Boran languages

Boran (also known as Bora–Muinane, Bora–Muiname, Bóran, Miranyan, Miranya, Bórano) is a small language family, consisting of just two languages.

Boran
Geographic
distribution
northwestern Amazon
Linguistic classificationindependent family or Bora–Witoto
  • Boran
Glottologbora1262

Languages

The two Boran languages are:

Loukotka (1968) also lists Nonuya, spoken at the sources of the Cahuinari River, as a Boran language. Only a few words were documented.[1]

Synonymy note:

  • The name Muiname has been used to refer to the Muinane language (Bora Muinane) of the Boran family and also to the Nipode language (Witoto Muinane) of the Witotoan family.

Genetic relations

Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a Bora–Witoto stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Choko, Guahibo, Tukano, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Arawak, and Tupi language families due to contact in the Caquetá River basin region.[2]

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[3] found lexical similarities with Arawakan (especially the Resigaro language in particular) due to contact.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]

glossBoraImihitäMuinane
one dzonéretenétogünésánótro
two miniékeʔemibáköminóke
head mée-níguoemé-eníkoaenígai
eye ma-ádzikma-átxeadíge
tooth mée-goaxéme-kuáxeígaino
man guáxpikoaxpígáife
water néspakionögʔbögʔkónegfuáyu
fire köxöguakixúguaköxögai
sun nöʔögbwanöxbáneʔegbua
maize öxeʔeöxehubédya
jaguar oíbeouíbehöku

Proto-language

Proto-Bora–Muinane
Reconstruction ofBoran languages

Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri (2015):[4]

Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri (2015)
no.glossProto-Bora-Muinane
1tongue*nehe
2mouth*i-hɨ
3lip*hɨni-ba
4tooth*iʔgai
5nose*tɨhɨ-ʔu
6eye*aʤɨ-ɨ
7ear*nɨ()-meeʔu
8head*niga-ɨ
9forehead*ɨme-ku
10hair*-hee-
12beard*hɨkk()
14chest*ppeeɨ-he
15woman’s breast*mɨppaino
16abdomen*iiʔba
18shoulder*hɨhe-ba
19arm*nokkɨ-gai
21elbow*()o()i
22hand*ʔutʦe
23finger*ʔutʦe-gai
24fingernail*ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu
27knee*memu
29foot*ttɨʔaai
30toe*ttɨ-gaai
31skin*meeʔo
32bone*bakkɨ
33blood*tɨɨ
34heart*heebɨ-ɨ
35lungs*βaβa-ga
38man*m()a-mɨnaa-ppi
39man*gai-ppi
40woman*gai-go
41people*m()a-mɨnaa
42husband*tahe
43wife*taaba
44father*giʔiru, kaani
45mother*gaʔa-ro, *ʦeehɨ
46baby, infant*ʦeemono
47old man*amia
48water*nɨ-ppai()u
49river*too-ʔi, *muuai
52swamp*kaaha
56fire*kɨɨhɨ-gai
57ash*bai-giihɨ
58charcoal*kɨɨhɨgai-
60firewood*kuu
61sky*nikko-he
62rain*niiha-ba
64sun*nɨʔba
65moon*nɨʔba
66star*meekɨrɨ-gai
67day*kuuhe
68night*pokku
69thunder*ʦitʦi
71rainbow*tɨɨ-ʔi
72earth*hiinɨ-he
74sand*n()gai-jɨʔai
75house*ha
77doorway*gooʔu-ga
78seat, stool*ikka-ga
79mat*kɨga-
80hammock*gaaiba
81bed*kɨga-
82cooking pot*giri-ʔʤu
83cultivated clearing*gaikkuʔai
84village*kuumii
85path, trail*hɨɨ-
86fish net*ʦ()nɨkuʔu
87fish hook*piikkɨ-gai
88steel axe*hɨgaa-he
89knife*n()ʦ()-ga-
90canoe*meeno
91paddle*buʔdu-ga
92club*gai-ʔuɨ
93spear*aamɨ-
94bow*tɨɨbu-ga
95arrow*tɨɨbu-
96blowgun*gitʦɨ-hɨ
99puma*tɨpai-ʔuu()
100armadillo*gooɨ
101dog*ʔuuʔi
102red deer*niiβɨ-gai
103bat*kikiih()
104otter*ʦukku
105cebus, monkey*kɨʔʤiba
107spider monkey*kɨɨmɨ
109anteater*heehɨ, *tuuʔhe
110paca*takkɨ
111crocodile*niʔba, *m()ʔduba
112iguana*maaina-ʔu
115collared peccary*mooni
116white-lipped peccary*paapaiba
117agouti*pattɨ
118rat*giʔpo
119cat*miiʧii
120mouse*giʔpo
121tail*bu
122snake*hiinimo
123anaconda, water boa*buua, *iigai-
124rattlesnake*taakaʔo
125coral snake*ʧiraagai
126toad*hakuga, ()ɨɨriʔi, nihaga, mɨɨʔmeba, haakkɨba
128hummingbird*paaibe
129macaw*heeβaa, *in()ʔai
130toucan*nɨgo
133buzzard*ainɨ
134curassow*kɨga-
136guan*peeka-he
137hen*ka()a()a
139piranha*gaikku-he, *nitta
142flea*hɨɨku-ga
143louse*gaaini-ʔu
144mosquito*gaaihɨ
145termite*maʔarɨ
146ant*piimo
147spider*paaga-
148jigger (Tunga penetrans)*niipahe
149bush*bahɨ
150open grassland*namettɨhe, *ʦukkum()he
151hill*gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ
152tree*ɨmo-ʔo
153leaf*aame
154tree leaf*-ʔaame
158root*ba(i)(k)ko-
159seed*batʦu-
160stickɨmoo-ʔi
161grass*ʦukkume-he
163cassava (bread)*máaʔu
165tobacco*baino
166cotton*haʔdi
167gourd*duutu
168yam*kɨnii-
170annatto*nooba-ba
171chili pepper*dee-ʔuɨ
172coca*hiibii-
173banisterium[5]*bakko
174plantain*ɨhe-
175chonta palm*moomo
179salt*ɨmo
180chicha (of peach palm fruits)*moomo-ba
181one*ʦaa-no
182two*mi-no-kɨ
185five*sa-ʔutʦe
191first*ttɨkkonɨ
192last*niiʔnoo-
194drum*kɨɨmɨ-ba
196ear ornament*nɨhɨ-ga
197mask*maaʔnii
198medicine man*taabu-mɨnaa-ppi
199chief*aiβohɨɨ-bo
200I*uu
201thou*ɨɨ
202he*aanɨɨ, *dii-bo
203she*aaimoo, *dii-go
204it*haa-no
205we*mɨɨʔai
206ye*amɨɨai
207they*dii-to
208my hand*tai-ʔutʦe
209thy hand*dii-ʔutʦe
210his hand*dii-bo-ʔutʦe
