Lower Navarre

Lower Navarre is a collection of valleys in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The Aldudes valley, around the town of Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry in the south of Lower Navarre, preserves many old traditions, with houses of pink sandstone and contests of Force Basque, the games of strength. The Irouléguy wines are produced in the area around the town of Irouléguy.

The river Nive rises in Lower Navarre and flows through the province and on to Bayonne, where it meets the Adour. Beyond Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port itself, the Nive enters the Ossès valley, with many beautiful old houses with carved lintels in the villages of Ossès, Irissarry and Bidarray. A reserve for the pottok, the wild Basque Pyrenean pony, in the valley conserves this rare breed. The Baigura massif towers over the western valleys and sets a natural boundary with the rolling valleys of Labourd.

North of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port is the Mixe region around the town of Saint-Palais, a former Navarrese capital. Although close to Béarn, Basque influence and traditions are strong. Lower Navarrese is a dialect of the Basque language spoken in the region. Just south of Saint-Palais, the three principal routes to Santiago de Compostela on the Way of St James met at the hamlet of Ostabat, bringing much wealth and trade to the area in medieval times.

The Way of St James headed south from Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port towards the mountain pass above Roncesvalles. Pilgrims travelled across the Cize region of Lower Navarre on their way to Navarre across the mountains. In these rolling hills, ewes' milk cheese, pur brebis, is commonly made, including Ossau-Iraty cheese. Villages like Estérençuby and Lecumberry are popular for agro-tourism and the Iraty beech forest on the Spanish border is known for its views and history. Dolmens and other neolithic monuments dot the landscape, including the Tour d'Urkulu high in the mountains at 1,149m—a 2,000-year-old circular platform of huge stone blocks. Lower Navarre is well delimited by mountain ranges on the west (with Mount Iparla as its highest and most iconic landmark), south (Roncevaux, Mount Urkulu and Pyrenees altogether) and the east (bounded by the western mountains of Soule).

The lands of the Lower Navarre were part of the Duchy of Vasconia that turned into Gascony by the end of the first millennium. At the time of Sancho III of Navarre, called the Great (died in 1035), Sancho VI William of Gascony pledged allegiance to the Navarrese king, for a short period Gascony becoming suzerain to the Kingdom of Navarre, with whom it had always held close ties. Moreover, the valleys of Baigorri, Ossès, Arberoa, Cize and Arberoa were attached to the latter, so establishing the first nucleus of the Navarrese grip on the lands north of the Pyrenees. While these valleys were taken over again by Gascony for a period, the Ultrapuertos County (called Merindad in Navarre) was regained for Navarre in 1234, coming to be governed by the sheriff of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. However, the definite boundaries were not established until the 1244-1245 war between Labourdins and Navarrese came to an end.

In 1512 the Duke of Alba under orders from king Ferdinand II of Aragon led an army that invaded Navarre, seizing Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, beginning the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre. In 1516 king John III of Navarre re-captured the town, while Spain's Charles I's 10,000 strong army captured it again. Charles I's troops retained Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and its hinterland besides devastating the region, but was met with strong resistance led by local lords loyal to Henry II of Navarre. Saint-Palais remained out of Spanish reach. Eventually, the legitimate Navarrese king, stripped de facto of the rest of Navarre now under Spanish rule, restored Navarrese official institutions and bodies in the Lower Navarre, e.g. the Conseil Souverain in 1523, the Chancery in 1524, the Royal Mint a bit later in Saint-Palais (Donapaleu in Basque), etc. In 1525 a new military inroad led by the Spanish viceroy of Navarre subdued the region, and tried to earn the loyalty of the nobles, but they hung unanimously onto their allegiance to the Albrets, and both the lord of Luxa and the lord of Miossens, Esteban of Albret, reconquered the region in 1527. By 1528, the Spanish emperor Charles lost interest in conquering the Navarre across the Pyrenees, difficult to defend, in order to sign a treaty with France—the 1530 Treaty of Cambray. In 1555, Henry II of Navarre died and was succeeded by his daughter Jeanne, who ruled until her death in 1572.

During the 16th century the Albrets ruled over a wider territory (Béarn, etc.) and the seat of the Navarrese Royalty shifted to Pau, capital city of Béarn, where Henry III, the son of Jeanne d'Albret was born. Henry III respected generally the laws issued from the parliament, despite sometimes raising objections to their wordings. His son Louis XIII of France was definitely reluctant to any binding reading of the Navarrese laws, and forced more loose wordings, devoid of specific meaning in order to feel his hands free. Ultimately this led to a progressive French centralization of all relevant decisions and prerogatives during the 17 and 18th centuries.

