Empire Builder

The Empire Builder is an Amtrak long-distance passenger train that operates three times a week[3] between Chicago and (via two sections west of Spokane) Seattle and Portland. Introduced in 1929, it was the flagship passenger train of the Great Northern Railway and its successor, the Burlington Northern Railroad, and was retained by Amtrak when it took over intercity rail service in 1971.

For other uses, see Empire Builder (disambiguation).
Empire Builder
The Empire Builder crosses the Two Medicine Trestle at East Glacier Park, Montana in 2011.
Overview
Service typeInter-city rail
StatusOperating
First serviceJune 10, 1929
Current operator(s)Amtrak (1971–present)
Former operator(s)Great Northern Railway (1929–1970)
Burlington Northern Railroad (1970–1971)
Ridership1,285 daily
Annual ridership469,167 total (FY11)[1]
Route
StartChicago, Illinois
EndPortland, Oregon
Seattle, Washington
Distance travelled2,206 miles (3,550 km) (Chicago-Seattle)
2,257 miles (3,632 km) (Chicago-Portland)
Service frequencyOne round trip daily (Regular schedule)
Three round trips weekly (COVID-19 schedule)[2]
Train number(s)7 (Chicago-Spokane-Seattle)
8 (Seattle-Spokane-Chicago)
27 (Chicago-Spokane-Portland)
28 (Portland-Spokane-Chicago)
807 (Chicago-St. Paul)
808 (St. Paul-Chicago)
On-board services
Class(es)Coach Class and Sleeping Cars
Seating arrangements2 By 2 Airline Style Coach Seating
Sleeping arrangementsSuperliner Roomette (2 beds), Superliner Bedroom (2 beds), Superliner Family Bedroom (4 beds), Superliner Bedroom Suite (4 beds), Accessible Roomette (2 beds)
Catering facilitiesFlexible Dining Service (temporarily due to COVID-19)
Observation facilitiesSuperliner Observation Lounge Car
Baggage facilitiesViewliner Baggage Car/Coach-Baggage Superliner
Technical
Rolling stockGE Genesis locomotives
Superliner sleepers and coaches
Track gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Operating speed79 mph (127 km/h) maximum
50 mph (80 km/h) average
Track owner(s)

The end-to-end travel time of the route is 45–46 hours for an average speed of about 50 mph (80 km/h), though the train travels as fast as 79 mph (127 km/h) over the majority of the route. It is Amtrak's busiest long-distance route.

During fiscal year 2019, the Empire Builder carried 433,372 passengers, an increase of 1.1% from FY2018.[4] During FY2016, the train had a total revenue of $51,798,583, an increase of 2.5% over FY2015.[5]

The train used to run daily; however, service has been reduced to tri-weekly due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[6]

History
Empire Builder on the Stone Arch Bridge, Minneapolis, c. 1929.
The train at Winona Junction, Wisconsin in 1958

The Great Northern Railway inaugurated the Empire Builder on June 10, 1929. It was named in honor of the company's founder, James J. Hill, who had reorganized several failing railroads into the only successful attempt at a privately funded transcontinental railroad. It reached the Pacific Northwest in the late 19th century, and for this feat, he was nicknamed "The Empire Builder".[7] Following World War II, Great Northern placed new streamlined and diesel-powered trains in service that cut the scheduled 2,211-mile-trip between Chicago and Seattle from 58.5 hours to 45 hours.[8]

The schedule allowed riders views of the Cascade Mountains and Glacier National Park, a park established through the lobbying efforts of the Great Northern. Re-equipped with domes in 1955, the Empire Builder offered passengers sweeping views of the route through three dome coaches and one full-length Great Dome car for first class passengers.[9]

In 1970, the Great Northern merged with three other closely affiliated railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which assumed operation of the Builder. Amtrak took over the train when it began operating most intercity routes a year later, and shifted the Chicago–St. Paul leg to the Milwaukee Road route through Milwaukee along the route to St Paul.[10] Before 1971, the Chicago–St. Paul leg used the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's mainline along the Mississippi River through Wisconsin. The service also used to operate west from the Twin Cities before turning northwest in Willmar, Minnesota, to reach Fargo.

