, at which drive-through customers were given the option to pay using their E‑ZPass accounts to test out cardless payment platforms.[93][94] In late 2013, Wendy's started a similar system called drive-thru that is E-ZPass compatible, and is currently undergoing testing at five Staten Island Wendy's locations.[94] In 2018, a one-year pilot project with the startup Verdeva was announced to test drive-thru and gas station payments via separate accounts set up with the E-ZPass system.[95]

The New York State Fair offered E‑ZPass Plus as a payment option at two of its parking lots for the first time in 2007,[96] and offered the service again for subsequent seasons.[97] The service was administered by the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA), and motorists' E‑ZPass accounts were charged the same $5 parking fee that cash customers were charged. Unlike other E‑ZPass Plus implementations, the State Fair systems charged motorists at the parking lot entrances; drivers opting to pay by E‑ZPass Plus used dedicated "E‑ ZPass Plus Only" lanes. Since the lots only charge for parking during the twelve days of the State Fair, mobile, self-contained E-ZPass units were used to process vehicles. The units were mounted on trailers with a collapsible gantry for the E‑ZPass antennas, used a cellular wireless connection to send transactions to the NYSTA back-office system, and were powered by batteries that were kept replenished by photovoltaic solar panels, with a generator for backup.[98]

E‑ZPass can be used to pay for parking at the Route 128 station in Westwood, Massachusetts; this is available for Massachusetts customers only. E-ZPass can also be used to pay for parking at John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport in New York City.

E‑ZPass transponders are also used to monitor traffic. A transponder-reader is placed above the roadway at various intervals, and the time a particular tag takes between scans at each interval provides information about the speed of traffic between those points. This transit time information is often relayed back to motorists via electronic signs on the roadway.[99] The individual tag data is not collected or used for ticketing purposes, as some sources have suggested.[100]

Toll facilities that do not accept E-ZPass in E-ZPass states and provinces

There are many toll facilities, mostly bridges run by independent authorities, that are not part of the E-ZPass network even though they are in a state that is in the E-ZPass region. With Congress seeking a national electronic toll-collection system in place by mid-2016 for federal highways, E-ZPass officials are talking to other states that have electronic tolls "to find a common way to do business".[101]

Florida

E-PASS works on all toll roads in Florida and is accepted everywhere SunPass and LeeWay are accepted.[102]

Other states and provinces

None of the toll bridges or tunnels partially in or fully in Michigan (Ambassador Bridge, Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, Blue Water Bridge, Mackinac Bridge, or International Bridge) use E-ZPass even though Michigan is adjacent to two states (Indiana and Ohio) that use it for their toll roads.

See also

References
  1. "Central Florida Expressway Authority Joins E-ZPass Group" (Press release). Central Florida Expressway Authority. November 9, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
  2. "NJTA-E-ZPass". State.NJ.US. December 13, 2007. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.
  3. "Tags". E-ZPass® New York. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  4. "E-ZPass MA Frequently Asked Questions". Highway Division - MassDOT. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19.
  5. "I-95 High-Speed E-ZPass lanes open in Hampton". Fosters.com. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  6. "Green Pass Discount Plan - New York State Thruway". www.thruway.ny.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  7. "File Specifications". E-ZPass Group. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  8. "E-ZPass MA Frequently Asked Questions". Highway Division – MassDOT. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  9. "Press Kit". Kapsch.net. April 25, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  10. "getezpass.com". www.getezpass.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  11. "E-ZPass Retail". PATurnpike.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-14.
  12. "2016 Monthly Traffic and Percent of E‐ZPass Usage" (PDF). Port Authority of NY and NJ. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  13. Southwick, Ron (July 21, 2020). "Pa. Turnpike raising tolls again in 2021; those without E-ZPass will pay much more". PennLive. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  14. Sims, Calvin (1991-04-04). "No-Stop Tolls: 3 States Agree To Automation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  15. "Latest Status Info". Tarr.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  17. Rifkin, Glenn (1992-09-09). "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; Electronic Toll-Taking Is Being Put to the Test". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  18. Gross, Jane (1997-03-25). "Electronic Tolls Are Catching On, And Commuters Are Catching Up". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  19. Holloway, Lynette (1996-08-21). "With Triborough Bridge Debut, A Test for E-Z Pass Toll System". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  20. Pristin, Terry (1997-07-16). "A Few Glitches in E-Z Pass". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  21. Pristin, Terry (1997-10-29). "New Jersey Daily Briefing; E-Z Pass Exceeds Expectation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  22. "Electronic tolls coming to Pa. Turnpike by 1998". Lancaster New Era. Associated Press. March 22, 1994. p. A3.
  23. Gilbert, Pat R. (March 22, 1994). "7 Agencies OK Electronic Toll-Collection Firm: Project Expected to Speed Traffic on Parkway, Turnpike". The Record. Bergen County, NJ. p. A3.
  24. Wyckoff, P.L. (March 12, 1998). "E-ZPass to debut on Atlantic City highway: But 2000 is target for Turnpike and Parkway". The Star-Ledger. Newark, NJ. p. 22.
  25. "E-ZPass not so easy for drivers on first day". Erie Times-News. Associated Press. December 3, 2000.
  26. "Pennsylvania Turnpike extends E-ZPass service". The Express-Times. Easton, PA. December 15, 2001.
  27. Fuoco, Michael A. (December 22, 2001). "Turnpike E-ZPass Will Get More Lanes". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. D6.
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