New York City transit fares

The fares for services operated under the brands of MTA Regional Bus (New York City Bus, MTA Bus), New York City Subway (NYC Subway), Staten Island Railway (SIR), PATH, Roosevelt Island Tramway, AirTrain JFK, NYC Ferry, and the suburban bus operators Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) and Westchester County Bee-Line System (Bee-Line) are listed below.

MetroCard Vending Machine (MVM)

Current fares

On all modes of transport except for NYC Ferry, all fare payments must be made using MetroCard, coins (except for express buses and subways, and excluding half-dollars and pennies), or OMNY.[1] Both MetroCard and SmartLink are accepted on PATH; however, SmartLink cannot be used on any other transit system in New York City. Subways and express buses within New York City only accept MetroCard and OMNY as payment.

As of December 31, 2020 all subway stations, St. George and Tompkinsville Staten Island Railway stations, and all MTA-operated buses are equipped with OMNY readers. OMNY is currently available only for full-fare, pay-per-ride trips, and MetroCard remains the only option for discounted or unlimited-ride fares.[2]

NYC Ferry fares are paid using physical or digital tickets, which are not compatible with the MetroCard,[3] or with any of the city's other modes of transport.[4]

Base fares

All fares are in US dollars. Except for NYC Ferry, kids under 44" tall ride for free with fare-paying rider; limit is 3.[5]:47

MTA Bus/NYC Bus: Local, Limited-Stop, Select Bus Service,
Bee-Line (except BxM4C bus), NICE, PATH
NYC Subway, SIR, Roosevelt Island Tramway
Express buses
(MTA and
Academy bus SIM23/SIM24)
BxM4C bus[6] Student MetroCard[7] NYC Ferry[8] AirTrain JFK[9] Access-A-Ride
(NYC paratransit)
Able-Ride[10]
(Nassau County
paratransit)
Full Reduced Full Reduced
(off-peak)
Full Reduced
(off-peak)
Full Half-
fare
NICE[10]
$2.75[11]
  • $3.00 for a Single-Ride MetroCard ticket[11]
  • $2.75 for a PATH SingleRide Ticket[12]
  • $2.75 for NICE when paying in coins[10]
$1.35[11]
  • $1.25 for NICE when
    paying in coins [10]
  • $1.25 for PATH by using
    Senior SmartLink Card.[12]
$6.75 [11] $3.35 [11] $7.50 $3.75 Free $1.25 $2.25 $2.75
($3.75 for cyclists with bikes)
$7.75 $2.75 $3.75
($75 for a book of 20 tickets)
Transfer restrictions:
  • All transfers are valid for 2 hours and 18 minutes.[13][14][15][16]
  • MetroCard/OMNY transfers are good for one connecting trip on any other NYC Bus/MTA Bus: local, limited-stops, Select Bus Service or express bus services; NYC Subway, Bee-Line, NICE or Roosevelt Island Tramway (restrictions apply).[14][15] Exceptions:
    • Two transfers are available with MetroCard or OMNY at several places. The transfers must be made within two hours in order or in reverse order.
      1. Between Staten Island bus routes crossing the Staten Island Railway, through St. George Ferry Terminal, and then any NYCT local bus or NYC Subway service below Fulton Street in Lower Manhattan.[17]
      2. Between the B61, the B62, and any bus route connecting with either the B62 or B61 (but not both).[18]
      3. Between the Q29, the Q33, and the Q72 to LaGuardia Airport only.[19]
      4. Between the S59 or S78, the S79 SBS, and any connecting bus or subway route in Brooklyn.[19]
      5. Between the n20G, the n20H or n21, and then any connecting bus route.
  • Transfers with nickels, dimes, or quarters are usually good for use on one connecting local bus route.[14]
  • Customers transferring to suburban buses from another system with a lower base fare must pay the difference between the fare on the first bus and the fare on the second bus.
  • No free transfer between PATH and NYCTA operations.[12]
  • PATH does not accept reduced fare MetroCard.[12]
  • Staten Island Railway fares are collected at St. George and Tompkinsville stations (in both directions).[17] A second fare is not deducted for travel between St. George and Tompkinsville.
  • No free transfer between NYC Ferry and any other operations.[8]

Unlimited-ride fares

All fares are in US dollars. There is a $1 purchase fee for all new MetroCards issued within the subway system or at railroad stations (except for expiring or damaged MetroCards or MetroCards bought as part of a UniTicket).[20]

7-Day Unlimited[21] 30-Day Unlimited[22] 1-Day Unlimited SmartLink[12] 7-Day Unlimited SmartLink[12] 30-Day Unlimited SmartLink[12] 7-Day Express Bus Plus[23] 10-Trip AirTrain JFK[9][24] 30-Day AirTrain JFK[9][24] Monthly NYC Ferry[8]
Full fare
$33
$127
$10
$34.50
$106
$62
$25
$40
$121

($141 for cyclists with bikes)

Reduced fare
$16.50
$63.50
Notes:
  • The 7 Day Express Bus Plus MetroCard is the only Unlimited-Ride MetroCard accepted on Academy Bus Routes SIM23/SIM24 and MTA express buses.
  • The 30-Day AirTrain JFK MetroCard is the only Unlimited-Ride MetroCard accepted on AirTrain JFK. This MetroCard is not valid on any other services.
  • No Unlimited MetroCards are accepted on the BxM4C and PATH trains.[6][12]
  • SmartLink is the only Unlimited-Ride card accepted on PATH. SmartLink is not valid on any other services.[12]

MetroCard and OMNY

All transfers with MetroCard or OMNY are free from bus to subway, local bus to local bus, and subway to local bus. For transfers from local bus or subway to express buses (except the BxM4C), an additional $3.75 is charged.[25] With coins, transfers are available to different local buses only, with some restrictions, and issued upon request when boarding only. All transfers are good for two hours.[14][15][16]

There are no transfers to the BxM4C.[26] There are also no free transfers to or from PATH.[27]

SingleRide tickets are valid for one ride within two hours after purchase on local buses and the subway. One bus-to-bus transfer is allowed;[28] however, transfer between buses and subways in either direction are not allowed.[29]

On the Select Bus Service routes except S79, customers paying with coins requiring a transfer must board via the front door and request a transfer from the operator. All other customers may board via any of the three doors on Select Bus Service buses.[30]

Bee-Line customers needing to transfer to Connecticut Transit (I-Bus and route 11),[31] Transport of Rockland (Tappan ZEExpress),[32] Putnam Transit (PART 2),[33] or Housatonic Area Regional Transit (Ridgefield-Katonah Shuttle)[34] services must ask for a transfer, even if paying with MetroCard. The BxM4C does not accept or issue any transfers.[35][36]

NICE customers needing to transfer to City of Long Beach N69, Suffolk County Transit, or Huntington Area Rapid Transit[37] services must ask for a transfer, even if paying with MetroCard.

NYC Ferry

As NYC Ferry uses a separate fare payment system from the rest of New York City's transportation system, it does not provide any free transfers to any other modes of transportation. However, passengers can request one free transfer to a connecting NYC Ferry route, valid within 90 minutes of the passenger boarding the first route. Tickets are checked prior to boarding, when the boat arrives at the station.[8][4]

Transfer restrictions

There are restrictions on transfers, as noted below. The transfer rules and restrictions are identical for MetroCard and OMNY, where OMNY is available.[38]

Subway

Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard and OMNY customers cannot make subway-to-subway transfers by exiting the turnstile and entering again. There are two exceptions:

Until 2011, an extra out-of-system subway-to-subway transfer was allowed in Long Island City, Queens, between 23rd Street–Ely Avenue/Long Island City–Court Square on the IND Queens Boulevard and Crosstown Lines and 45th Road–Court House Square on the IRT Flushing Line. This transfer was eliminated with the opening of an in-system transfer passageway among the three stations.[41]

Additional out-of-system transfers are added on a case-by-case basis, usually whenever a regular transfer is unavailable due to construction. Past instances included two transfers in Williamsburg and Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, due to the 14th Street Tunnel shutdown from 2019 to 2020;[42] a transfer in Gravesend, Brooklyn, due to the BMT Sea Beach Line (N train)'s partial suspension from 2019 to 2020;[43] and two transfers in Inwood, Manhattan, in 2019 due to the closure of the 168th Street station (1 train).[44]

Bus

For Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard and OMNY customers, there is no free transfer back onto the same route on which the fare was initially paid, or between the following buses:[45]

  • No transfer in the opposite direction:
    • M1, M2, M3, M4
    • M101, M102, M103
    • Bx1 and Bx2
    • M31 and M57
  • No transfer in either direction:
    • M96 and M106
    • Bx40 and Bx42
  • No transfers between NICE bus routes that are not listed on the timetable of the route on which fare is paid. Essentially, one cannot transfer between bus routes that do not intersect.[46]
  • Express:
    • No transfers to/from BxM4C, even with a Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard.[47][48]
    • No transfers between different Union Turnpike express buses (QM1, QM5, QM6, QM31, QM35, QM36) traveling in the opposite direction.

Subway-to-bus

There are no subway-to-bus or bus-to-subway transfers allowed without a MetroCard or OMNY, with one exception:

  • At the Rockaway Parkway Intermodal Center on the BMT Canarsie Line (L train), westbound B6, B82 Local, and B82 Select Bus Service customers arriving from East New York and Canarsie, eastbound B6 Local customers on trips terminating at Rockaway Parkway, and all B42 customers, are transported directly into the subway system's fare control without having to pass through turnstiles (as the former trolley line had a loop installed within fare control). Similarly, subway passengers can transfer to B42 and westbound B6 and B82 Local service without using a MetroCard or OMNY (westbound B82 SBS customers must still obtain proof of payment, but have a second transfer to another route).

Fare history

Below are the fares charged for single boardings on the transit lines and predecessors of the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA). Different combinations of transfer privileges and the abolition of double fares to the Rockaways have altered these fares from time to time. Since July 4, 1997, massively increased transfer privileges and pass discounts have lowered the average real fare significantly.[49] According to MTA figures, only 2.1% of rides are single-ride fares.[50]

Subway and local buses

  • $0.05 (1904[51] – July 1, 1948[51])
  • $0.10 (July 1, 1948[51] – July 1, 1953[52])
    • Bus fare: $0.07 from 1948[51] until 1950 and $0.10 from 1950 till 1953
  • $0.15 (July 2, 1953[52] – July 5, 1966[53])
    • Bus fare: $0.13 from 1954 till 1955 and $0.15 from 1956 till 1966; 5th Avenue Bus line fare raised to 15 cents on January 1, 1954
  • $0.20 (July 5, 1966[53] – January 3, 1970[54])
  • $0.30 (January 4, 1970[54] – December 31, 1971[55])
  • $0.35 (January 1, 1972[55] – August 31, 1975[56] (MSBA/Long Island Bus from 1973)[57]
    In December 1973, the MTA started trialing a program in which passengers could pay a single one-way fare to take round trips on the subway, buses, and railroads on Sundays.[58] Since this resulted in higher ridership, the MTA extended it through the beginning of 1975.[59]
  • $0.50 (September 2, 1975[56] – June 27, 1980[60])
  • $0.60 (June 28, 1980[60] – July 2, 1981[61])
  • $0.75 (July 3, 1981[61] – January 1, 1984[62])
  • $0.90 (January 2, 1984[62] – December 31, 1985[63])
  • $1.00 (January 1, 1986[63] – December 31, 1989[64])
  • $1.15 (January 1, 1990[64] – December 31, 1991[65])
  • $1.25 (January 1, 1992[65] – November 11, 1995[66])
  • $1.50 (November 12, 1995[66] – May 3, 2003[67][68])
  • $2.00 (May 4, 2003[67][68] – June 27, 2009[69])
  • $2.25 (June 28, 2009[69] – December 29, 2010[70])
  • $2.25 base fare (December 30, 2010[70] – March 2, 2013[71])
    • $2.50 SingleRide MetroCard ticket fare[70]
  • $2.50 base fare (March 3, 2013[71] – March 21, 2015[72][73])
    • $2.75 SingleRide MetroCard ticket fare[71]
  • $2.75 base fare (March 22, 2015 – present)[72][73]
    • $3.00 SingleRide MetroCard ticket fare[72][73]

Express bus base fare

  • $1.50 (1975 - June 27, 1980)[60]
  • $2.00 (June 28, 1980 - ?)[60]
  • $3.00 (? - December 31, 1985)
  • $3.50 (January 1, 1986 – December 31, 1989)
  • $4.00 (January 1, 1990 – February 28, 1998)
  • $3.00 (March 1, 1998 – May 3, 2003)[74]
  • $4.00 (May 4, 2003 – February 26, 2005)[68]
  • $5.00 (February 27, 2005 – December 29, 2010)[75]
  • $5.50 (December 30, 2010 – March 2, 2013)[70]
  • $6.00 (March 3, 2013 – March 21, 2015)[71]
  • $6.50 (March 22, 2015 – April 20, 2019)[72][73]
  • $6.75 (April 21, 2019 - present) - MetroCard or OMNY only; coin payment discontinued[76]

Fare collection history

Token and change

NYCTA tokens; usage dates from left to right: 1953–1970; 1970–1980; 1979–1980; 1980–1986; 1986–1995; 1995–2003

From the inauguration of IRT subway services in 1904[77] until the unified system of 1948 (including predecessor BMT and IND subway services), the fare for a ride on the subway of any length was 5 cents ($.05 in 1904 equivalent to $1.42 in 2019; $.05 in 1948 equivalent to $0.53 in 2019). On July 1, 1948, the fare was increased to 10 cents (equivalent to $1.06 in 2019), and since then has steadily risen.[78] When the New York City Transit Authority was created in July 1953, the fare was raised to 15 cents (equivalent to $1.43 in 2019) and a token was issued.[79]

The tokens were changed periodically as prices changed. The first token change occurred in 1970 when the fare was raised to 30 cents.[80] The token did not always change with the fare: in 1972, when the fare increased from 30 to 35 cents, the MTA simply raised the prices of existing tokens[55] (although a change in token size had been mulled[81]). Another fare rise in 1980, which brought the fare from 50 to 60 cents, did result in the issuance of smaller tokens.[82]

For the 75th anniversary of the subway in 1979 (also called the Diamond Jubilee), a special token with a small off-center diamond cutout and engraved images of a 1904 subway car and kiosk were issued. Many were purchased for keepsakes and were not used for rides.[83] New versions of tokens were issued in 1980,[60] 1986,[63] and 1995.[66][84] The last iteration of tokens, which started circulating in 1995, featured a pentagon-shaped hole in the middle and were called the "Five Borough Token".[49]

There were issues with the tokens, however. It was a common scam to circumvent the payment of fares by jamming the token slot in an entrance gate with paper. A passenger would insert a token into the turnstile, be frustrated when it did not open the gate, and have to spend another token to enter at another gate. A token thief would then suck the token from the jammed slot with their mouth. This could be repeated many times as long as no police officers spotted the activity. Some token booth attendants sprinkled chili powder in the slots to discourage "token sucking".[85] Token sucking (also known as stuff 'n' suck) was charged under theft of services, criminal tampering and criminal mischief.[86]

Token issues were compounded when transit riders discovered in the early 1980s that tokens purchased for use in the Connecticut Turnpike toll booths were of the same size and weight as New York City subway tokens. Since they cost less than one third as much, they began showing up in subway collection boxes regularly.[87] Connecticut authorities initially agreed to change the size of their tokens,[88] but later reneged and the problem went unsolved until 1985, when Connecticut discontinued the tolls on its turnpike.[89] At that time, the MTA was paid 17.5 cents for each of more than two million tokens that had been collected during the three-year "token war".[89]

Tokens were sold until April 13, 2003, when they were replaced with the MetroCard.[90][91] These tokens were phased out in 2003 when the fare rose to $2 (equivalent to $2.78 in 2019).[67][92]

MetroCard

Front side of a MetroCard; these cards with yellow backgrounds have been distributed since 1997

On October 30, 1992, the installation of Automated Fare Collection turnstiles began.[93] On June 1, 1993, MTA distributed 3,000 MetroCards manufactured by Cubic Transportation Systems in the first major test of the technology for the entire subway system and the entire bus system.[94] Less than a year later, on January 6, 1994, MetroCard-compatible turnstiles opened at Wall Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4 and 5 trains) and Whitehall Street – South Ferry on the BMT Broadway Line (N, R, and W trains).[67] All MetroCard turnstiles were installed by May 14, 1997, when the entire bus and subway system accepted MetroCard.[93] On September 28, 1995, buses on Staten Island started accepting MetroCard, and by the end of 1995, MetroCard was accepted on all New York City Transit buses.[93]

Before 1997, the MetroCard design was blue with yellow lettering. These blue cards are now collector's items.[95] On July 4, 1997, the first free transfers were made available between bus and subway at any location with MetroCard. This program was originally billed as "MetroCard Gold". Card colors changed to the current blue lettering on goldenrod background.[93] The first MetroCard Vending Machines (MVMs) were installed on January 25, 1999 in two stations,[96] and by the end of 1999 347 MVMs were in service at 74 stations.[67] On April 13, 2003, tokens were no longer sold.[90][91] Starting May 4, 2003, tokens were no longer accepted, except on buses.[97][98]

