Mamata Banerjee

Mamata Banerjee (Bengali: Bengali pronunciation: [mɔmota bɔndoˈpaddʱˈae̯] (Mamata Bandhopadhyaya) born 5 January 1955[2]) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 8th and current Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011, the first woman to hold the office.She founded the All India Trinamool Congress (AITC or TMC) party in 1998 after separating from the Indian National Congress, and became its first chairperson.[3] She is often referred to as Didi (meaning elder sister in Bengali)[4][5] by her followers and as Pishi (meaning paternal aunt in Bengali)[6][7] by many of her critics.

Mamata Banerjee
8th Chief Minister of West Bengal
Assumed office
20 May 2011 (2011-05-20)
Governor
Preceded byBuddhadeb Bhattacharjee
Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
Assumed office
16 November 2011 (2011-11-16)
Preceded bySubrata Bakshi
ConstituencyBhabanipur
Chairperson of the All India Trinamool Congress
Assumed office
1 January 1998 (1998-01-01)
Preceded byOffice established
Minister of Railways
In office
22 May 2009 (2009-05-22) – 19 May 2011 (2011-05-19)
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
Preceded byLalu Prasad Yadav
Succeeded byDinesh Trivedi
In office
13 October 1999 (1999-10-13) – 15 March 2001 (2001-03-15)
Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded byRam Naik
Succeeded byNitish Kumar
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
In office
1991 (1991) – 2011 (2011)
Preceded byBiplab Dasgupta
Succeeded bySubrata Bakshi
ConstituencyKolkata Dakshin
In office
1984 (1984) – 1989 (1989)
Preceded bySomnath Chatterjee
Succeeded byMalini Bhattacharya
ConstituencyJadavpur, West Bengal
Personal details
Born (1955-01-05) 5 January 1955[1]
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
NationalityIndian
Political partyAll India Trinamool Congress
(1998 – present)
Other political
affiliations		Indian National Congress (until 1998)
Alma materUniversity of Calcutta
Signature
WebsiteAITC official

Banerjee previously served twice as Minister of Railways, the first woman to do so.[8] She is also the first female Minister of Coal, and Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Youth Affairs, Sports, Women and Child Development in the cabinet of the Indian government.[9] She rose to prominence after opposing the erstwhile land acquisition policies for industrialisation of the Communist government in West Bengal for Special Economic Zones at the cost of agriculturalists and farmers at Singur.[10] In 2011 Banerjee pulled off a landslide victory for the AITC alliance in West Bengal, defeating the 34-year-old Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front government, the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, in the process.[11][12][13]

Early life and education

Banerjee was born in Kolkata (formerly called Calcutta), West Bengal, to a Bengali Hindu family.[14][15] Her parents were Promileswar Banerjee and Gayetri Devi.[16] Banerjee's father, Promileswar died due to lack of medical treatment, when she was 17.[17]

In 1970, Banerjee completed the higher secondary board examination from Deshbandhu Sishu Sikshalay.[17] She received a Bachelor's degree in History from Jogamaya Devi College.[18][19] Later, she earned her master's degree in Islamic history[20] from the University of Calcutta. This was followed by a degree in Education from Shri Shikshayatan College and a law degree from Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata.[21] She also received an honorary doctorate from the Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar.[22] She was also honoured with a Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt.) degree by Calcutta University.[23]

Banerjee became involved with politics when she was only 15. While studying at the Jogamaya Devi College, she established Chhatra Parishad Unions, the student wing of the Congress (I) Party, defeating the All India Democratic Students Organisation affiliated with the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist).[17] She continued in the Congress (I) Party in West Bengal, serving in a variety of positions within the party and in other local political organisations.