In 1620 and 1624 respectively the House of Commons and the Justice system were merged with those of Béarn and transferred from Saint-Palais to Pau, despite protests voiced by the Navarrese representatives, who pointed to their different traditions and languages—Basque and Béarnese. The title of King of Navarre continued to be held by the lineage of the Albrets and the Bourbons up to the French Revolution, while the kingdom itself merged with France in 1620. It retained its historic personality as a kingdom and, albeit fragmented, a separate legal status. The two third estate representatives of Lower Navarre did not vote at the States-General of 1789 and its follow-up, the French National Assembly (1790), arguing that the impending new administrative arrangement was none of their business, since they did not belong in the Kingdom of France.[1] All the same, the new French administrative design did not spare Lower Navarre. It came to be integrated in the Basses-Pyrénées department along with the rest of French Basque districts, and Béarn.

The administration of the independent Kingdom of Navarre after 1512 was centralized in Saint-Palais and consisted of a handful of institutions organized in a structure generally found in the Kingdom of France.[2] By 1527 these administrations had been partially decentralized to Pau, and consisted of:

• the Governor of Navarre and Béarn
• Estates of Navarre (French: États de Navarre), in Saint-Palais
• Chancery of Navarre, in Saint-Palais
• Chambre des Comptes of Navarre, in Pau, Nérac and Vendôme
• Mint of Navarre and Béarn (French: Monnaie de Navarre et Béarn), formed by the merger Mint of Navarre in Saint-Palais, with the mints of Béarn in Pau and Morlaàs, in Béarn, by the Chambre des Comptes of Navarre, in Pau
• Conseil Souverain of Navarre and Béarn, the predecessor of the Parliament of Navarre and Béarn, in Pau
• Conseil Privé, the King's private council for Navarre and Béarn, in Pau

• Cadier, Léon (1888). "Les archives d'Aragon et de Navarre" [The Archivesof [the Kingdoms of] Aragon and Navarre.] (image/text/pdf). Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes (in French). Paris/Genève: Librairie Droz. 49 (6): 47–90. doi:10.3406/bec.1888.447523. Retrieved 22 April 2016 – via Persee.

• Esarte Muniain, Pedro (2001). Navarra, 1512-1530: Conquista, ocupación y sometimiento militar, civil y eclesiástico [Navarra, 1512-1530: conquest, occupation and military, civil and ecclesiastical enslavement.] (in Spanish). Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela argitaletxea. ISBN 978-8-4768-1825-1.

• Jaurgain, Jean de (1898). La Vasconie; étude historique et critique sur les origines du royaume de Navarre, du duché de Gascogne, des comtés de Comminges, d'Aragon, de Foix, de Bigorre, d'Alava & de Biscaye, de la vicomté de Béarn et des grands fiefs du duché de Gascogne. Première Partie [Vasconia; a historical and critical study of the origins of the Kingdom of Navarre, the Duchy of Gascony, the Counties of Comminges, Aragon, Foix, Bigorre, Alava & Biscay, the Viscounty of Béarn and great fiefs of the Duchy of Gascony. Part One.] (in French). Pau: Imprimerie Garet. ISBN 978-2-8461-8184-6. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
• Lafourcade, Prof. Maité (2003). Eusko Ikaskuntza; Société d'études basques (Saint-Sébastien, Spain) (eds.). "Les assemblées provinciales du Pays Basque Français sous l'Ancien Régime" [The provincial assemblies of the French Basque Country in the Ancient Regime.] (PDF). Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Études Basques. (in French). No. 48. Paris: Euskomedia Fundazioa. pp. 589–619. ISSN 0212-7016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

• "Les amis de la vieille Navarre: Bibliographie". Les amis de la vieille Navarre (in French). Retrieved 22 April 2016.

• Monteano, Peio J. (n.d.). La Basse-Navarre durant la conquête espagnole (1512-1529) [Lower Navarre during the Spanish Conquest (1512-1529).] (PDF) (in French). Les amis de la vieille Navarre. Retrieved 22 April 2016.

• Orpustan, Jean-Baptiste (n.d.). La Basse-Navarre dans la guerre de Navarre (1512-1530), récit historique, d'après Navarra, 1512-1530… de Pedro Esarte Muniain (Pamiela, Pamplona-Iruña 2001) [Lower Navarre in the War of Navarre (1512-1530), historical narrative, according to the book 'Navarra, 1512-1530: ...' by Pedro Esarte Muniain (Pamiela, Pamplona-Iruña 2001).] (PDF) (in French). Osses: Jean-Baptiste Orpustan. pp. 1–25. Retrieved 22 April 2016 – via Tipirena.net.