Two pilot programs were introduced to find a replacement to the MetroCard a few years after it was implemented. In the first, introduced in early 2006, the MTA signed a deal with MasterCard to test out a new RFID card payment scheme.[99][100] Originally scheduled to end in December 2006, the trial was extended into 2007 due to "overwhelming positive response".[101] In light of the success of the first PayPass pilot project in 2006, another trial was started by the MTA. This one started on June 1, 2010, and ended on November 30, 2010. The first two months started with the customer just using the MasterCard PayPass debit or credit card.[102][103][104][105] However, this trial was the debut of having a rider use the VISA PayWave debit or credit card to enter the system, which started on August 1, 2010.[106] For six months, a rider could use either a MasterCard Paypass or VISA PayWave credit/debit card to pay for a fare on an expanded list of subway and bus routes.[107][108]

OMNY

On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by OMNY, a contactless fare payment system also by Cubic. OMNY will accept contactless bank cards and mobile payments (including Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samung Pay, and Fitbit Pay), in addition to a dedicated OMNY card.[109]

OMNY launched as an employee-only trial in February 2019 at 16 subway stations in Manhattan and Brooklyn.[note 1][110] The system launched to the public on May 31, 2019 with the addition of Staten Island buses to the original 16 subway stations.[111] Rollout was completed to all subway stations and MTA-operated buses on December 31, 2020. As of January 2021, OMNY only supports single fares and transfers, and the only accepted payment methods are contactless debit/credit cards and mobile payments.[112]

The MetroCard is expected to remain available until 2023.[109]

Fare evasion

Turnstiles

The New York City Subway has four basic types of fare control equipment: low turnstiles (including agent-operated special entry turnstiles, SETs), high entrance-exit turnstiles (HEETs), high exit turnstiles (HXTs), and gates (including emergency exit gates (EXG), agent-operated gates (AOG), and Autonomous Farecard Access System (AFAS) gates for wheelchair access). Passengers enter the subway by swiping farecards to unlock the turnstiles. Typical control areas feature low turnstiles, one or more EXGs, and a token booth. Unstaffed entrances that were remodeled before the late 2000s featured only HEETs and EXGs. Exit-only locations have only HXTs and EXGs. All control areas must have at least one EXG, as per State emergency regulations.[113]

Systemwide EXG installations since 2006 introduced a weakness into otherwise secure AFC systems. Gates were originally only unlocked via booths' buzzers or employees’ keys. After London Underground’s 2005 terrorism attacks, fire codes required “panic bars”, allowing each gate to be opened from the paid side, expediting emergency evacuation. While a loud, piercing, and warbling alarm sounds whenever EXGs are opened, general public took to using gates for exiting (substantially reducing queues), especially at unstaffed locations.[114] It happened so often that in January 2015, the MTA silenced all exit alarms.[115]

Per MTA fare tariff, exceptions to normal turnstile operations abound. Children under 44 inches (110 cm) (turnstile machines’ top height) must crawl under when entering with fare-paying adults (not permissible when travelling alone). Those with bulk items (bicycles, strollers, packages) must request station agent witness their swiping farecard, rotating turnstile without entering, then enter through an AOG with their items. Passengers with paper half-fare or “block” tickets must relinquish them to the agent and enter through a SET. School groups traveling with authorization letters may be admitted through an AOG.

An added complication is several unofficial system entry methods resulting in no revenue loss but forbidden by tariff are frequently practiced. At unstaffed locations, fellow passengers often open EXGs for entry by customers with bulk packages after witnessing them rotate turnstiles without entering. Children often squeeze through HEETs with paying adults (if under 44”, no revenue loss occurs). At token booths, agents often admit passengers through an AOG or SET for operational reasons. Police in uniform, construction workers, contractors in safety vests, employees, and concession vendors often enter with keys or agent's permission. Police officers or station agents sometimes allow student groups to enter through gates.

History

New York City's transit system in the 1970s was in disarray. Subway ridership was spiraling downwards, while private express buses mushroomed, exacerbating Transit Authority's (TA) problems. Crime was rampant; derailments, fires, breakdowns, and assaults were commonplace. Trains and stations were covered in graffiti. Passengers were actually afraid to ride the subway. To attract passengers, TA even introduced a premium fare “Train to the Plane” – staffed by a Transit police officer at all times. Comparatively, fare evasion seemed a small problem. However, fare evasion was causing the TA to lose revenue.[116]

TA's strategy for restoring riders’ confidence took a two-pronged approach. In 1981, MTA's first capital program started system's physical restoration to a State-of-Good-Repair. Improving TA's image in riders’ minds is as important as overcoming deferred maintenance. Prompt removal of graffiti and prevention of blatant fare evasion would become central pillars of the strategy to assure customers that the subway is “fast, clean, and safe”.[117][118] The graffiti came off the last subway cars in 1989.[119]

Similarly, fare evasion was taken seriously. The TA began formally measuring evasion in November 1988. When TA's Fare Abuse Task Force (FATF) was convened in January 1989, evasion was 3.9%. After a 15-cent fare increase to $1.15 in August 1990, a record 231,937 people per day, or 6.9%, didn’t pay. This continued through 1991.[120]

To combat the mounting problem, FATF designated 305 “target stations” with most evaders for intensive enforcement and monitoring. Teams of uniformed and undercover police officers randomly conducted “mini-sweeps”, swarming and arresting groups of evaders.[121] Special “mobile booking centers” in converted citybuses allowed fast-track offender processing.[122] Fare abuse agents covered turnstiles in shifts and issued citations. Plainclothes surveyors collected data for five hours per week at target locations, predominantly during morning peak hours. Finally, in 1992, evasion began to show a steady and remarkable decline, dropping to about 2.7% in 1994.[123]

The dramatic decrease in evasion during this period coincided with a reinvigorated Transit Police, a 25% expansion of City police, and a general drop in crime in U.S. cities. In the city, crime rate decline begun in 1991 under Mayor David Dinkins and continued through next two decades under Mayors Rudolph Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg. Some observers credited the “broken windows” approach of law enforcement[124] where minor crimes like evasion are routinely prosecuted, and statistical crimefighting tools, whereas others have indicated different reasons for crime reduction.[125][126] Regardless of causality, evasion checks resulted in many arrests for outstanding warrants or weapons charges, likely contributing somewhat to public safety improvements. Arrests weren’t the only way to combat evasions, and by the early 1990s NYCTA was examining methods to improve fare control passenger throughputs, reduce fare collection costs, and maintain control over evasions and general crime. The AFC system was being designed, and evasion-preventing capability was a key consideration.

