Sakmarian
In the geologic timescale, the Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Sakmarian lasted between 295 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.[2]
| Sakmarian | |
|---|---|
| 293.52 ± 0.17 – 290.1 ± 0.26 Ma | |
| Chronology | |
Key events in the Permian -300 — – -295 — – -290 — – -285 — – -280 — – -275 — – -270 — – -265 — – -260 — – -255 — – -250 — An approximate timescale of key Permian events. Axis scale: millions of years ago. | |
| Etymology | |
| Name formality | Formal |
| Usage information | |
| Celestial body | Earth |
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) |
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale |
| Definition | |
| Chronological unit | Age |
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage |
| Time span formality | Formal |
| Lower boundary definition | FAD of the Conodont Mesogondolella monstra |
| Lower boundary GSSP | Usolka section, Southern Ural mountains, Russia. (Coordinates unknown) |
| GSSP ratified | 2018[1] |
| Upper boundary definition | Not formally defined |
| Upper boundary definition candidates | FAD of the Conodont Sweetognathus whitei |
| Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s) | Southern Ural mountains |
Stratigraphy
The Sakmarian stage is named after the Sakmara River in the Ural Mountains, a tributary to the Ural River. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Alexander Karpinsky in 1874. In Russian stratigraphy, it originally formed a substage of the Artinskian stage. Currently, the ICS uses it as an independent stage in its international geologic timescale.
The base of the Sakmarian stage is laid with the first appearance of conodont species Streptognathodus postfusus in the fossil record. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been appointed. The top of the Sakmarian (the base of the Artinskian) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Sweetognathus whitei and Mesogondolella bisselli first appear.
Sakmarian life
Cartilaginous fishes
| Chondrichthyes of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | Germany | An acanthodian |
| |
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | Germany | A xenacanthidan elasmobranch | ||
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | Germany | A xenacanthidan elasmobranch | ||
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | Germany | A xenacanthidan elasmobranch | ||
Ray-finned fishes
| Actinopterygii of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | Czech Republic, France | An aeduellid non-neopterygian |
| |
| Cisuralian | Czech Republic | An amblypterid non-neopterygian | ||
| Cisuralian | Czech Republic, France | An amblypterid non-neopterygian | ||
Lungfishes
| Dipnoi of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Permian to Early Triassic | United States | A gnathorhizid dipnoan |
| |
†Osteolepiforms
| Osteolepiformes of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Cisuralian | North America | A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph |
| |
|
Cisuralian | Germany | A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph | |
†Temnospondyls
| Temnospondyli of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Kansas | A genus of dvinosaurian temnospondyl within the family Eobrachyopidae. |
| ||
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | Germany | A temnospondyl | ||
|
Asselian-Sakmarian | Germany | A species of temnospondyl in the family Eryopidae. | |
| Cisuralian | Texas | A temnospondyl of uncertain affinities. | ||
| Carboniferous to Cisuralian | United States | A temnospondyl | ||
| Abo Formation, New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas | A temnospondyl | |||
| Cisuralian | Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States | A zatracheidid | ||
†Lepospondyls
| Lepospondyli of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| North America | A diplocaulid "nectridean". | |||
†Seymouriamorphs
| Seymouriamorpha of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Boskovice Furrow, Czech Republic | A reptiliomorph |
| ||
†Diadectomorphs
| Diadectomorpha of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Cisuralian | North America | A reptiliomorph |
| |
| Cisuralian | North America | A reptiliomorph | ||
†Procolophonomorphs
| Procolophonomorpha of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Cisuralian | Europe | A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile |
| |
| Cisuralian | North America and North Asia | A genus of lizard-shaped parareptile | ||
Eureptilians
| Eureptilia of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Richards Spur, Oklahoma, USA | A captorhinid reptile. |
| ||
| Cisuralian | USA | A captorhinid reptile | ||
| Richards Spur, Oklahoma, USA | A very basal neodiapsid reptile. | |||
| Cisuralian | Texas, USA | A captorhinid reptile | ||
| Cisuralian | Texas, USA | A captorhinid reptile | ||
|
Cisuralian | Texas, USA | A captorhinid reptile | |
Synapsids
| Synapsids of the Sakmarian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxa | Presence | Location | Description | Images |
| Cisuralian | United States | A varanopid |
| |
| Cisuralian | Germany | A varanopid | ||
| Sakmarian-Kungurian | Greene Formation, Ohio; Belle Plains Formation, Texas; Cutler Formation, Utah, all in the USA | A sphenacodontid | ||
| locality 3, Cutler Formation, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA | A sphenacodontid | |||
| Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian | United States | An edaphosaurid | ||
| Cisuralian | United States | An edaphosaurid | ||
| Kasimovian-Kungurian |
Kenilworth, Kenilworth Sandstone Formation, Warwickshire Group, Warwickshire, England; Autun, France, Cutler Formation, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort Riley, Chase Group, Kansas, Greene Formation, Dunkard Group, Ohio; Wellington Formation, Oklahoma; Clyde Formation, Texas and Oklahoma; Admiral Formation; Belle-Plains Formation; Wichita Group; Putnam Formation, all four in Texas, |
An ophiacodontid | ||
| Niederhäslich locality, Dresden, Niederhäslich Limestone Member, Niederhäslich Formation, Rotliegend Group, Döhlen Basin, Saxony, Germany | A sphenacodontid | |||
| Gzhelian-Artinskian | New Mexico; Utah-Arizona border region, USA; possibly England | The English specimen known as S?. brittanicus) is now generally classified as Sphenacodontidae incertae sedis separate from the other Sphenacodon species so may need reassigning. | ||
References
- Shen, Shuzhong (August 2018). "Notes from the SPS Chair" (PDF). Permophile: 4. ISSN 1684-5927. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
External links
- GeoWhen Database - Sakmarian
- Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS