Harlesden

Craven Park Road, c. early 20th century

Harlesden was once a Saxon settlement. The Domesday Book calls it "Hervlvestvne". The area was for centuries a small rural community set in orchards with some inns.[4]

In the 19th century, Harlesden, then a rural village in the parish of Willesden, began to develop some of its urban appearance with the arrival of the railways. Willesden Junction, Kensal Green and Harlesden stations on the London & Birmingham Railway all had an effect on the developing village. Cottages for railway and industrial workers were built, as was grander housing for the local middle class. The London-Harrow coach passed through the village everyday by 1839. The village gained a blacksmith, grocer and a shoemaker during this period.[5]

Jubilee Clock on High Street

Harlesden increasingly lost its rural nature, with factories replacing farms and woodland. Sewage arrived here in 1871 and soon cheap houses were being built. A mainly middle class population resided here who enjoyed the availability of numerous churches, cinemas, a court, a library and recreational pleasure at Roundwood Park. From late Victorian times until the 1930s, housing completed its spread across the area, and Harlesden became part of the London conurbation. A jubilee clock tower was built in 1888.[6] Harlesden gained excellent transport links by the train stations as well as a frequent horse bus service to Paddington as early as 1890. Electric trams came to Harlesden in 1907. That year also saw the opening of Willesden Hippodrome Theatre,[7] which was destroyed by German bombing in 1940. Much of the working class in Harlesden suffered from poverty, with the Willesden Chronicle mentioning "nearness to starvation" of those people in 1908.[8]

Former Willesden Junction Hotel on Station Road

Mainly after World War I, one of Europe's biggest industrial estates was constructed at nearby Park Royal, and large factories there and within Harlesden included McVitie & Price (later United Biscuits) from 1910, and Heinz from 1919. Industrial growth led to a middle class exodus as Harlesden turned entirely into a working class area in the inter-war period.[9] The McVitie & Price factory became the largest biscuit factory in the western world, employing 2,600 people as of 1978.[10] By 1939 the last of the large Victorian houses were demolished Willesden Council.[11]

At 6am, January 16, 1939, the Irish Republican Army blew up the Harlesden electricity cable bridge. The bridge crossed the Grand Junction Canal, and carried the power line from Battersea Power Station. No one was injured in the attack.[12]

The wedding cake for the Queen and Prince Philip, who were married in 1947, was baked at McVitie's Factory in Harlesden.[13]

Craven Park Road

The image of Harlesden today began to take shape in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Continued immigration from Ireland and new immigration from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent[14] changed the racial and cultural make up of the area.[15] Despite the immigration the population of Harlesden still declined from 39,527 in 1951 to 26,970 in 1971, but remained densely populated. Prefab homes for those made homeless by Second World War bombings were still in existence by the end of the 1960s.[16]

By the 1960s the Curzon Crescent estate was known for poverty and became a vandalism hotspot. At the same time, immigration from the West Indies and Indian sub-continent led to racist articles in a national newspaper. Poverty increased further by the decline of industry and the building of Brent Cross Shopping Centre.[17] Steps were taken to improve the area, such as the Harlesden City Challenge community project in the 1990s that involved the creation of public artwork in the area, as well as the renovation of the jubilee clock on the High Street in 1997.[18] More recently from the end of the 20th century the area has become home to Brazilian, Portuguese and Somali communities,[19] as well as Polish, Afghan and Colombian communities.[20]

Prince Charles of Wales visited Harlesden in March 2007. He commented "I don't think I have enjoyed myself so much for a long time going down the high street and popping into one or two shops. I'm sorry I couldn't go into more of them."[21]

The fortunes of Harlesden have been on the up more recently. Reduced crime rates have led to higher house prices,[22] but the district retains a non-gentrified atmosphere.[23] In 2015 a new community "Town Garden" was opened for locals to garden, socialise and exercise,[24][25] established by the funding of local volunteers and charities. It has become a green sanctuary in the heart of Harlesden.[26]