211our hands*mo-ʔutʦe-no
212your hands*amɨɨʔai ʔutʦe-no
213their hands*diito ʔutʦe-no
214my bow*tai-tɨɨbu-ga
215thy bow*dii-tɨɨbu-ga
216his bow*dii-bo tɨɨbu-ga
217our bow*mo-tɨɨbu-ga
218your bow*amɨɨʔai tɨɨbu-ga
219their bow*dii-to tɨɨbu-ga
220big*mita-no, *giraa
221small*nume-
222cold*ʦɨɨku
223hot*aiguukku
224good*imi
225bad*imi-tɨ-no
226white*ʦeʦee
227black*kɨβo-
228go!*di-po
229come!*di-ʦaa
230eat!*matʧu
231drink!*d-aduu
232sleep!*kɨga
234front teeth, incisors*iiʔgai-noo
235tip of tongue*nehe-()-nih()kk()
236long hair*niiga
240lower arm*nokkɨ-
241wrist*ʔutʦe-kkohe
242lower leg*takki-
243body hair*iʔhee-no
244stomach*iiʔba
245intestines*iiʔba
246old woman*koomo-go
249corn field*gaikkuʔai, *-pagi
250stream*too-ʔi
251pebbles*n()gai-ɨʔai
253path*hɨɨ()ai
255shelter*nɨɨh()-ga
256this*hi-
257that*hoʔ-
258who*mɨ-, *ka-
260not*ʦaʔa, *-tɨ
261all*pa-no
262many*mita-
263long*kaamo-
264bark*-meeʔu
265flesh*ʔookuu, *duu
266blood*tɨɨ-
267grease*dɨɨrɨ-ba
268egg*iiʔɨ
269horn*-ttu
270feather*i-hee-no
271claw*ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu
272belly*iiʔba
273liver*iʔganoo
274drink*adu
275eat (non meat)*matʧu
276bite*eeʔdu-
277see*aittɨme
278hear*goobu-
279know*gaaha
280sleep*kɨga
281die*gihe-βo
282kill*gɨhe-βo-ʦu
283swim*itʦi
284fly*gaʔpo
285walk*ɨgo, *poo
286come*ʦaa-
290give*akkɨ
291say*hɨɨb()go, *noo
293mountain*gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ
294red*tɨ-ppai-no
295green*aittɨβa
296yellow*gi()
297full*gaʔpo
298new*boʔ-no
301name*momo
302how*mɨʔ()ɨ
305here*hi-noo-ri
306there*oo-no
307other*ʦi-ppi
309fog*tʦu-
310flow*niiβa
311sea*muuai
312wet*peepai-no, *maa-
313wash*nittɨ-
314worm*hɨʔba
316fur*iʔhe-
318saliva*hɨɨ-
319milk*mɨppaino-ppai()u
320with*-ma
321in*paino
322at*-βɨ
323if*-ʔatʧiihɨ
327child*ʦee-mo-no
328dark*kɨβo-
330wide*kare-
331narrow*iihe
334thick*peeme
335thin*ɨtʦi-, aini-
336short*baaʔr()-no
338dull*ʦɨɨʔhe-βa-tɨ-no
339sharp*ʦɨɨhe-βa
340dirty*hiinɨ-βa-, beeβa-
341rotten*tuukɨ-
342smooth*p()rɨɨkɨ-, *mooβa-
343straight*ʦa-tɨkko-βo
344correct*m()aa-
345left*nani-
346right*()m()a-
347old*ʦɨk()-, *koomo-
349pull*giiɨkɨ
351throw*piku
352hit*iʤaaju
353split*ga()er()-
354pierce*kapaitɨ-ɨ()ɨ-nɨ
355dig*ʦooʔdi
356tie*ʦitʦɨ, *duʔhe-nɨ
358fall*aak()()o-
359swell*huuri-
360think*etʦam()i-
361sing*matʦi-βa
362smell*hɨgikk(), *utʦu
365blow*ebaʦu-, buuʦu-
366fear*igi
367squeeze*aamɨ-ʦu
368hold*ikka
369down*giino, baa-ri
370up*kamo
371ripe*naamo-
372dust*-giihɨ
373alive*buʔee-
374rope*gaaiba-ɨ
375year*pi(k)kaba
378diminutive*-g()ɨ
379big river*muuai
380longhouse*baa-(ʔ)o-ha
382stone axe*hɨgaa-he
383machete*n()ʦ()ga
384deer*hiibai
385macaw (blue)*in()ʔai
386ant (conga)*tɨɨp()-megai
387bitter manioc (plant)*peeka
388push?*ká()()()ʔaaku
389find*áittɨme
390get ill*dɨʔkɨ
391squeeze manioc dough*gáirɨɨʔaiɲɨ
392germinate*ííno
394scream*kóóβádííkku, *gái()a
395keep*toomo-
398make*móónɨ
401cry*taa
402order, command*gáʤúu, *táhɨɨʔba
403get wet*máa-, *péépai-
406manicuera, manioc*paikuumɨɨ
407be born*pííβo
408urinate*níppai
410fart*nobú
412ask*díʤu
413taste*nɨtʦu
414stay*pítá()
417want*ím()-go-, gáihɨ-, káβa-
418grate*kaʦu
426alone*i()-ro
427dream*tɨga