Amtrak added a Portland section in 1981, with the train splitting in Spokane. This restored service to the line previously operated by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway.[11] It was not the first time that the train had operated Seattle and Portland sections; Great Northern had split the Builder in Spokane for much of the 1940s and 1950s.[12][13]

In 2005, Amtrak upgraded service to include a wine and cheese tasting in the dining car for sleeping car passengers and free newspapers in the morning.[14] Amtrak's inspector general eliminated some of these services in 2013 as part of a cost-saving measure.[15]

During summer months, on portions of the route, "Trails and Rails" volunteer tour guides in the lounge car give commentary on points of visual and historic interest that can be viewed from the train.[16]

Ridership

The Empire Builder is Amtrak's most popular long-distance train. Over fiscal years 2007–2016, Empire Builder annual ridership averaged 500,000, with a high of 554,266 in FY 2008. Revenue peaked in FY 2013 at $67,394,779.[lower-alpha 1] About 65% of the cost of operating the train is covered by fare revenue, a rate among Amtrak's long-distance trains second only to the specialized East Coast Auto Train.[26]

Traffic by Fiscal Year (October-September)
RidershipChange over previous yearTicket RevenueChange over previous year
2007[27] 504,977-$53,177,760-
2008[27] 554,26609.76%$59,461,168011.81%
2009[27] 515,44407.0%$54,064,86109.07%
2010[28] 533,49303.5%$58,497,14308.19%
2011[28] 469,167012.05%$53,773,71108.07%
2012[29] 543,072015.75%$66,655,153023.95%
2013[29] 536,39101.23%$67,394,77901.1%
2014[30] 450,932015.93%$54,545,844019.06%
2015[30] 438,37602.78%$50,541,14007.34%
2016[31] 454,62503.7%$51,798,58302.48%
2017[32] 454,00000.13%--
2018[33] 428,85405.53%--
2019[33] 433,37201.05%--

    Route
    The Portland section of the Empire Builder at Union Station in Portland, Oregon.

    The current Amtrak Empire Builder passes through Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. It makes service stops in Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Minot, North Dakota; and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Its other major stops include Vancouver, Washington; Whitefish, Montana; Williston, North Dakota; Fargo, North Dakota; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It uses BNSF Railway's Northern Transcon from Seattle to Minneapolis, Minnesota Commercial from Minneapolis to St. Paul, the Canadian Pacific (former Milwaukee Road) from St. Paul to Rondout, Illinois, and Metra's Milwaukee District / North Line (former Milwaukee Road) from Rondout to Chicago. The St. Paul to Chicago portion currently follows the route of the former Twin Cities Hiawatha. In pre-Amtrak days it used the Twin Zephyrs routing.

    The Seattle section uses the Cascade Tunnel and Stevens Pass as it traverses the Cascade Range to reach Spokane, while the Portland section runs along the Washington side of the Columbia River Gorge. The cars from the two sections are combined at Spokane. The combined train then traverses the mountains of northeastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana, arriving in Whitefish in the morning. The schedule is timed so that the train passes through the Rocky Mountains (and Glacier National Park) during daylight – an occurrence that is more likely on the eastbound train during summer. Passengers can see sweeping views as the Builder travels along the middle fork of the Flathead River, crossing the Continental Divide at Marias Pass. After crossing Marias Pass, the Empire Builder leaves Glacier National Park and enters the Northern Plains of eastern Montana and North Dakota.

    The land changes from prairie to forest as it travels through Minnesota. From Minneapolis-St. Paul, the Builder crosses the Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota and passes through southeastern Minnesota cities on or near Lake Pepin before crossing the Mississippi again at La Crosse, Wisconsin. It passes through rural southern Wisconsin, turns south at Milwaukee, and ends at Chicago Union Station.

