List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior

For these mammals, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sexual behavior, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting.

Giraffes in Kenya; giraffes have been called "especially gay" for often engaging in male-male sexual behavior more than male-female (heterosexual) sex.[1][2]

Bruce Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not officially observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people, which made homosexuality in animals a taboo subject.[3][4] He devotes three chapters; Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife, Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality, and Not For Breeding Only in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities.[5] Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[4]

Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[3][6] Homosexuality in animals is controversial with some social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.[7][8] On the other hand, social liberals and many gay people believe homosexuality is natural, and therefore find the existence of homosexual sex in animals unsurprising. Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. Modern research[9][10][11][12] applies the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

This a list of some mammals that had been recorded engaging in homosexual behavior, which is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including birds, insects, fish, etc.

Selected images

List

See also

References

  1. Kick (2001)
  2. Imaginova (2007f)
  3. Bagemihl (1999)
  4. News-medical.net (2006)
  5. Bagemihl (1999) page 213
  6. Harrold (1999)
  7. Solimeo (2004)
  8. Solimeo (2004b)
  9. Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
  10. Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
  11. Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
  12. Sommer & Vasey (2006)
  13. Bagemihl (1999) page 316
  14. Imaginova (2007e)
  15. Forger (6 December 1998), Volume 375, Issue 2, Pages 333 – 343
  16. Forger (1998)
  17. Holekamp (2003)
  18. Wilson (Sexing the Hyena)
  19. Bagemihl (1999) page 339
  20. Imaginova (2007h)
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  22. Bagemihl (1999) page 427
  23. Bagemihl (1999) page 449
  24. Imaginova (2007b)
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  32. Bagemihl (1999) page 441
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  76. Bagemihl (1999) page 430
  77. Bagemihl (1999) page 422-425
  78. Feige, Stacey, et al. "Heterosexual and homosexual behaviour and vocalisations in captive female koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103.1-2 (2007): 131-145.
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  80. Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401
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  82. Bagemihl (1999) pages 302–305.
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  85. Schaller, (1972)
  86. Srivastav (2001)
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  90. Jia, Z. Y., et al. "Effects of number of homosexual partners on copulating date in female captive masked palm civets (Paguma larvata), and fluctuation of urine estrogen during breeding season." Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2002): 610-616.
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  92. Bagemihl (1999) pages 387–390
  93. Bagemihl (1999) pages 418–421
  94. Bagemihl (1999) pages 663, 693, 714
  95. Bagemihl (1999) pages 410–413
  96. Bagemihl (1999) page 472
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  98. Bagemihl (1999) pages 284–288
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  102. Bagemihl (1999) page 418-421
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  104. Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–401
  105. Bagemihl (1999) page 451
  106. Bagemihl (1999) page 81
  107. Bagemihl (1999) page 440
  108. Bagemihl (1999) pages 437–441
  109. Bagemihl (1999) pages 453–455
  110. Bagemihl (1999) pages 364–365
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  112. Bagemihl (1999) pages 289–292
  113. Pengzhen Huang; Xin He; Endi Zhang; Min Chen (2017). "Do same-sex mounts function as dominance assertion in male golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)?". Am J Primatol. 79 (5): e22636. doi:10.1002/ajp.22636. PMID 28103402. S2CID 3875410.
  114. Laura Busia; et al. (2018). "Homosexual Behavior Between Male Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)" (PDF). Arch Sex Behav. 47 (4): 857–861. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1177-8. PMID 29536259. S2CID 3855790.
  115. Bagemihl (1999) pages 330–335
  116. Bagemihl (1999) page 459
  117. Jiang, T., Li, J., Sheeran, L. K., Zhu, Y., Sun, B., Xia, D., & Wang, X. (2013). "Homosexual mounting in wild male Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China" (PDF). Life Science Journal. 10 (1).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  118. Sommer (2006)
  119. Bagemihl (1999) page 340
  120. Bagemihl (1999) pages 405–409
  121. Bagemihl (1999) pages 366–368
  122. Bagemihl (1999) pages 425–426
  123. Bagemihl (1999) pages 370–374
  124. Imaginova (2007g)
  125. Bagemihl (1999) page 231
  126. Bagemihl (1999) page 421
  127. Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–400
  128. Bagemihl (1999) pages 374–377
  129. Bagemihl (1999) pages 288–290
  130. Bagemihl (1999) page 424
  131. Poiani (2010) page 50


See also

Bibliography

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