TA's queuing studies concluded that purchasing tokens from clerks was not efficient. Preventing ‘slug’ use required sophisticated measures like tokens with metal alloy centers and electronic token verification devices. To provide better access control, the NYCTA experimented with floor-to-ceiling gates and “high wheel” turnstiles. Prototypes installed at 110th Street/Lexington Avenue station during a “target hardening” trial reduced evasions compared to nearby “control” stations.[127] However, controls consisting entirely of “high-wheels” created draconian, prison-like environments, with detrimental effects on station aesthetics. Compromises with more secure low-turnstile designs were difficult, as AFC did not prevent fare evasion.[128]

Production Automated Fare Collection (AFC) implementation began on January 6, 1994.[49] New turnstiles, including unstaffed high wheels, and floor-to-ceiling service gates, featured lessons learned from trials. As AFC equipment was rolled out, evasion plummeted. Fare abuse agents, together with independent monitoring, were eliminated.

In December 2018, in the midst of a transit crisis, the MTA announced that as many as four percent of subway riders and 16 percent of bus riders each day might not be paying fares, amounting to 208,000 subway riders and 384,000 bus riders per day.[129][130] In response, Byford stated that the MTA was studying ways to physically prevent fare evaders from jumping over subways turnstiles, or entering the rear doors of buses where they did not need to pay.[131]

Station agents

Token booth seen at Lexington Avenue–63rd Street

The MTA had tried to reduce station agent positions since full MetroCard vending machine (MVM) deployment in 1997.[49] Agents, whose primary responsibility was selling tokens, now sell MetroCards. However, AFC eliminated long token booth queues, so fewer clerks were needed. Passengers now interact with agents only for requests like mutilated farecards, concessionary fares, or travel directions. Clerks were not cross-trained for AFC maintenance; that function was assigned to turnstile maintainers. The MTA determined that each station required only one full-time booth, serving dominant (or both) travel directions. Some booths were removed altogether because it was felt that MVMs would be sufficient.[132]

Some thought the station destaffing plan would lead to potential evasion increases, and consequently more general crime. The original FATF (1988–1997) was reconvened in 2009 to review trends and coordinate mitigation strategies between MTA and New York City Police Department (NYPD)’s Transit Bureau. Further confusing the issue, agents themselves historically provided evasion counts in their normal course of duty.[132]

Decision to eliminate agents turned out controversial with both riding public and elected officials. Representatives were concerned about constituents’ jobs, whereas riders were concerned about susceptibility to crime.[133]

A 2004 compromise converted low-volume booths to high-wheels, high-volume booths to part-time entrances called “kiosks” (51) staffed by Station Customer Assistants (SCAs). Affectionately called “burgundy jackets”, SCAs do not sell farecards, instead they walk around solving customers issues, including fare machine usage.

Agents' presence in the stations is disputed. A civil suit concerning the 2005 sexual assault at 21st Street station, which occurred despite the alarm having been raised by the agent.[134] However, an agent saved a life in Cathedral Parkway–110th Street in 2010.[135]

The 2009 fiscal crisis necessitated more agent reductions, leaving only one 24-hour booth per station complex. Planned attrition program was converted to layoffs when fiscal situation deteriorated further in 2010.

Configuration

In studies, gate evasion rate was found to be 1.5% unlocked, and only 0.8% when locked. Unlocked gates also invite more “questionable” entries; rate was 1.8% unlocked, but only 0.9% locked. Keeping gates locked potentially halves gate-related evasions. Following this finding, MTA reinstructed station supervisors and agents on importance and revenue impacts of keeping gates locked. Questionable gate entries decreased from 1.5% to 0.4% following this change, but illegal gate entries did not show statistically significant decrease when seasonality effects were accounted for. This measure seems to target mostly casual evasions.

Originally fare control hardware and staff presence was thought to affect evasions. Unstaffed HEETs (with emergency exits), a generally unsupervised environment, might invite rampant evasions. However, pilot studies indicated these locations had similar gate evasions (0.9%) to staffed locations (1.0%). At least in New York, agents do not seem to deter evaders. Unsupervised HEETs had similar turnstile evasions (1.2%) to staffed locations (1.0%). Unsupervised exit-only locations have lower gate evasions (0.6%) than elsewhere, suggesting evasion is a crime of opportunity. Exit-only gates are only opened when trains arrive and passengers open them from the paid side; evaders likely find it more time-efficient to evade through entrances. Only the most determined evaders would wait at exit-only locations for others to exit, to enter.

Passenger height

Passengers may be unaware of height guidelines determining when children must begin to pay, which were posted at booths that many customers no longer use.[136][137] Prototype signs are being tested near turnstiles at the Bowling Green station, and a sign also exists at the 81st Street–Museum of Natural History station.

Vandalism

MVM vandalism costs MTA both in lost revenues and repair expenses. MTA provides MVM vandalism intelligence to NYPD, which utilizes hidden portable wireless digital video cameras in “sting” operations to gather evidence against organized fare abuse rings and identify leaders. These “professional swipers” can be difficult to apprehend because they are very mobile and require strategic and determined law enforcement efforts to monitor MVM vandalism patterns, prioritizing stations with the highest vandalism rates.

In years past, theft-of-service crimes were often dismissed with time served (several days in Riker's Island), but by working with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office and Midtown Community Court, FATF achieved escalating sentences for recidivists. The coordinated efforts resulted in a five-swiper ring being disbanded and sentences of over one year being imposed. Measuring impacts of taking down fare abuse operations is difficult, because even large swiper rings ‘sell’ very few fares compared to natural day-to-day fluctuations of the 8.0 million riders on NYC's system due to reasons like weather or special events.

The most important evasion fighting tool is arguably comprehensive and functioning legal frameworks to deal with evaders and counterfeiters. MTA's Rule of Conduct (62) has banned evasions since the 1980s, rules having been established mainly for arresting persons likely to commit other crimes (assault, graffiti). With appropriate legal framework, like traffic stops, evasion checks can be effective in identifying and arresting criminals wanted on outstanding warrants.

To round-up evaders, MTA fare inspectors continue to use the “surge” strategy first developed by Transit police. Renewed enforcement interests led to several high-profile cases. Swiss tourists with allegedly valid passes were ticketed for bumping turnstiles.[138] One passenger was arrested for exiting through an emergency gate, even though he was not evading a fare.[139][140]

Legal framework is more than prohibition of illegal acts and prescription of fines. Complete regulations should address issues like: arrests versus summonses; arresting/summons issuing powers; whether undercover enforcement is permitted; disputes/appeals process (e.g. “my monthly MetroCard isn’t working, so I went through the gate”); dealing with genuinely confused tourists (e.g. “I flashed my pass, so going through the gate is okay?”); required evidence for conviction (e.g. whether video evidence are admissible). New York allows certain non-police employees to issue evasion citations, and utilizes both uniformed and undercover police enforcement.

Evasion prevention hardware

Video recording equipment may deter criminal activity, including evasion. Cameras are widely deployed in modern Asian and European transit systems.

Like other US agencies, New York City Subway installed counter-terrorism cameras at key stations. PIDs cover fare controls from every conceivable angle with high fidelity video, positively identifying terror suspects. They also produce clear pictures of entering and exiting passengers, including evaders.

On Port Authority Trans-Hudson (and some New York City Subway stations), hidden rooms with half-silvered glass or surveillance portals are provided for covert police observation. Perpetrators are apprehended by police that suddenly appear from behind closed doors when illegal acts occur.

Fines

MTA's $60 penalty was internally set by Transit Adjudication Bureau (TAB) with delegated powers.[141] NYCT increased fines to $100 in July 2008, the maximum TAB can levy without further approvals, to support conversion to Proof-of-Payment (POP) fare collection for the Select Bus Service.

Other preventative measures

There are also uniformed guards, undercover police officers, and ticket barriers to prevent fare evasion on the subway. On Select Bus Service, a penalty fare may need to be paid.

See also

  • Pizza Principle, the connection between single-ride fares and a slice of pizza in New York City

Notes

  1. All stations on the 4, 5, and 6 services between Grand Central–42nd Street and Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center

