Mount Kosciuszko

The mountain was named by the Polish explorer Paweł Edmund Strzelecki in 1840, in honour of Polish-Lithuanian freedom fighter General Tadeusz Kościuszko,[note 1] because of its perceived resemblance to the Kościuszko Mound in Kraków, Poland.[7]

An exploration party led by Paul Edmund Strzelecki and James Macarthur beside him with indigenous guides Charlie Tarra and Jackey Tarra set off on what is called Strzelecki’s Southern expedition. Macarthur was seeking new pastures. Strzelecki wanted to investigate the climate, geology, paleontology and geography of NSW and to publish his findings.[8] This included identifying Australia’s highest summit, which Strzelecki reached on 12 March 1840.[9][10]

The approach was made from Geehi Valley. After climbing Hannel’s Spur, the peak now named Mount Townsend was reached. Here Strzelecki used his instruments to make observations. Mt Townsend is Australia's second highest mountain, adjacent to and almost the same height as Mt Kosciuszko, and Strzlecki saw that the neighbouring peak was slightly higher. In the presence of Macarthur he named the higher summit Mount Kosciusko after the famous Polish-Lithuanian military leader who died in 1817. As it was late, Macarthur decided to return to camp and Strzelecki alone climbed the Kosciuszko summit.

Based on Strzelecki’s records, Australia’s highest summit was mapped. A cartographical mistake made in an edition of Victorian maps transposed Mount Kosciusko to the position of the present Mount Townsend. Later editions of the map continued to show the original location. NSW maps did not make this mistake.

The Victorian error created confusion. In 1885, Austrian explorer Robert von Lendenfeld, guided by James M. Spencer,[11] a local pastoralist, aided by a map containing the transposition error, reached Mount Townsend believing it was Mount Kosciusko. According to Spencer, the local Aboriginals called Mount Kosciusko Tar-gan-gil. Like Strzelecki, Lendenfeld also observed that the neighbouring peak was higher. He named it Mount Townsend to honour the surveyor who in 1846 traversed the peak.

Lendenfeld claimed he had identified and reached the highest peak of the continent. The NSW Department of Mines discovered Lendenfeld's mistake and assigned the name Mount Townsend to the second-highest mountain of the range. Lendenfeld's announcement created further confusion. When Lendenfeld's mistake was corrected, a popular legend was created that the established names of the two mountains were swapped rather re-educate the populace of the name of the highest mountain.

The confusion was straightened out in 1940 by B. T. Dowd,[12] a cartographer and historian of the NSW Lands Department. His study reaffirmed that the mountain named by Strzelecki as Mount Kosciuszko was indeed, as the NSW maps had always shown, Australia’s highest summit. When Macarthur’s field book of the historical journey was published in 1941 by C. Daley,[13] it further confirmed Dowd’s clarification. This means that Targangil, mentioned in Spencer’s 1885 article,[11] was the indigenous name of Mount Townsend, not of Mount Kosciusko. According to A.E.J. Andrews, Mount Kosciuszko had no indigenous name.[14] Detailed analysis of the mountain history can be found in books by H.P.G. Clews[15] and in the cited A.E.J. Andrews' book Kosciusko: The Mountain in History.[9]

The name of the mountain was previously spelt "Mount Kosciusko", an Anglicisation, but the spelling "Mount Kosciuszko" was officially adopted in 1997 by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales.[3] The traditional English pronunciation of Kosciuszko is /ˌkɒziˈɒskoʊ/ KOZZ-ee-OS-koh, but the pronunciation /kɒˈʃʊʃkoʊ/ kosh-UUSH-koh is now sometimes used,[16] which is substantially closer to the Polish pronunciation [kɔɕˈt͡ɕuʂkɔ] (listen).

The mountain was formed by geologic uplift.[18] It was not formed by any recent volcanic activity.[19] Eroded granite intrusions remain at the summit as large boulders above the more heavily eroded sedimentary rocks.[19]

Mount Kosciuszko is the highest summit in mainland Australia. Until 1977 it was possible to drive from Charlotte Pass to within a few metres of the summit, but in 1977 the road was closed to public motor vehicle access due to environmental concerns. The road is open from Charlotte Pass for walkers and cyclists for 7.6 kilometres (5 mi)[20] to Rawson Pass, at an elevation of 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) above sea level. From there a 1.4-kilometre (1 mi) walking path leads to the summit. Cyclists must leave their bicycles at a bicycle rack at Rawson Pass and continue to the summit on foot. Anyone with a modest level of fitness can walk to the top.

