Movima language
Movima is a language that is spoken by about 1,400 (nearly half) of the Movima, a group of Native Americans that resides in the Llanos de Moxos region of the Bolivian Amazon, in northeastern Bolivia. It is considered a language isolate, as it has not been proven to be related to any other language.
| Movima | |
|---|---|
| Chosineɬ di' mowi:maj [1] | |
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | Beni Department |
Native speakers | ca. 1,400 (2006)[1] |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Bolivia[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mzp |
| Glottolog | movi1243 |
| ELP | Movima[3] |
Locations
Movima is spoken in the locations of 18 de Noviembre, 20 de Enero, Bella Flor, Buen Día, Carmen de Iruyañez, Carnavales, Ipimo, Miraflores, Navidad, San Lorenzo, Santa Ana del Yacuma.[4]
Phonology
Movima has five vowels:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
/e/ and /o/ more closely resemble [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, than the close-mid vowels [e] and [o]. Vowels have a phonemic length distinction, although some prosodic processes can lengthen otherwise short vowels. Movima does not have tone.[5]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | lab. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Stop | pulmonic | p | t | tʃ | k (ɡ) | kʷ | ||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||
| Fricative | (f) β | s | ɬ | h | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | jˀ | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
The plosive /p/ is realized as [p] in the syllable onset but as [pʔᵐ] (which contrasts with the simple nasal phoneme /m/) in the coda. Similarly, /t/ and /k/ are realized as [tʔⁿ] and [ʔɤ] (i.e., as a glottal stop with a vocalic release), respectively, in the syllable coda.[1] In vowel-initial words and between adjacent vowels, an epenthetic glottal stop appears.
The phonemes /f/ and /ɡ/ are only present in Spanish loanwords.
Morphology
In Movima, compounding and incorporation are productive derivational processes. Reduplication and affixation, including some processes (such as the irrealis marker (k)a') that resemble infixation, are also common. Typical examples of inflection, such as number, case, tense, mood, and aspect, are not obligatorily marked in Movima.[1] Many derivational processes can be applied to a single Movima word. The same morpheme may appear multiple times in one word this way, for instance, tikoy-na-poj-na "I make X kill Y."
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[6]
gloss Mobima one sotaru two oira three taxra tooth söichlan tongue rulkua hand chopa woman kukya water toni fire vé moon yekcho maize kuaxta jaguar rulrul house roya
See also
Further reading
- Judy, R. A.; Judy, J. (1962). Movima y castellano. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 1). Vocabularios Bolivianos. Cochabamba: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
- Katharina Haude (2006). "A grammar of Movima" (PDF). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
- "Constitution of Bolivia, Article 5. I." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-21.
- Endangered Languages Project data for Movima.
- Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Bolivia languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- "WALS – Movima". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.