References

  1. "MTA/New York City Transit - Fares and MetroCard". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  2. "About OMNY". omny.info. Retrieved September 2, 2020. OMNY supports a full-fare, pay-per-ride option first, with free transfers at OMNY-enabled subway stations and bus routes. Additional fare options will be available during future phases of the rollout, such as unlimited ride passes, reduced fares, student fares, and more.
  3. Langfield, Amy (August 21, 2015). "Citywide Ferry Plan Will Not Integrate With MTA's MetroCard for Transfers". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  4. Warerkar, Tanay (May 1, 2017). "Everything you need to know about NYC's new citywide ferry". Curbed NY. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
  5. "Fares at a glance". mta.info. April 2019.
  6. BxM4C schedule notes (page 2)
  7. NYC Department of Education, Student MetroCards page
  8. "Ticket Portal". NYC Ferry. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  9. "Cost and Tickets". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  10. "Fares & Passes". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  11. "MTA/New York City Transit - Fares and MetroCard". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  12. "Fares - PATH - The Port Authority of NY & NJ". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  13. Rein, Lisa (July 8, 1997). "Two-hour leeway & then some". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  14. "How to Ride the Bus", under 'Making Connections', MTA.info
  15. NICE bus schedule for N6 (Local) and N6X (Express) - 'Fare Information' Archived October 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (page 2), nicebus.com
  16. Bee-Line fares
  17. "MTA Staten Island Railway Fare and Transfer Information", MTA.info
  18. MTA Regional Bus Operations. "B62 bus schedule" (PDF). p.11
  19. Revisions to LaGuardia Airport Service, mta.info
  20. About the $1 New Card Fee, MTA.info
  21. 7 day Unlimited ride price]
  22. 30 day Unlimited ride price]
  23. 7 day Express Bus Plus ride price
  24. AirTrain JFK Unlimited ride price
  25. MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM1 bus schedule" (PDF). p.2
  26. http://transportation.westchestergov.com/images/stories/Schedules/Rte_BxM4C_TT_Spr13.pdf%5B%5D BxM4C schedule notes (page 2)
  27. "Path fares".
  28. "mta.info - Buses". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  29. "mta.info - New Fare Information". Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  30. Select Bus Service fare payment, MTA.info
  31. I-Bus fare structure Archived February 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  32. TappanZEExpress schedule, transfer connections (page 1)
  33. Bee-Line bus map Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (page 1)
  34. HART "FIXED ROUTE FARES" under 'CONNECTING BUS SYSTEMS' Archived April 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  35. "BxM4C" (PDF). Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  36. "Fares and MetroCard". transportation.westchestergov.com. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  37. HART fares Archived April 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  38. "How OMNY works". omny.info. Retrieved September 2, 2020. The same free transfer rules that apply to MetroCard also apply to OMNY.
  39. Out-of-system transfer detail, MTA.info
  40. Guse, Clayton (June 1, 2020). "MTA ends free transfer between overlapping Brooklyn subway stations". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  41. "New Transfer at Court Square". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. June 3, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  42. "Press Release - MTA Headquarters - Next Phase of L Project Construction Starts Tonight – Much of Tunnel Construction Work is Well Underway". MTA. April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  43. "Preparing for Climate Change: Protecting the Coney Island Yard". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 16, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  44. "Station Info (168 St)". MTA. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  45. "Regular MetroCard Conditions of Use", MTA.info
  46. NICE bus schedule for N6 (Local) and N6X (Express) - 'Fair Information' Archived October 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (page 2), nicebus.com
  47. "BxM4C" (PDF). Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  48. "Fares and MetroCard". transportation.westchestergov.com. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  49. "About NYC Transit - History". October 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 19, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  50. Wilson, Michael (March 24, 2009). "Who Buys Subway Rides One at a Time?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  51. Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. [New York. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
  52. "15C FARE STARTS; LINES FORM TO BUY TOKENS IN SUBWAYS; Half of Turnstiles Converted by Deadline -- Mechanics Work Through the Night FEW HITCHES REPORTED Quota of Disks Is Raised to 5 -- 2 Restaurants Offer to Take Them for Food FARE RISES TO 15C ON ALL CITY LINES". The New York Times. July 25, 1953. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  53. "Variations in Fare" (PDF). The New York Times. July 5, 1966. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  54. Robinson, Douglas (January 3, 1970). "New Tokens Go on Sale in Subways". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 via New York Times Archives.
  55. Prial, Frank J. (January 5, 1972). "Token Unchanged". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  56. "Costlier Token". The New York Times. September 2, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 25, 2016 via New York Times Archive.
  57. "Taking Over 10 Nassau Bus Lines". The New York Times. December 28, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  58. Illson, Murray (December 15, 1973). "M.T.A. Ready for 2‐for‐1 Fare Test Tomorrow". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  59. "Half‐Fare Plan Extended To'75". The New York Times. May 24, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  60. "Old and New Commuter Fares in New York Area". The New York Times. June 30, 1980. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
  61. Meislin, Richard J. (July 3, 1981). "FARE RISES TO 75¦; TRANSIT TAX PLAN DRAWN IN ALBANY". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  62. "Same Subway Token Despite Fare Increase". The New York Times. January 2, 1984. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  63. Boorstin, Robert O. (January 1, 1986). "ALL OVER CITY, TRANSIT FARE TRANSITIONS MADE of". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  64. Schmitt, Eric (January 2, 1990). "Transit Lines Brace for Test Of $1.15 Fare". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  65. Steinberg, Jacques (January 1, 1992). "That Extra Dime Is a Little to Some, a Lot to Others". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  66. "Expect Long Lines for Tokens". The New York Times. November 11, 1995. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  67. "Fare Change Information 2003". thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit. 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  68. "MTA - News". June 14, 2003. Archived from the original on June 14, 2003. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  69. "Farewell $2, hi $2.25". NY Daily News. June 27, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  70. "Approved Fares for NYC Transit, MTA Bus, Long Island Bus and the Staten Island Railway Effective December 30, 2010" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  71. "mta.info | New Fares - Effective March 3, 2013". February 24, 2013. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  72. "MTA Approves MetroCard Fare Hike For 2015". The Huffington Post. January 22, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  73. Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (January 22, 2015). "M.T.A. Is Raising Fares and Tolls; One Subway or Bus Ride Will Cost $2.75". The New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  74. MAYOR GIULIANI ANNOUNCES EXPRESS BUS FARE REDUCTION FROM $4 TO $3 AS PART OF "ONE CITY, ONE FARE -- ONE METROCARD" PROGRAM
  75. "MTA - News". February 13, 2005. Archived from the original on February 13, 2005. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  76. Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (February 27, 2019). "Subway Fares Are Rising Again. But That Won't Solve the M.T.A.'s Crisis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  77. Cudahy, Brian J. (2003). A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-8232-2292-6.
  78. Adams, Frank S. (July 2, 1948). "Fare Change Brings Snarls, But Not as Many as Expected; Many Turnstiles Jam During Evening Rush and Transfers Cause Some Confusion -- Smooth Working Seen in Few Days DURING THE FIRST DAY OF THE INCREASED TRANSIT FARE IN THE CITY SOME SNARLS MARK CITY FARE CHANGE" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  79. Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