The peak may also be approached from Thredbo, taking 3 to 3.5 hours for a round trip. This straightforward walk starts from the top of the Thredbo Kosciuszko Express chairlift, which operates all year-round. The walking path is popular in summer, and is a mesh walkway to protect the native vegetation and prevent erosion. It is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to Rawson Pass, where it meets the track from Charlotte Pass, and from where it is a further 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) to the summit. The walk to the summit is the easiest of all the Seven Summits.[21]

Australia's highest public toilet was built at Rawson pass in 2007,[22] to cope with the more than 100,000 people visiting the mountain each summer.[23]

The third and often overlooked route up Mount Kosciuszko is up the very challenging and historic Hannel's Spur Track (15.5 km), which approaches from the NW and is the only route to pass through the Western Fall Wilderness Zone – passing through four different bio-diversity bands along the ascent. The Hannel's Spur Track is officially Australia's biggest vertical ascent of 1800m. This is the same route that explorer Paul Strzelecki climbed and discovered Kosciuszko in 1840 and also the same annual route that the stockmen once brought the cattle up/down from the valley almost 2 km below to graze in the alpine meadows of Kosi throughout the summer. The various aboriginal tribes from the Murray valley also used this same route annually for millennia to access Kosciuszko to harvest the delicacies of Bogong moths that were abundant throughout the summer months and to socialise with other tribes from the coast and northern plains. The Hannel's Spur Track trailhead (sign) is about a 1.4 km hike SSE of the Geehi Rest Area on the Alpine Way road between the towns of Thredbo and Khancoban.

The peak and the surrounding areas are snow-covered in winter and spring (usually beginning in June and continuing until October or later). The road from Charlotte Pass is marked by snow poles and provides a guide for cross-country skiers, and the track from Thredbo is easily followed until covered by snow in winter.

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1 North Ramshead 2 Kosciuszko summit, obscured by clouds 3 Etheridge Range 4 Mount Clarke (Mount Townsend is behind it) 5 Kangaroo Ridge 6 Snowy River headwaters

Looking north from the summit towards Mount Townsend

Recreation

Topographic map of Mount Kosciuszko including the approaches from Charlotte Pass and Thredbo.

Kosciuszko National Park is also the location of the downhill ski slopes closest to Canberra and Sydney, containing the Thredbo, Charlotte Pass, and Perisher ski resorts. Mount Kosciuszko may have been ascended by Indigenous Australians long before the first recorded ascent by Europeans.

Each year in December, an ultramarathon running race called the Coast to Kosciuszko ascends to the top of Mount Kosciuszko after starting at the coast 240 kilometres (150 mi) away.[24]

Higher peaks exist within territory administered or claimed by Australia: outside the continent are Mawson Peak (2,745 m or 9,006 ft) on Heard Island and Dome Argus (4,030 m or 13,220 ft), Mount McClintock (3,490 m or 11,450 ft) and Mount Menzies (3,355 m or 11,007 ft) in the Australian Antarctic Territory.

Although not in Australia, Puncak Jaya in New Guinea, Indonesia, which stands at 4,884 m or 16,024 ft, is the tallest mountain in the Australian continent and as well as Oceania.

Australian rock band Midnight Oil performed a song called "Kosciusko" on its 1984 album Red Sails in the Sunset, referring to the mountain. The spelling was updated to "Kosciuszko" for the group's 1997 compilation album, 20,000 Watt R.S.L.

The 1863 picture by Eugene von Guerard hanging in the National Gallery of Australia titled Northeast view from the northern top of Mount Kosciusko is actually from Mount Townsend.[25][26][27]

A species of lizard, Eulamprus kosciuskoi, is named for Mount Kosciuszko.[28]

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  Kosciuszko National Park as viewed from the summit
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  The base of a survey trig marker at the summit
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  East side of the mountain
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  Mount Kosciuszko Summit walk
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  The summit from Charlotte Pass, New South Wales
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  Mount Etheridge from south side showing high elevation toilet at Rawson Pass
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  View of Mount Kosciuszko and the Etheridge Range from the headwaters of the Snowy River
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  The plate at the top
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  River flowing down from the summit
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  Lake Cootapatamba, the lake on the highest place in the Australian mainland
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  Adjacent mountain ranges

• Australian Alps
• Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves
• List of mountains of Australia

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Kosciusco.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Kosciuszko.

• Mt Kosciuszko Inc. — page for information about explorer P. E. Strzelecki – and news about Mount Kosciuszko
• "Mount Kosciuszko". Peakware.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. — photo