    The westbound Empire Builder leaves Chicago in early afternoon, arriving in Milwaukee just before the afternoon rush and in St. Paul in the evening. After traveling overnight through Minnesota, it spends most of the following day traveling through North Dakota and Montana, arriving at Glacier National Park in the early evening and splittling late at night in Spokane. The Seattle section travels through the Cascades overnight, arriving in Seattle in mid-morning. The Portland section arrives in the Tri-Cities just before breakfast and in Portland in mid-morning. The eastbound Seattle and Portland sections leave within five minutes of each other just before the afternoon rush, combining in Spokane and traveling through Montana overnight before arriving at Glacier National Park in mid-morning and Williston at dinner time. After traveling overnight through North Dakota and Minnesota, it arrives in St. Paul at breakfast time, Columbus/Madison at lunch time, Milwaukee in early afternoon and Chicago just before the afternoon rush.

    Stops at Milwaukee Airport and Sturtevant were added beginning March 21, 2020 to replace Hiawatha Service trains suspended due to the COVID-19-related drastic drop in demand.[34]

    Amtrak Empire Builder (interactive map)

    Flooding
    A GE Genesis in 40th-anniversary Phase I paint leads a stub Empire Builder out of St. Paul, Minnesota after floods suspended service west. (2011)

    The line has come under threat from flooding from the Missouri, Souris, Red, and Mississippi Rivers, and has occasionally had to suspend or alter service. Most service gets restored in days or weeks, but Devils Lake in North Dakota, which has no natural outlet, is a long-standing threat. The lowest top-of-rail elevation in the lake crossing is 1,455.7 ft (443.70 m).[35] In spring 2011, the lake reached 1,454.3 ft (443.27 m),[36] causing service interruptions on windy days when high waves threatened the tracks.

    BNSF, which owns the track, suspended freight operations through Devils Lake in 2009 and threatened to allow the rising waters to cover the line unless Amtrak could provide $100 million to raise the track. In that case, the Empire Builder would have been rerouted to the south, ending service to Rugby, Devils Lake, and Grand Forks.[37] In June 2011 agreement was reached that Amtrak and BNSF would each cover 1/3 of the cost with the rest to come from the federal and state governments.[38]

    In December 2011, North Dakota was awarded a $10 million TIGER grant from the US Department of Transportation to assist with the state portion of the cost.[39] Work began in June 2012, and the track is being raised in two stages: 5 feet in 2012, and another 5 feet in 2013. Two bridges and their abutments are also being raised. When the track raise is complete, the top-of-rail elevation will be 1,466 ft (446.84 m).[40] This is 10 feet above the level at which the lake will naturally overflow and will thus be a permanent solution to the Devils Lake flooding. In the spring and summer of 2011 flooding of the Souris River near Minot, North Dakota blocked the route in the latter part of June and for most of July. For some of that time the Empire Builder (with a typical consist of only four cars) ran from Chicago and terminated in Minneapolis/St Paul; to the west, the Empire Builder did not run east of Havre, Montana. (Other locations along the route also flooded, near Devils Lake, North Dakota and areas further west along the Missouri River.)

    Freight train interference

    An oil boom from the Bakken formation, combined with a robust fall 2013 harvest, led to a spike in the number of crude oil and grain trains using the Northern Transcon in Montana and North Dakota. The resulting congestion led to terrible delays for the Empire Builder, with the train receiving a 44.5% on-time record for November 2013, the worst on-time performance of any Amtrak route and well below congressional standards. In some cases, the delays resulted in an imbalance of crew and equipment, forcing Amtrak to cancel runs of the Empire Builder.[41] By May 2014, only 26% of Empire Builder trains had arrived within 30 minutes of their scheduled time, with delays averaging between 3 and 5 hours.[42] In some cases, freight congestion and severe weather resulted in delays as long as 11 to 12 hours.[43] This was a marked change from past years in which the Empire Builder was one of the best on-time performers in the entire system, ahead of even the flagship Acela Express.[44]

