Naskh (script)

Round scripts became the most popular in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, due to their use by scribes.[1]

Ibn Muqla is credited with standardizing the “Six Pens” of Islamic calligraphy, also including thuluth, tawqi’, ruq'ah, muhaqqaq and reyhan.[1] These are known as “the proportioned scripts” (al-khatt al-mansub) or “the six scripts” (al-aqlam al-sitta).[3]

Kufic is commonly believed to predate Naskh, but historians have traced the two scripts as coexisting long before their codification by Ibn Muqla, as the two served different purposes.[4] Kufic was used primarily in decoration, while Naskh served for everyday scribal use.[5]

Naskh is a sans-serif script, meaning characters lack “hooks” on the ends of ascending and descending strokes. For example, the alif is written as a straight stroke, bending to the lower left.[1] Naskh differentiates various sounds through the use of diacritical points, in the form of 1-3 dots above or below the letter, which makes the script more easily legible.[4] Naskh uses a horizontal base line; in situations where one character starts within the tail of the preceding letter, the base line is broken and raised.[6] In sixteenth-century Constantinople, Şeyh Hamdullah (1429–1520) redesigned the structure of naskh, along with the other "Six Pens," in order to make the script appear more precise and less heavy.[7]

Naskh was historically used heavily in the transcription of books and in administrative courtly documents.[5]

Naskh allowed for the development of decorative elements into more supple, rounded designs, away from the common use of squared kufic in decoration. Naskh's use in architecture first began in the tenth century and had been adopted in many Muslim countries by the eleventh century.[5]

• Ruqʿah (the cursive Arabic handwriting)
• Nastaliq
• Arabic, Urdu, other Arabic keyboard layouts
• National Language Authority
• Taʿlīq script