Early political career, 1984–2011

Political career with Congress
Mamata Banerjee at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences, Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata

Banerjee began her political career in the Congress party as a young woman in the 1970s. In 1975 she gained attention in the press media when she danced on the car of socialist activist and politician Jayaprakash Narayan as a protest against him.[24][25][26] She quickly rose in the ranks of the local Congress group and remained the general secretary of Mahila Congress (Indira), West Bengal, from 1976 to 1980.[27] In the 1984 general election, Banerjee became one of India's youngest parliamentarians ever,[28] defeating veteran Communist politician Somnath Chatterjee, to win the Jadavpur parliamentary Constituency in West Bengal. She also became the general secretary of the Indian Youth Congress in 1984. She lost her seat to Malini Bhattacharya of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the 1989 general elections in an anti-Congress wave.[29] She was re-elected in the 1991 general elections, having settled into the Calcutta South constituency. She retained the Kolkata South seat in the 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004 and 2009 general elections.[30]

Banerjee was appointed the Union Minister of State for Human Resources Development, Youth Affairs and Sports, and Women and Child Development in 1991 by prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao. As the sports minister, she announced that she would resign and protested in a rally at the Brigade Parade Ground in Kolkata, against the Government's indifference towards her proposal to improve sports in the country.[31] She was discharged of her portfolios in 1993. In April 1996, she alleged that Congress was behaving as a stooge of the CPI-M in West Bengal. She claimed that she was the lone voice of reason and wanted a "clean Congress".[32]

Founding Trinamool Congress
Mamata Banerjee speaking to the elected members and party workers at Bongaon stadium after the West Bengal panchayat elections.

In 1997, due to difference in political views with the then West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee president Somendra Nath Mitra, Banerjee left the Congress Party in West Bengal and became one of the founding members of the All India Trinamool Congress, along with Mukul Roy.[33] It quickly became the primary opposition party to the long-standing Communist government in the state. On 11 December 1998, she controversially held a Samajwadi Party MP, Daroga Prasad Saroj, by the collar and dragged him out of the well of the Lok Sabha to prevent him from protesting against the Women's Reservation Bill.[34]

Railway Minister (first tenure), 1999—2000

In 1999, she joined the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government and became Railways Minister.[30] In 2000, Banerjee presented her first Railway Budget. In it, she fulfilled many of her promises to her home state West Bengal.[35] She introduced a new biweekly New Delhi-Sealdah Rajdhani Express train and four express trains connecting various parts of West Bengal, namely the Howrah-Purulia Rupasi Bangla Express, the Sealdah-New Jalpaiguri Padatik Express, the Shalimar-Adra Aranyak Express, the Sealdah-Ajmer Ananya Superfast Express, and Sealdah-Amritsar Akal Takht Superfast Express.[35] She also increased the frequency of the Pune-Howrah Azad Hind Express and extended at least three express train services. Work on the Digha-Howrah Express service was also hastened during her brief tenure.[36]

She also focused on developing tourism, enabling the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway section to obtain two additional locomotives and proposing the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited. She also commented that India should play a pivotal role in the Trans-Asian Railway and that rail links between Bangladesh and Nepal would be reintroduced. In all, she introduced 19 new trains for the 2000–2001 fiscal year.[36]

In 2000, she and Ajit Kumar Panja resigned to protest the hike in petroleum prices,[37] and then withdrew their resignations without providing any reasons.[38]

2001 West Bengal election

In early 2001, after Tehelka's exposure of Operation West End,[39] Banerjee walked out of the NDA cabinet and allied with the Congress Party for West Bengal's 2001 elections, to protest the corruption charges levelled by the website against senior ministers of the government.[40]

Minister of Coal and Mines, January 2004 – May 2004
Banerjee assumes the charge of the Minister for Coal and Mines in New Delhi on 9 January 2004

She returned to the NDA government in September of 2003 as a cabinet minister without any portfolio.[41] Along with Mamata, her party colleague Sudip Banerjee was also inducted in the Vajpayee ministry.[42] On 9 January 2004 she took charge as Ministry of Coal and Mines.[43] During her short term as the minister of coal and mines, the government disallowed sell of National Aluminium Company.[44] She held the Coal and Mines portfolios till 22 May 2004.