The diversity of Harlesden is apparent in the high street which houses various businesses such as the likes of Afro-Caribbean hair and beauty shops, Somali restaurants, Portuguese bakeries and Brazilian cafes.[27][28]

All Souls church

All Souls, Harlesden

The Church of All Souls is on Station Road in Harlesden. It was designed in 1879 by E.J. Tarver and is a Grade II* listed building.[29]

Our Lady of Willesden

Our Lady of Willesden, Harlesden

This is a Roman Catholic church and was the first mission of Our Lady of Willesden to cater for a growing Irish population in the late 19th century, although the current building was built at a later date.

Shops on the High Street, 2001

The 2011 census results for Harlesden ward counted a population of 17,162. In 2011, 71.4% of homes were apartments across the ward, 15.8% of homes were terraced houses, 8.6% semi-detached houses and 4% detached houses; with 0.1% of the homes mobile or temporary structures.[32] Most of the terraces are pre-1920s and the flats converted from them. Many of the flats date to after 2000. Non-mixed use terraces and private sector built apartments are the main housing types that attract high prices from private sector owner-occupiers unable to afford similar properties in nearby Kensal Green and Queen's Park.

Harlesden is ethnically diverse. 67% of the population identified themselves as being BAME (Black, Asian and minority Ethnic) at the 2011 census in the Harlesden ward.[33] Ethnically, 19% of the population was Black Caribbean, followed by 19% Black African (both including those of mixed heritage), 15% Other White, and 14% White British. The main spoken foreign languages were Portuguese and Somali.[34]

A tile mural on Church Path, Harlesden

Harlesden and some of its surroundings in Brent played a key part in the development of the reggae music business in the UK. In the 1960s it was the heartbeat of reggae recording, releasing and distribution; Trojan Records became a major reggae label, producing successful artists within and in Jamaica, such as Desmond Dekker and Toots and the Maytals, and numerous top 20 UK singles during the 1970s. Another popular label of reggae and other black music was Jet Star, which called itself "the world's largest reggae distributors".[43]

The Brent Black Music Cooperative Rehearsal Studios was set up in Willesden in 1983 by a grant from Brent council. It provided a studio and training for numerous local and international acts such as The Last Poets and Aswad.[44] During the 1970s and 1980s, dozens of record shops filled the Harlesden streets of Church Road, Craven Park Road and the High Street.[45] As of 2020, two still remain in operation on Craven Park Road: Hawkeye and Starlight Records.[46] Numerous pirate radio stations also operated in the area, being very influential to local black artists.[47]

The Cimarons, England's first home-grown reggae roots band, was formed in 1969 at Tavistock community centre in Harlesden.[48] Numerous reggae artists lived or live in or around Harlesden, including Dennis Brown (on Hazeldean Road),[49] Janet Kay, General Levy, Jimmy Cliff, Bob Marley (on The Circle, Neasden), Liz Mitchell of Boney M (on Wrottesley Road), and others.[50]

The 1998 musical film Babymother, produced by Channel 4 Films, is set in Harlesden and captures the black dancehall culture in the area.[51] A London Safari: Walking Adventures in NW10 is a 2014 paperback book authored by local Rose Rouse about Harlesden.[52]

More recently, Harlesden has produced known hip hop and grime artists such as Nines and George The Poet.

The Beat London (formerly known as BANG Radio) is a licensed radio station that broadcasts urban music and cultural programmes from Harlesden High Street. It broadcasts on 103.6 FM throughout North West London.[53] Numerous unlicensed stations broadcast in and around North West London from reggae and other genres, including Radio RJR 98.3 FM,[54] UK Roots 95.4 FM[55] and Omega Radio 104.1 FM.[56]

Brent's largest newspaper is the Brent & Kilburn Times.[57]

• Harlesden Town Centre Partnership at the Wayback Machine (archive index)