    Due to the increasingly severe delays, Amtrak adjusted the route's schedule west of St. Paul on April 15, 2014. Westbound trains left St. Paul later, while eastbound trains left Seattle/Portland approximately three hours earlier. Operating hours for affected stations were also officially adjusted accordingly. The Amtrak announcement also said that the BNSF Railway was working on adding track capacity, and it was anticipated that sometime in 2015 the Empire Builder could be returned to its former schedule. In January 2015, it was announced that the train would resume its normal schedule.[45][43]

    Even during the worst of the delays, the train has seen frequent patronage from workers in the Bakken fields and their families who board and detrain in Williston.[46]

    Former stops
    In the cab of the Empire Builder, 1974. Photo by Charles O'Rear.

    In 1970, the construction and filling of Lake Koocanusa necessitated the realignment of 60 miles of track between Stryker, Montana, and Libby, Montana, and the construction of Flathead Tunnel, leading the Empire Builder to drop service to Eureka, Montana. The Empire Builder also served Troy, Montana, until February 15, 1973.

    On October 1, 1979, the Empire Builder was rerouted to operate over the North Coast Hiawatha's old route between Minneapolis and Fargo, North Dakota. With this alignment change, the Empire Builder dropped Willmar, Minnesota; Morris, Minnesota; and Breckenridge, Minnesota, while adding St. Cloud, Minnesota; Staples, Minnesota; and Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.

    Another alignment change came on October 25, 1981, when the Seattle section was rerouted from the old Northern Pacific (which had also become part of the BN in 1970) to the Burlington Northern Railroad's line through the Cascade Tunnel over Stevens Pass. This change eliminated service to Yakima, Washington, Ellensburg, Washington, and Auburn, Washington.[47] This change also introduced the Portland section, which returned service to the former Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railroad line (which became part of BN in 1970) along the Washington shore of the Columbia River. The route kept Pasco, but added Wishram, Bingen-White Salmon, and Vancouver (all in Washington) to the route. From Vancouver, the Portland section of the Empire Builder uses the same route as the Coast Starlight and Cascades trains to Portland Union Station.

    It has been proposed that the Empire Builder and Hiawatha Service trains servicing Glenview, Illinois have their station stop be shifted one station north to the Metra station at North Glenview, to eliminate stops which block traffic on Glenview Road. North Glenview would have to be modified to handle additional traffic, and the move depends on commitments from Glenview, the Illinois General Assembly, and Metra.[48] In Minnesota, the Empire Builder returned to Saint Paul Union Depot on May 7, 2014, 43 years after it last served the station the day before the start of Amtrak. Renovation of the 1917 Beaux Arts terminal was undertaken in 2011, continuing through 2013, resulting in a multi-mode terminal used by Jefferson Bus Lines, Greyhound Bus lines, commuter bus and the Metro Green Line, providing a light rail connection to downtown Minneapolis.[49] The station replaced Midway Station which opened in 1978 after the initial abandonment of Saint Paul Union Depot in 1971 and the demolition of Minneapolis Great Northern Depot in 1978.

    Equipment
    Sample consist
    July 4, 1963
    TrainEastbound
    • A-B-B-A set of EMD F7 diesel units
    • Railway Post Office #37
    • Storage-Mail Car #276
    • Dormitory #1200
    • Flat top coach #1212
    • Dome coach #1330
    • Dome coach #1320
    • Ranch car #1241, Running Crane Lake (Coffee-shop dinette lounge)
    • Flat top coach #1224
    • Flat top coach #1221
    • Dome coach #1331
    • Sleeper #1376, Hart Pass (6-roomette, 5-double bedroom, 2-compartment)
    • Sleeper #1380, Suiattle Pass (ditto)
    • Diner #1251, Lake Wenatchee
    • "Great Dome" lounge #1394, Prairie View (the only car in the consist with six wheel trucks)
    • Sleeper #1260, Skykomish River (4-section, 7-duplex roomette, 3-double bedroom, 1-compartment)
    • Sleeper #1374, Park Creek Pass (6-roomette, 5-double bedroom, 2-compartment)
    • Sleeper lounge #1192, Corral Coulee (6-roomette, 4-double bedroom, 1 compartment observation-lounge)
    [50]
    The train along the Columbia River circa 1947.
    The train skirting Glacier National Park before the introduction of domed cars.