2004–2006 election setbacks

In Indian general election of 2004 her party aligned with the Bharatiya Janata Party, however the alliance lost the election and she was the only Trinamool Congress member to be elected from a parliamentary seat from West Bengal.[30][45] Banerjee suffered further setbacks in 2005 when her party lost control of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation and the sitting mayor Subrata Mukherjee defected from her party.[46] In 2006, the Trinamool Congress was defeated in West Bengal's Assembly Elections, losing more than half of its sitting members. On 4 August 2006, Banerjee hurled her resignation papers at the deputy speaker Charanjit Singh Atwal in Lok Sabha. She was provoked by Speaker Somnath Chatterjee's rejection of her adjournment motion on illegal infiltration by Bangladeshis in West Bengal[47][48][49] on the grounds that it was not in the proper format.[50][51]

Singur, Nandigram and other movements

On 20 October 2005, she protested against the forceful land acquisition and the atrocities perpetrated against local farmers in the name of the industrial development policy of the Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee government in West Bengal. Benny Santoso, CEO of the Indonesia-based Salim Group, had pledged a large investment in West Bengal, and the West Bengal government had given him farmland in Howrah, sparking protests. In soaking rain, Banerjee and other Trinamool Congress members stood in front of the Taj Hotel where Santoso had arrived, shut out by the police. Later, she and her supporters followed Santoso's convoy. A planned "black flag" protest was avoided, when the government had Santoso arrive three hours ahead of schedule.[52][53]

Singur protest
Main article: Singur Tata Nano controversy

In November 2006, Banerjee was forcibly stopped on her way to Singur for a rally against a proposed Tata Motors car project. Banerjee reached the West Bengal assembly and protested at the venue. She addressed a press conference at the assembly and announced a 12-hour shutdown by her party on Friday.[54] The Trinamool Congress MLAs protested by damaging furniture and microphones in the West Bengal Assembly.[54][55] A major strike was called on 14 December 2006.

Nandigram protest
Main article: Nandigram violence

The Nandigram violence was an incident in Nandigram, West Bengal occurred in 2007 where a battalion of armed police stormed the rural area in the district of Purba Medinipur with the aim of quashing protests against the West Bengal government's plans to expropriate 10,000 acres (40 km2) of land for a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to be developed by the Indonesian-based Salim Group. At least 14 villagers were shot dead and 70 more were wounded. This led to a large number of intellectuals to protest on the streets..[56][57][58]

Banerjee wrote letters to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Union Home Minister Shivraj Patil to stop what she called "state sponsored violence" promoted by CPI(M) in Nandigram. Her political activism during the movement is widely believed to be one of the contributing causes to her landslide victory in 2011.

The CBI report on the incident clearly vindicated CPI(M)'s stand that Buddhadeb did not order the police to open fire. They did so only to disperse the unlawful assembly after every other standard operating procedure had failed.[59][60]

Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal speaking at an event in London.

2009—2011 electoral progress

Before the 2009 parliamentary elections she forged an alliance with the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) led by Indian National Congress. The alliance won 26 seats. Banerjee joined the central cabinet as the railway minister (second tenure). In the 2010 Municipal Elections in West Bengal, TMC won Kolkata Municipal Corporation by a margin of 62 seats. TMC also won Bidhan Nagar Corporation by a seven-seat margin.[61] In 2011, Banerjee won a sweeping majority and assumed the position of chief minister of the state of West Bengal. Her party ended the 34-year rule of the Left Front.

Trinamool Congress performed well in the 2009 parliamentary election, winning 19 seats. Its allies in congress and SUCI also won six and one seat respectively marking the best performance by any opposition party in West Bengal since the beginning of the Left's regime. Until then, the Congress victory of 16 seats in 1984, was considered their best show in opposition.

Railway Minister (second tenure), 2009—2011

In 2009, Mamata Banerjee became the railway minister for the second time. Her focus was again on West Bengal.[62]

Banerjee sworn again as Cabinet Minister at Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi at 2009.

She led Indian Railways to introduce a number of non-stop Duronto Express trains connecting large cities[63] as well as a number of other passenger trains,[64] including women-only trains.[65][66][67] The Anantnag-Qadigund segment of the Jammu–Baramulla line that had been in the making since 1994[68] was inaugurated during her tenure.[69] She also declared the 25 km (16 mi) long line-1 of the Kolkata Metro as an independent zone of the Indian Railways[70] for which she was criticised.[71]

She stepped down as railway minister to become the chief minister of West Bengal. She commented: "The way I am leaving the railways behind, it will run well. Don’t worry, my successor will get all my support."[72] Her nominee from her party, Dinesh Trivedi, succeeded her as railway minister.

