Deep space exploration

Deep space exploration (or deep-space exploration) is the branch of astronomy, astronautics and space technology that is involved with exploring the distant regions of outer space.[1] However, there is little consensus on the meaning of "distant" regions. In some contexts, it is used to refer to interstellar space. The International Telecommunication Union defines "deep space" to start at a distance of 2 million km from the Earth's surface. NASA's Deep Space Network has variously used criteria of 16,000 to 32,000 km from Earth. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights (deep-space astronautics) and by robotic spacecraft.

70-meter-wide radio antenna at the Deep Space Network's Canberra facility in Australia.

At present the farthest space probe mankind has constructed and launched from Earth is Voyager 1, which was announced on December 5, 2011,[2] to have reached the outer edge of the Solar system,[3] and entered interstellar space on August 25, 2012.[4] Deep space exploration further than this vessel's capacity is not yet possible due to limitations in the propulsion technology currently available.

Some of the best candidates for future deep space engine technologies include anti-matter, nuclear power and beamed propulsion.[5] The latter, beamed propulsion, appears to be the best candidate for deep space exploration presently available, since it uses known physics and known technology that is being developed for other purposes.[6]

Current research

In 2012, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced the award of $500,000 to former astronaut Mae Jemison to fund a project with the goal of sending future astronauts out of the Solar System. Jemison aims to increase public interest in future deep space exploration projects.[7] Upon awarding the money to Jemison, a "100 Year Starship" symposium was held in Houston, Texas, to discuss interstellar travel. Topics discussed include "time-distance solutions, life sciences in space exploration, destinations and habitats, becoming an interstellar civilization, space technologies enhancing life on earth, and commercial opportunities from interstellar efforts".[8]

Research in deep space is ongoing and rapidly developing. In 2011, after the retirement of the Space Shuttle, NASA announced its intentions to invest money into developing three technologies vital to deep space exploration. The "must-have technologies" include a deep space atomic clock, a large solar sail and a more advanced laser communications system to improve communication, navigation, and propulsion in future missions.[9] In June 2013, NASA announced the selection of eight American astronauts that will begin to train for future deep space missions beyond low Earth orbit. NASA intends that these eight astronauts to train for future Mars or asteroid travel.[10]

The Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory (SAFIR), a proposed cryogenic space telescope, is tentatively set to launch in 2015 with the hopes of exploring "the formation of the first stars and galaxies" in deep space. The telescope will be more than 1000 times more sensitive than two current telescope spacecraft, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory. NASA hopes to use SAFIR to learn about black holes, galaxy formation and evolution and the formation of star systems in the far reaches of space.[11]

See also

References
  1. "Space and its Exploration: How Space is Explored". NASA.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-07-02. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2011-12-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. "The Farthest Spacecraft". NASA.gov. 1998-02-24. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  4. Bryn, Brandon (2013-09-12). "Voyager 1 Now Probing Unexplored Region of Space". Science.
  5. "Future Spaceflight". BBC. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  6. Forward, Robert L (January 1996). "Ad Astra!". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 49: 23–32. Bibcode:1996JBIS...49...23F.
  7. Vastag, Brian (May 22, 2012). "Starship dreamers launch 100-year mission with DARPA grant". The Washington Post.
  8. Moskowitz, Clara. "Interstellar Starship Meeting Warps Into Houston This Week". Space.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  9. Wall, Mike. "NASA Picks 3 Pioneering Technologies for Deep Space Travel". Space.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  10. Moskowitz, Clara. "NASA Unveils New Astronaut Class for Deep-Space Exploration". Space.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  11. "SAFIR - Single Aperture Far Infrared Observatory". NASA. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
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