Jukude language

Jukude [ʑukude], commonly known as Maku or Mako (Spanish Macú),[1] is an unclassified language once spoken on the Brazil–Venezuela border in Roraima along the upper Uraricoera and lower Auari rivers, west of Boa Vista, by the Jukudeitse. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between the Padamo and Cunucunuma rivers to the southeast.

Not to be confused with Maku language.
Jukude
Maku-Auari
Native toRoraima, Brazil
RegionBrazilian–Venezuelan border
EthnicityJukudeitse
Extinct2000[1]
(unclassified, potentially Kalianan)
Language codes
ISO 639-3xak
Glottologmaku1246

The last speaker died in 2000, and no-one identifies as Jukude any longer. Aryon Rodrigues and Ernesto Migliazza worked on the language, and the data was collected into a grammar published in 2020.[1]

Name

The people called themselves Jukude-itse (person-PL) 'the people'. When speaking to outsiders, they referred to themselves as Macu. 'Macu' is not a proper name, but rather an Arawakan term for unintelligible languages and people held in servitude in the Orinoco region. (See Maku people for a partial list.) The stress is typically on the final syllable, Makú (Migliazza, Fabré). However, in order to distinguish the language of the Jukude from the many other languages given this name, the stress is sometimes given an ad hoc shift to the first syllable: Máku (Maciel, Dixon & Aikhenvald) or Máko (Campbell 2012).[2] The disambiguator Maku-Auari has also been used.[3]

Genetic relations

Suggested genetic relations involving Macu include

Kaufman (1990) finds the Kalianan proposal "promising", though he is now dated.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Sape, Arutani, and Warao languages, as well as the Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Katukina-Katawixi, and Arawa language families due to contact.[4]

Phonology

Jukude has seven vowels, /i y ɨ u e a .../. Vowels are nasalized following a nasal consonant, glottal stop or ... Length is contrastive, but only in an initial #CV syllable of a polysyllabic word. The most complex syllable shape is CCVC. There is no contrastive stress or tone.

Consonants[1]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t k~ɡ ʔ
voiced b d
Affricate t͡s
Fricative ɸ~h s h
Nasal m n
Approximant w~ʋ l j~ʑ

/s, ts, n, k/ are palatalized to [ʃ, tʃ, ɲ, c] before /i, y/, while /t, d, l/ become [tʲ, dʲ, lʲ].

Grammar

Macu is highly polysynthetic and predominantly suffixing. There is clusivity but no genders or classifiers. The TAM system is very complex.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Jukude.[5]

glossJukude
onenukuzamuké
twobãtá
threeshünãlyá
headtsi-gáte
eyetsis-kóte
toothtse-um
manlásepa
waternáme
fireníheː
sunkélé
maizelükü
jaguarzówi


References
  1. Rogers, Chris (2020). Máku: A Comprehensive Grammar. Taylor & Francis.
  2. Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
  3. Hammarström, Harald (2011). "A Note on the Maco [wpc] (Piaroan) Language of the Lower Ventuari, Venezuela". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 3 (1).
  4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2017) [original version 2016]. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas [Archeo-ecolinguistic study of South American tropical lands] (Ph.D. dissertation) (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  5. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Bibliography
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica, eds. (2012). The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Dixon & Aikhenvald (1999). "Máku", in The Amazonian Languages (pp. 361–362)
  • Fabre, Alain (2005), Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: Makú [Ethnolinguistic dictionary and bibliographic guide of the South American indigenous peoples: Makú] (PDF) (in Spanish)
  • Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What We Know and How to Know More". In Payne, D. L. (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American Languages. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–67. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • ——— (1994). "The Native Languages of South America". In Mosley, C.; Asher, R. E. (eds.). Atlas of the World's Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 46–76.
  • Koch-Grünberg, Theodor (1922). "Die Volkgruppierung Zwischen Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro und Yapurá" [The Ethnic Group Between Rio Branco, Orinoco, Rio Negro and Yapurá]. In Lehmannn, Walter (ed.). Festschrift Eduard Seler (in German). Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. pp. 205–266.
  • Maciel, Iraguacema (1991). Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku [Some phonological and morphological aspects of the Máku language] (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de Brasília.
  • Migliazza, Ernesto (1965). "Fonología Makú", Boletim do MPEG. Antropología 25:1–17.
  • ———— (1966). "Esbôço sintático de um corpus da língua Makú", Boletim do MPEG. Antropología 32:1–38.
  • ———— (1978). "Makú, Sapé and Uruak languages. Current status and basic lexicon", AL 20/3:133–140.
  • Rogers, Chris (2020). Máku: A Comprehensive Grammar, Taylor & Francis.
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