Banerjee's tenure as railway minister was subsequently questioned as most of the big-ticket announcements made by her when she held the post, saw little or no progress.[73] Reuters reported that "Her two-year record as railway minister has been heavily criticized for running the network into more debt to pay for populist measures such as more passenger trains."[74] The Indian Railways became loss-making during her two-year tenure.[75]

Chief Minister of West Bengal

First term, 2011–16
Main article: 2011 West Bengal state assembly election
Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal shown at an event in London on 27 July 2015.
Smt. Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal, flagging off the trains from Digha, along with Minister of Railways, Shri Mukul Roy on 16 February 2012.

In 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress along with SUCI and the INC won the West Bengal legislative assembly election against the incumbent Left Alliance by securing 227 seats. TMC won 184 seats with the INC winning 42 seats and the SUCI secured one seat. This marked the end of the longest ruling democratically elected Communist party in the world.

Banerjee was sworn in as chief minister of West Bengal on 20 May 2011.[76] As the first female chief minister of West Bengal,[76] one of her first decisions was to return 400 acres of land to Singur farmers. "The cabinet has decided to return 400 acres to unwilling farmers in Singur," the chief minister said. "I have instructed the department to prepare the papers for this. If Tata-babu (Ratan Tata) wants, he can set up his factory on the remaining 600 acres, otherwise we will see how to go about it."[77]

She has also been credited for setting up of the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration.[78]

She began various reforms in the education and health sectors. Some of the reforms in the education sector included the release of teachers' monthly pay on the first of every month[79][80] and quicker pensions for retiring teachers.[81] In the health sector Banerjee promised: "A three-phase developmental system will be taken up to improve the health infrastructure and service."[82] On 30 April 2015, a representative of UNICEF India congratulated the government for making Nadia the first Open Defecation Free district in the country.[83] In a statement on 17 October 2012, Banerjee attributed the increasing incidence of rape in the country to "more free interaction between men and women". She said that "Earlier if men and women would hold hands, they would get caught by parents and reprimanded but now everything is so open. It’s like an open market with open options." She was criticised in the national media for these statements.[84]

She was also instrumental in the rollback of the petrol price hikes[85] and the suspension of FDI in the retail sector until a consensus is evolved.[86] In a bid to improve the law and enforcement situation in West Bengal, police commissionerates were created at Howrah, Barrackpore, Durgapur-Asansol and Bidhannagar. The total area of Kolkata Municipal Corporation has been brought under the control of the Kolkata Police.

Banerjee had shown a keen interest in making the public aware of the state's history and culture. She named several stations of the Kolkata Metro after freedom fighters,[87] and plans on naming upcoming stations after religious leaders, poets, singers and the like.[88] Mamata Banerjee has been criticised for starting controversial stipends to imams (Iman Bhatta)[89][90][91] which was ruled unconstitutional by Calcutta High Court.[92][93][94]

Priti Patel, Then Minister of State for Employment in Government of United Kingdom, and current Home Secretary of United Kingdom meeting Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal in London.

On 16 February 2012, Bill Gates, of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, sent a letter to the West Bengal government praising Banerjee and her administration for achieving a full year without any reported cases of polio. The letter said this was not only a milestone for India but also for the whole world.[95]

In June 2012, she launched a Facebook page to rally and gather public support for A.P.J Abdul Kalam, her party's choice for the presidential elections.[96] After he refused to stand for the second time, she supported Pranab Mukherjee for the post, after a long tussle over the issue, commenting she was personally a "great fan" of Mukherjee and wishing that he "grows from strength to strength".[97]

She is against calling bandhs (work stoppage) although actively supported them when she was in opposition.[98]

Her tenure was also heavily marred by the Saradha Scam – a financial embezzlement which led to the imprisonment of Madan Mitra – a former minister in her cabinet, Kunal Ghosh-a party MP, and rigorous grilling of several party men holding important posts.

Second term, 2016–present
Main article: 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election

2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election was held for 294 seats (out of 295 seats) of the Vidhan Sabha in the state of West Bengal in India. All India Trinamool Congress won the elections with a landslide two-thirds majority under Mamata Banerjee winning 211 seats out of total 293,[99] who has been elected as Chief Minister West Bengal for the second term.[100] All India Trinamool Congress won with an enhanced majority contesting alone and became the first ruling party to win without an ally since 1962 in West Bengal.

Controversies

Saradha scam
Main article: Saradha Group financial scandal

The Saradha Group financial scandal and the Rose Valley financial scandal came to light during her tenure and some of her cabinet ministers were accused of money laundering and have been incarcerated.[101] One of her paintings was also sold to Sudipto Sen (central figure in the Saradha scam) for ₹1.8crore, while 20 more of her pictures were seized from other Saradha Group shareholders.[102][103][104][105][106] She has been criticised by opposition parties for not taking adequate steps against her own ministers who tried to cover-up their deeds.[107][108]

Fake PhD controversy

Until 1991 Mamata Banerjee claimed to have obtained a PhD degree from "East Georgia University" in United States. It was later found that no such university existed and she stopped mentioning this degree subsequently.[109][110]

Rose Valley scam
Main article: Rose Valley financial scandal

The Rose Valley financial scandal was a major financial scam and alleged political scandal in India caused by the collapse of a Ponzi scheme run by Rose Valley Group where multiple MPs from Banerjee's party was accused of money laundering.[111][112][113]

Narada scam
Main article: Narada sting operation

The Narada sting operation was carried out by Mathew Samuel in 2011 for the Indian newsmagazine Tehelka and published on Naradanews.com just before the 2016 West Bengal Assembly elections. The sting targeted high-ranking officials and politicians of Banerjee's political party All India Trinamool Congress (AITC).[114][115]

During her tenure she challenged the federal system of India when she ordered the arrest of CBI officials, who arrived in Kolkata to investigate the Saradha Group financial scandal.[116]

Allegations of Muslim appeasement

Mamata Banerjee and her government has been accused of "Muslim appeasement" several times by different groups of people including the opposition political parties.[117][118][119][120]

Imam Bhatta controversy

Mamata Banerjee has been criticised for starting controversial stipends to imams (Iman Bhatta).[121][122][123] The stipends were ruled unconstitutional by Calcutta High Court and ordered the West Bengal government to stop payment of the monthly stipend to thousands of imams and muezzins in the state.[124][125][126]

Durga Idol immersion controversy

In October 2016, the West Bengal government banned the Durga Puja festival immersion after 4:00 pm. Durga Puja was to take place on 12 October and Muharram on 13 October. This was seen by a section of the West Bengal population as another example of the "Muslim Appeasement" policy of Banerjee's government. The Calcutta High Court overturned the decision and called it "a bid to appease minorities".[127][128][129]

Suppressed campus democracy and youth agitations

Mamata Banerjee denied permission for Anti-CAA rallies and suppressed campus democracy in West Bengal.[130][131][132][133]

COVID-19 mismanagement
Further information: 2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Delhi

Banerjee and her government was widely criticised of the handling of the Coronavirus pandemic and was accused of concealing facts by the opposition, critics[134][135][136] and many doctors.[137]

The opposition accused Mamata of playing “appeasement politics” amid the COVID-19 crisis. On 1 April, Banerjee claimed that the West Bengal Government have already traced 54 people who attended the Tablighi Jamaat religious gathering during the COVID-19 Outbreak, and 44 of them are foreigners. Although according to a report by central security agencies, 232 people had attended the Delhi's Tablighi Jamaat event from West Bengal. Of this, 123 are Indian nationals and 109 are foreigners.[138][136]

The West Bengal Government has been also criticised for not sending enough samples to the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases(NICED) for testing.[139][140][141] The government later banned use of cellphones in hospitals.[142]

Personal life and recognitions

Throughout her political life, Banerjee has maintained a publicly austere lifestyle, dressing in simple traditional Bengali clothes and avoiding luxuries.[143][144] In an interview in April 2019, Prime minister Narendra Modi claimed that despite their political differences, Banerjee sends her own selected kurtas and sweets to him every year.[145]

She identifies herself as a Hindu.[146]

Banerjee is a self-taught painter and a poet.[147][148] Her 300 paintings were sold for ₹9crore (₹90 million, £990,000 or US$1,350,000).[149]

In 2012, Time magazine named her as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.[150] Bloomberg Markets magazine listed her among the 50 most influential people in the world of finance in September 2012.[151] In 2018, she was conferred the Skoch Chief Minister of the Year Award.[152]

Baghini, a Bengali film, based on her life, was released on 24 May 2019.[153][154][155][156][157]

See also

References
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