    Current equipment

    Like all long-distance trains west of the Mississippi River, the Empire Builder uses bilevel Superliner passenger cars. The Empire Builder was the first train to be fully equipped with Superliners, with the first run occurring on October 28, 1979.[51] In Summer, 2005 the train was "re-launched" with newly refurbished equipment.

    A typical Empire Builder consist is configured as follows (with the assigned section west of Spokane shown in parentheses):

    • Two GE Genesis P42 locomotives
    • Viewliner baggage car (Seattle)
    • Transitional Crew Sleeper (Seattle)
    • Sleeper (Seattle)
    • Sleeper (Seattle)
    • Diner (Seattle)
    • Coach (Seattle)
    • Coach (Seattle)
    • Sightseer Lounge/Café (Portland)
    • Coach/Baggage (Portland)
    • Coach (Portland)
    • Sleeper (Portland)
    • Coach (Chicago - St. Paul only)

    In Spokane, the westbound train is split: the locomotives, baggage car, and first six-passenger cars (including the diner) continue on to Seattle as train 7, while a single P42 locomotive from Spokane is used to take the rearmost five cars (including the lounge/cafe) to Portland as train 27. Eastbound the sections are combined in a reverse fashion, with the Seattle section numbered as train 8 and the Portland section as train 28.

    During peak travel periods, an additional coach is added to the rear of the train between Chicago and St. Paul. It is left overnight in St. Paul for the next day's return trip to pick up. This car is designated train 807 westbound and train 808 westbound.

    Historical equipment

    When first launched in 1929, the Great Northern provided new heavyweight consists. When the railway received five new streamlined trainsets in 1947, the old heavyweight sets were used to reintroduce the Oriental Limited. In 1951 the Empire Builder was re-equipped with six new streamlined trainsets; the 1947 cars were used to launch the Western Star, while the Oriental Limited was retired. When the GN acquired dome coaches in 1955, the 1951 coaches went to Western Star, while the 1947 coaches went to the pool of spare and extra-movement cars. Ownership of the cars on the Empire Builder was by-and-large split between the Great Northern and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), though a couple of cars in the original consists were owned by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (SP&S). In this consist, one of the 48-seat "chair" cars and one of the 4-section sleepers were used for the connection to Portland, while the rest of the consist connected to Seattle.

    The Great Northern coaches eventually found their way into state-subsidized commuter service for the Central Railroad of New Jersey after the Burlington Northern merger and remained until 1987 when NJ Transit retired its last E8A locomotive. Some of these cars remain in New Jersey. Some coaches were acquired from the Union Pacific; these also went to New Jersey. One of the 28 seat coach-dinette cars also remains in New Jersey and is stored near Interstate 78 wearing tattered Amtrak colors.

    Notes
    1. Compiled from Amtrak's annual ridership and revenue reports.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

