Changhsingian

Changhsingian
	254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
	Key events in the Permian -300 — – -295 — – -290 — – -285 — – -280 — – -275 — – -270 — – -265 — – -260 — – -255 — – -250 — P; a; l; e; o; z; o; i; c M; Z C P; e; r; m; i; a; n T P L; P C; i; s; u; r; a; l; i; a; n G; u; a; d; a; l; u; p. L; o; p; i; n. E; T Gzhelian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's Extinction An approximate timescale of key Permian events.; Axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1981
Alternate spelling(s)	Changxingian
Usage Information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional Usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower boundary GSSP	FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi; 31.0819°N 119.7064°E
GSSP ratified	2005[1]
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSP	Meishan, Zhejiang, China; 31.0798°N 119.7058°E
GSSP ratified	2001[2]

In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and followed by the Induan.[3]

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age. The extinction rate peaked about a million years before the end of this stage.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxīng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.[4] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[5][6] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[7]

The base of the Changhsingian stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing.[7] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan stage and the Triassic system is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.

The Changhsingian stage contains only one ammonite biozone: that of the genus Iranites.

Palaeontology

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.[8] The world after the extinction was almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Ammonites, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for 30 million years.[8]

Changhsingian Life

†Ammonoids

†Ammonoidea of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Araxoceras		Iran, Japan, China	An araxoceratid ammonoid	Araxoceras latissimum

Actinopterygians

Actinopterygii of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Archaeolepidotus	Lopingian	Italy	A neopterygian	Bobasatrania Ebenaqua
Bobasatrania	Lopingian to Middle Triassic	Italy	A bobasatraniid non-neopterygian
Ebenaqua	Lopingian	Australia	A bobasatraniid non-neopterygian
Eosaurichthys	Lopingian	China	A saurichthyid non-neopterygian
Varialepis	Permian	Russia	A palaeonisciform non-neopterygian with long pelvic fins

Coelacanths

Actinistia of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Changxingia	Lopingian	China
Youngichthys	Lopingian	China

Lungfishes

Dipnoi of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Gnathorhiza	Permian to Early Triassic	Russia	A gnathorhizid dipnoan	Gnathorhiza

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Arachana		Buena Vista Formation, Norte Basin, Uruguay	A genus of temnospondyl amphibian. Arachana was a basal member of Stereospondyli that shared traits with more derived stereospondyl taxa like Lydekkerinidae and especially Rhinesuchidae. Its transitional features place it as part of an entire transitional fauna that existed around the Permo-Triassic boundary.	Intasuchus Nigerpeton Saharastega Uranocentrodon
Intasuchus		Inta Formation, Russia	Intasuchus was a genus of temnospondyl amphibian, possibly an archegosauroid.
Nigerpeton		Moradi Formation, Niger	A genus of edopoid temnospondyl within the family Cochleosauridae.
Saharastega		Moradi Formation, Niger	A genus of basal temnospondyl.
Uranocentrodon	Lopingian	Normandien Formation, South Africa	A rhinesuchid stereospondyl.

†Chroniosuchians

Chroniosuchia of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Bystrowiana	Lopingian to Early Triassic	Russia, China	A reptiliomorph	Bystrowiana Chroniosuchus Uralerpeton
Chroniosuchus	Lopingian	Russia	A reptiliomorph
Uralerpeton	Lopingian	Russia	A reptiliomorph

†Seymouriamorphs

Seymouriamorpha of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Kotlassia	Lopingian	Russia	A seymouriamorph reptiliomorph	Kotlassia

†Millerosaurs

Millerosauria of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Milleretta	Lopingian	South Africa	A parareptile	Milleretta Millerosaurus
Milleropsis	Lopingian	South Africa	A parareptile
Millerosaurus	Lopingian	South Africa	A parareptile

†Procolophonomorphs

Procolophonomorpha of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Bunostegos	Lopingian	Niger	A pareiasaurid parareptile	Bunostegos Elginia Procolophon Scutosaurus
Elginia	Lopingian	Scotland	A pareiasaurid parareptile
Owenetta	Lopingian to Early Triassic	South Africa	An owenettid parareptile
Procolophon	Lopingian to Early Triassic	South Africa, Brazil, Antarctica	A procolophonid parareptile
Scutosaurus	Lopingian	Russia	A pareiasaurid parareptile

Diapsids

Diapsida of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Claudiosaurus	Lopingian to Early Triassic	Madagascar	An aquatic claudiosaurid reptile	Claudiosaurus Hovasaurus Thadeosaurus
Hovasaurus	Lopingian to Early Triassic	Madagascar	An aquatic tangasaurid younginiform reptile
Thadeosaurus	Lopingian to Early Triassic	Madagascar	An aquatic younginid younginiform reptile
Tangasaurus	Lopingian	Madagascar	An aquatic tangasaurid younginiform reptile
Youngina	Lopingian	Madagascar	An aquatic younginid younginiform reptile

Therapsids

Therapsida of the Changhsingian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Burnetia	Lopingian	South Africa	A biarmosuchian therapsid	Burnetia Dicynodon Geikia Inostrancevia Lystrosaurus Vivaxosaurus
Colobodectes	Lopingian	South Africa	A basal dicynodont therapsid
Daptocephalus	Lopingian	South Africa	A dicynodontid therapsid
Dicynodon	Lopingian	South Africa	A dicynodontid therapsid
Dinanomodon	Lopingian	South Africa	A dicynodontid therapsid
Geikia	Lopingian	Scotland	A dicynodontid therapsid
Gordonia	Lopingian	Scotland	A dicynodontid therapsid
Inostrancevia	Lopingian	Russia	A gorgonopsian therapsid
Lystrosaurus	Lopingian to Early Triassic	South Africa	A dicynodontid therapsid
Vivaxosaurus	Lopingian	Russia	A dicynodontid therapsid

References

Jin, Yugan; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Wardlaw, Bruce; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)". Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24: 102–114. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
Grabau, A.W.; 1923: Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower, Geological Survey of China, 529 pp.
Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1970: Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan, in: Kummel, B. & Teichert, G. (eds.): Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan, Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication 4, pp 158–176.
Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1973: Permian stages names, in: Logan, A. & Hills, L.V.: The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2, pp 522–548.
Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S. & Cao, C.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) Episodes 29(3), p. 175-182, PDF.
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Changhsingian
Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS

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[1] Jin, Yugan; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Wardlaw, Bruce; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)". Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

[2] Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24: 102–114. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

[3] Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press

[4] Grabau, A.W.; 1923: Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower, Geological Survey of China, 529 pp.

[5] Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1970: Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan, in: Kummel, B. & Teichert, G. (eds.): Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan, Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication 4, pp 158–176.

[6] Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1973: Permian stages names, in: Logan, A. & Hills, L.V.: The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2, pp 522–548.

[Jin-7] Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S. & Cao, C.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) Episodes 29(3), p. 175-182, PDF.

[SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-8] Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.