List of Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Siberia. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 170 million people.

Turkic languages by subfamily

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1][2]

Relative numbers of speakers of Turkic languages (2007)
NumberBranchLanguagesStatusNative SpeakersMajorityMain Writing System
1 Oghuz languages8Normal108,000,000 TurkeyLatin
2 Karluk languages4Normal38,000,000 UzbekistanLatin
3 Kipchak languages12Normal31,300,000 KazakhstanLatin
4 Siberian Turkic languages9Vulnerable800,000 RussiaCyrillic
5 Arghu Turkic language1Vulnerable20,000 IranPerso-Arabic
6 Oghur languages1Vulnerable1,200,000 RussiaCyrillic
Total Turkic languages35Normal179,000,000 TurkeyLatin

Turkic languages by native speakers
Further information: Lists of endangered languages, List of endangered languages in Russia, and List of endangered languages in China

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 [3] documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1] [2]

NumberNameBranchStatusNative SpeakersMain CountryMain Writing System
1 Turkish languageOghuz languagesNormal76,000,000 TurkeyLatin
2 Uzbek languageKarluk languagesNormal27,000,000 UzbekistanLatin
3 Azerbaijani languageOghuz languagesNormal23,000,000 AzerbaijanLatin
4 Kazakh languageKipchak languagesNormal14,000,000 KazakhstanLatin
5 Uyghur languageKarluk languagesNormal11,000,000 ChinaPerso-Arabic
6 Turkmen languageOghuz languagesNormal7,000,000 TurkmenistanLatin
7 Tatar languageKipchak languagesNormal5,500,000 RussiaCyrillic
8 Kyrgyz languageKipchak languagesNormal5,000,000 KyrgyzstanCyrillic
9 Bashkir languageKipchak languagesVulnerable1,500,000 RussiaCyrillic
10 Chuvash languageOghur languagesVulnerable1,200,000 RussiaCyrillic
11 Qashqai languageOghuz languagesNormal1,000,000 IranPerso-Arabic
12 Khorasani Turkic languageOghuz languagesVulnerable1,000,000 IranPerso-Arabic
13 Karakalpak languageKipchak languagesNormal650,000 UzbekistanLatin
14 Crimean Tatar languageKipchak languagesSeverely endangered600,000 UkraineLatin
15 Kumyk languageKipchak languagesVulnerable450,000 RussiaCyrillic
16 Karachay-Balkar languageKipchak languagesVulnerable400,000 RussiaCyrillic
17 Yakut languageSiberian Turkic languagesVulnerable400,000 RussiaCyrillic
18 Tuvan languageSiberian Turkic languagesVulnerable300,000 RussiaCyrillic
19 Urum languageOghuz languagesDefinitely endangered200,000 UkraineCyrillic
20 Gagauz languageOghuz languagesCritically endangered150,000 MoldovaLatin
21 Siberian Tatar languageKipchak languagesDefinitely endangered100,000 RussiaCyrillic
22 Nogai languageKipchak languagesDefinitely endangered100,000 RussiaCyrillic
23 Salar languageOghuz languagesVulnerable70,000 ChinaLatin
24 Altai languageSiberian Turkic languagesSeverely endangered60,000 RussiaCyrillic
25 Khakas languageSiberian Turkic languagesDefinitely endangered50,000 RussiaCyrillic
26 Khalaj languageArghu Turkic languageVulnerable20,000 IranPerso-Arabic
27 Äynu languageKarluk languagesCritically endangered6,000 ChinaPerso-Arabic
28 Western Yugur languageSiberian Turkic languagesSeverely endangered5,000 ChinaLatin
29 Shor languageSiberian Turkic languagesSeverely endangered3,000 RussiaCyrillic
30 Dolgan languageSiberian Turkic languagesDefinitely endangered1,000 RussiaCyrillic
31 Krymchak languageKipchak languagesCritically endangered200 IsraelHebrew
32 Ili Turki languageKarluk languagesSeverely endangered100 ChinaCyrillic
33 Tofa languageSiberian Turkic languagesCritically endangered100 RussiaCyrillic
34 Karaim languageKipchak languagesCritically endangered100 UkraineCyrillic
35 Chulym languageSiberian Turkic languagesCritically endangered50 RussiaCyrillic
Total Turkic languagesCommon Turkic languagesNormal179,000,000 TurkeyLatin

Endangered Turkic languages
Main articles: Endangered language and Lists of endangered languages

An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language".

25 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[4][5]

Number Name Status Speakers Main Country
1 Bashkir languageVulnerable1,500,000 Russia
2 Chuvash languageVulnerable1,200,000 Russia
3 Khorasani Turkic languageVulnerable1,000,000 Iran
4 Crimean Tatar languageSeverely endangered600,000 Ukraine
5 Kumyk languageVulnerable450,000 Russia
6 Yakut languageVulnerable400,000 Russia
7 Karachay-Balkar languageVulnerable400,000 Russia
8 Tuvan languageVulnerable300,000 Russia
9 Urum languageDefinitely endangered200,000 Ukraine
10 Gagauz languageCritically endangered150,000 Moldova
11 Siberian Tatar languageDefinitely endangered100,000 Russia
12 Nogai languageDefinitely endangered100,000 Russia
13 Salar languageVulnerable70,000 China
14 Altai languageSeverely endangered60,000 Russia
15 Khakas languageDefinitely endangered50,000 Russia
16 Khalaj languageVulnerable20,000 Iran
17 Äynu languageCritically endangered6,000 China
18 Western Yugur languageSeverely endangered5,000 China
19 Shor languageSeverely endangered3,000 Russia
20 Dolgan languageDefinitely endangered1,000 Russia
21 Krymchak languageCritically endangered200 Israel
22 Tofa languageCritically endangered100 Russia
23 Karaim languageCritically endangered100 Ukraine
24 Ili Turki languageSeverely endangered100 China
25 Chulym languageCritically endangered50 Russia

Extinct Turkic languages
Number Name Time of Extinct
- Proto TurkicReconstructed language
1 Old Turkic8th century
2 Old Anatolian Turkish11th century
3 Pecheneg12th century
4 Orkhon Turkic13th century
5 Khazar13th century
6 Old Uyghur14th century
7 Khorezmian14th century
8 Bulgar14th century
9 Middle Turkic15th century
10 Kipchak17th century
11 Cuman1770
12 Old Tatar19th century
13 Fergana Kipchak1920s
14 Chagatai1921
15 Ottoman Turkish1928
16 Fuyu Girgis20th century
17 Dukhan21st century
18 Salchuq2013

Famous Turkic Dialects
Main article: Turkish dialects
Number Dialect Main Language
1 Rumelian dialectTurkish language
2 Cypriot dialectTurkish language
3 Afshar dialectAzerbaijani language
4 Sonqori dialectAzerbaijani language
5 Lop dialectUyghur language
6 Baraba dialectSiberian Tatar language

Hypothetical ancestors

Hypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages

Ancestral
Geographical distribution of the Turkic languages. Dark Blue: Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian Turkic languages); Green: Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk languages); Orange: Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak languages); Red: Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz languages); Purple: Oghur languages

Common Turkic (Shaz Turkic / Z Turkic)
Karluk languages. Green: East Karluk; Red: West Karluk
Orange: South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian); Red: North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian); Green: West Kipchak (Ponto-Caspian)
Orange: East Oghuz; Green; Azerbaijani; Red: Turkish; Purple: Gagauz; Light Blue: Qashqai; Greenish Blue: Salar

Oghur (Lir Turkic / R Turkic)
  • Proto-Oghur
    • Bulgar/Bolgar (extinct) (had a Uralic substrate)
      • Volga Bulgar (extinct)
      • Danube Bulgar (extinct in the 10th c. AD assimilated by the Slavic language of the Seven Slavic Tribes, that was close to Old Church Slavonic, but they chose the name Bulgarian as an ethnonym and also for their language because of the origins of much of their ruling class or political elite that was Turkic)
    • Khazar (extinct) (the language of the Khazars)

Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families

  • Hunnic / Xiongnu (?)
    • Hunnic / Hunnish - the language or languages of the Huns (there are several hypotheses about their language)
    • Xiongnu - the language or languages of the Xiongnu (may be the same as the Hunnic language, a closely related one, or not related at all) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Keraite - the language or languages of the Keraites (in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Qarai Turks, the Kerey Kazakh group of the middle zhuz Argyns, the Kireis, a group of the Kyrgyz and many Torghut may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Old Naiman - the language or languages of the old Naimans (in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
  • Pannonian Avar - the language or languages of the Pannonian Avars (there are several hypotheses about their language)

Possible Mixed Turkic-Iranian language

See also

References
  1. https://www.ethnologue.com/
  2. https://glottolog.org/
  3. Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (In Russian)
  4. "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
  5. "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
  • Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (in Russian)
  • Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (in Russian)
  • Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (in Russian)
  • Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
  • Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
  • Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.
  • Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
  • Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
  • Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
  • Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
  • Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
  • Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
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