    Footnotes
    1. "Amtrak Ridership Rolls Up Best-Ever Records" (PDF). Amtrak. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
    2. https://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2020/08/13-amtrak-sets-schedules-for-triweekly-long-distance-operation
    3. https://media.amtrak.com/2020/08/updates-to-amtrak-service/
    4. https://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/FY19-Year-End-Ridership.pdf
    5. http://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Amtrak-FY16-Ridership-and-Revenue-Fact-Sheet-4_17_17-mm-edits.pdf
    6. "Long Distance Schedules Change to Tri-Weekly". Amtrak.
    7. Hidy et al. 2004, p. 180
    8. Hidy et al. 2004, p. 244
    9. Hidy et al. 2004, p. 272
    10. "Empire Builder Timeline". Great Northern Timeline. Great Northern Railway Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
    11. "Through Your Car Window - Westbound - On the Streamlined Empire Builder, Western Star and other Great Northern Trains". Great Northern Railway Page. Great Northern Railway. June 1953. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
    12. May 4, 1947 Great Northern timetable http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track7/empbuilder194706.html
    13. June 10, 1956 Great Northern timetable http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track7/empbuilder195607.html
    14. "Amtrak Empire Builder Relaunch". Amtrak Empire Builder. trainweb.com. August 1, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
    15. "To ] See Why Amtrak's Losses Mount, Hop on the Empire Builder Train". msn.com. Archived from [the original Check |url= value (help) on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
    16. "Trails & Rails". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
    17. "2016 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
    18. "2015 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    19. "2014 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    20. "2013 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    21. "2012 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    22. "2011 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    23. "2010 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    24. "2006–2009 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
    25. "2007–2008 Revenue" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
    26. "North Coast Hiawatha Passenger Rail Study" (PDF). Amtrak. October 16, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
    27. "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2009, Oct. 2008-Sept. 2009" (PDF). Trains Magazine.
    28. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    29. "AMTRAK SETS RIDERSHIP RECORD AND MOVES THE NATION'S ECONOMY FORWARD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-24.
    30. "Amtrak FY15 Ridership & Revenue" (PDF).
    31. "Amtrak FY16 Ridership & Revenue" (PDF). Amtrak. April 17, 2017.
    32. "Amtrak FY17 Ridership" (PDF).
    33. "Amtrak FY19 Ridership" (PDF).
    34. "Amtrak sets more cuts in Midwest, announces first changes on West Coast | Trains Magazine". TrainsMag.com.
    35. "Railroad Grade Raise Planning and Feasibility Study" (PDF). April 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    36. "Devils Lake Gauge at Creel Bay". Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    37. "Devils Lake threatens Empire Builder". KFGO. April 23, 2010. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
    38. "Amtrak Service To Continue". WDAZ. June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    39. "ND Leaders Review Strategy to Raise DL Rail Line". February 15, 2012. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
    40. Bonham, Kevin. "Railroad raising underway in Devils Lake area". Grand Forks Herald. Bakken Today. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
    41. Tate, Curtis (December 23, 2013). "Freight trains force repeated delays on popular Amtrak route". Seattle Times. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
    42. McCartney, Scott (June 18, 2014). "Amtrak Sees Delays Increase". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
    43. Justin Franz (January 13, 2015). "The Empire Builder is Back". Flathead Beacon. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
    44. Justin Franz (August 13, 2014). "Amtrak's Broken Builder". Flathead Beacon. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
    45. "Amtrak's Empire Builder back on schedule". Great Falls Tribune. January 13, 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
    46. "Commuting by rail: Amtrak's Empire Builder gives Bakken oil field workers affordable option to travel home". Great Falls Tribune. February 14, 2014.
    47. Sanders 2006, pp. 163–172
    48. "Amtrak eyes moving Ill. station". Railway Track & Structures. November 11, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
    49. Black, Sam (December 10, 2009). "Mortenson team picked for $150M St. Paul Union Depot transit hub". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
    50. Dubin, Arthur, D (1964). Some Classic Trains. Milwaukee: Kalmbach. p. 309.
    51. "Superliners Go Into Service On Empire Builder Route". Amtrak NEWS. 6 (12): 1. November 1979.

    References
    • Hidy, Ralph W.; Hidy, Muriel E.; Scott, Roy V.; Hofsummer, Don L. (2004) [1988]. The Great Northern Railway: A History. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. ISBN 978-0-816-64429-2. OCLC 54885353.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690.
    • Yenne, Bill (2005). Great Northern Empire Builder. Great Passenger Trains. MBI. ISBN 0-7603-1847-6. OCLC 57142776.

    Further reading
    • Morgan, David P. (2016). "The Clean-Window Train". In McGonigal, Robert S. (ed.). Great Trains West. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 96–107. ISBN 978-1-62700-435-0.
    • Welsh, Joe (December 2000). "The Empire Builder: Seven decades of service". Trains. 60 (12): 72–80. ISSN 0041-0934.
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