429sweat*tugaa
431be hungryáih()ba
434itch*áhé
435roast*garééku, ʦúʔkúʦu-
437bring*ʦ()βa
440pay a visit*ba
441grassland*namettɨhe
442yesterday*ííhɨ
444inside*paino
445soft, tender*paiβoo
446happy*im()
447bitter*paapai
448fast*góóβá
450blind*ái()ɨme-tɨ
451dock, port*mɨkku
454face*ɨme
456basket*hɨβiiba
458foam?*hɨ()aʔʦ()
461middle*pééno
462thorn*hanoo-tto
463tall*káamo
464palm, Oenocarpus bataua*kúume
465medicine*táábú
467later on*buun()
468a lot*giraa-
469behind*dóhɨku
471full*gaʔpo
474peanuts*máʦakka
475yard, court (of maloca)*g()-ʔátʦ()
476crested oropendola*héékkɨ
477manioc starch drink*kaʔgɨnɨku
478arrive*gátʦe-
479oil*dɨɨrɨ-ba-
482sifter*níttɨ-ba
484spicy*áiβo
489dancing festival*hɨɨbaimo
491manioc squeezer*gádameeʔu
492mirror*méékɨme
494son*ʔatʧi
495we two*mɨʦi, *mɨpe
496you two*amɨʦi, *amɨpe
497they two (m.)*dii-t()-ʦi
498they two (f.)*dii-t()-pe
499her*i-
500eat meat*duu
501weave*nɨɨ
502lick*neheʔku
503healing blow*hɨbu
504downriver*aam()hɨ
506wake up*aikko
507fireplace*kɨɨhɨgai
508sieve*níttɨba
509dancing beam*ʤari-ga
510caimito fruit (Pouteria caimito)*mɨʦééʦe
511palm, Socratea exorrhiza*háaʤa
512leaves that produce black color*kaatɨ
513peach palm (Bactris gasipaes)*moomo
514Cecropia sp.*taaβi-ʔo
515macambo fruit (Theobroma bicolor)*haaʔo
518Inga edulis*tɨɨʦi-ʔo
519ceramic saucepan*hɨgo-ba
520uvilla fruit (Pourouma cecropiaefolia)*báaku
521rifle*áinɨ-hɨ
522palm, Astrocaryum chambira*nehe
523umarí fruit (Poraqueiba sericea)*niimɨ
525edible ant*m()níiko
526avocado (Persea americana)*kúúhɨ
527edible larvae*áppai-ku
529grater*kaʦu
530miriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa)*íno-ʔo
532pillars (of roundhouse)*-ʔakkɨ
533Lepidocaryum tenue palm (for thatching roofs)*háhe
534eat fruit*geen()
535chew coca*dooikkɨ
536feces*namo
539drown*mákká-nɨ
541pull out*gáihúkku
542get scared*ígi
543shame*n()kúppé-go-
544dance*gaʔʦe
547hunt*taaβa
549cook*tɨ
550catch*ɨkkɨ
551tell, narrate*hɨɨb()go
553cut*βɨrɨ
554shoot*ainɨ
556get drunk*gírííká-βo-
557woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha)*kɨmɨ
558sweet*naamo
560masculine (suffix)*-bo
562conjure*apiiʧu, *ʤɨɨ()a-nɨ

References

  1. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  3. Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
  4. Seifart, Frank, & Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2015). Proto Bora-Muinane. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 279 - 311. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642303
  5. Banisterium. Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications.

Bibliography

  • Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016). Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Thiesen, W.; Thiesen, E. (1998). Diccionario: Bora - Castellano, Castellano - Bora. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 46). Pucallpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Walton, J. W.; Walton, J. P.; Pakky de Buenaventura, C. (1997). Diccionario bilingüe muinane-español, español-muinane. Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo.
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