  80. Robinson, Douglas (January 3, 1970). "New Tokens Go on Sale in Subways". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  81. Peal, Frank S. (December 6, 1971). "Old, Smaller Token Is Expected in City If Fare Goes to 35c". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  82. "60-Cent Transit Fare Takes Effect; Smaller Subway Tokens Go on Sale; Long Lines for New Tokens 64-Cent Fare Takes Effect; Smaller Tokens Go on Sale Other Measures Approved Lower Fares Available To Some Conrail Riders Disagreement on Bus Pass" (PDF). The New York Times. June 28, 1980. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  83. "www.nycsubway.org: Commemorative Tokens and Medals". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  84. "Thank you for purchasing the new token. Remember, do not use the new token until Sunday, November 12, 1995". Flickr. New York City Transit. 1995. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  85. Kennedy, Randy (April 8, 2003). "A Disgusting Practice Vanishes With the Token". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  86. Heilbroner, David (1991). "ECAB". Rough justice. New York: Dell. p. 14. ISBN 0-440-21030-5.
  87. Freedman, Samuel G. (November 18, 1982). "Connecticut Highway token buys subway ride, too". New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  88. Freedman, Samuel G. (December 15, 1982). "CONNECTICUT TO ALTER ITS TURNPIKE TOKENS, SOLVING SUBWAY ISSUE". New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  89. Carmody, Deirdre (November 7, 1985). "17 1/2/ ACCORD PUTS AND END TO THE GREAT TOKEN WAR". New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  90. Aniv, Oren; Barrera, Edward; Wilcox, Beagen (April 13, 2003). "N.Y.C. TOKEN: 1953-2003". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  91. Markowitz, Michael (April 28, 2003). "NYC Subway Token, 1953-2003". Gotham Gazette. New York. Archived from the original on April 27, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  92. "New York City Subway Tokens". nycsubway.org.
  93. "About NYC Transit - History". October 19, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  94. Faison, Seth (June 2, 1993). "3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  95. Mallozzi, Vincent M. (August 30, 2008). "On MetroCards' Flip Side, Art Exhibits That Catch Collectors' Eyes". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  96. Williams, Monte (January 26, 1999). "Metrocard Machines' Subway Debut". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  97. Smith, Jesse J. (January 19, 2003). "Commuters could face 33% fare hike". The Daily Freeman. Kingston. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008.
  98. Kennedy, Randy (March 6, 2003). "The Transit Increases: Overview; Transit Authority Seeks an Increase in Fares and Tolls". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
  99. "NYC Subway-Mastercard Trial". engadget.com. February 1, 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  100. Chan, Sewell (January 31, 2006). "A Test at 25 Stations Subway Riding Without the Swiping". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  101. "The Future of the MetroCard Part 3". Second Ave. Sagas. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  102. "MTA | news | MTA Launches Smart Card Pilot Program". www.mta.info. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  103. Contactless Fare Payment Pilot on YouTube – MTA's YouTube website. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
  104. MasterCard Tap & Go Payment System Enhances Commuter Experience on YouTube – Mastercard Worldwide YouTube website. Made May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  105. Kaminer, Ariel (June 11, 2010). "Testing PayPass on New York's Buses and Trains". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  106. "NY/NJ Transit Trial – About the Trial – FAQ". Internet Archive. November 21, 2010. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  107. "The ERA Bulletin 2010-07". Issuu. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  108. "About the Trial". Internet Archive. November 18, 2010. Archived from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  109. Barron, James (October 23, 2017). "New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  110. Furfaro, Danielle (February 22, 2019). "MTA to begin pilot for MetroCard replacement next week". New York Post. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  111. Spivack, Caroline (May 22, 2019). "A guide to OMNY, the MTA's new MetroCard-replacing fare system". Curbed NY. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  112. "Say hello to tap and go, with OMNY". MTA. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  113. Sclafani, Tony. ‘Panic Bar’ Exits OK’d for all Subway Stops. In New York Daily News, June 29, 2006.
  114. Chan, Sewell (December 14, 2005). "Anxiety Over Transit System's Security Adds to Tensions at Negotiating Table". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  115. "MTA finally silences subway emergency exit alarms". New York Post. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  116. Weidner, Robert R. (1996). "Target Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price?". Crime Prevention Studies. 6 via Criminal Justice Press.
  117. Rivera, Joseph (2008). Vandal Squad: Inside the New York City Transit Police Department, 1984-2004. PowerHouse Books. ISBN 9781576874660.
  118. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The 1980 “Train to the Plane” TV Commercial, from the Transit Museum Archives, New York, N.Y., 1980. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkL1LIUsmqc on June 27, 2010.
  119. Gunn, D. L. (August 1989). "NEW YORK'S TRANSIT REBOUND". Progressive Railroading. 32 (8). ISSN 0033-0817.
  120. Sims, Calvin. Despite Curbs, Fare Beating Is Surging Again in Subways. In the New York Times, August 16, 1991.
  121. Bratton, William; Knobler, Peter (March 4, 2009). "Chapter 9". The Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307560841.
  122. Sims, Calvin (February 18, 1991). "Fare Beaters in Subway Pay in the End, in Sweat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  123. Hom, Keith J. Reinventing Transit: the Twenty-Year “Overnight” Success Story of NYC Transit. Presented at the Metropolitan Conference on Public Transportation Research, Chicago, Ill., June 11, 1999.
  124. Wilson, James Q.; Kelling, George L. (March 1982). "Broken Windows". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  125. Levitt, Steven D.; Dubner, Stephen J. (2005). "Chapter 4: Where Have All the Criminals Gone". Freakonomics Rev Ed: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061792809.
  126. Langan, Patrick A.; Durose, M.R. (December 2003). The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City (PDF). International Conference on Crime. Rome: Italian National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  127. Weidner, Robert R. Target-Hardening at a New York City Subway Station: Decreased Fare Evasion – at What Price? In Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 6, Criminal Justice Press, Monsey, N.Y., 1996.
  128. Strom, Stephanie. Cheats Outfox New Turnstile For Subways. In New York Times, May 16, 1991.
  129. "Fare Evasion Is Skyrocketing on New York City's Subway. Here's Why". The New York Times. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  130. "MTA blames budget woes on over 500K daily fare beaters". am New York. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  131. Walker, Ameena (December 4, 2018). "MTA may curb fare evasion with 'physical blocks' on subways, buses". Curbed NY. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  132. Donohue, Pete (November 6, 2013). "EXCLUSIVE: Doing away with station booths". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  133. Lee, Denny (July 22, 2001). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: NEW YORK UP CLOSE; Does a Plan to Shut Token Booths Turn a Blind Eye to Crime?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  134. Parker, Billy. G Train Platform Rape Victim Loses MTA Negligence Suit. In The Gothamist, April 1, 2009. Retrieved from http://gothamist.com/2009/04/01/%5B%5D g_train_platform_rape_victim_loses.php on July 4, 2010.
  135. Haddon, Heather (March 3, 2010). "'They saved my life': Rider who was attacked in subway station protests layoffs". Newsday. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  136. Kapp, Trevor; Donohue, Pete (July 20, 2011). "43% of subway fare-beaters are kids". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  137. Reddy, Sumathi (June 29, 2012). "Little Ones, the Subway and the Law". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  138. Newman, William, S. Cheema and C. Moynihan. A Bigger Penalty for Riders Who Cheat on the Fare. In New York Times, July 8, 2008.
  139. Boyle, Christina (March 10, 2009). "Using subway emergency exit gets Qns. man 28 hours in a cell". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  140. Boyle, Christina. Cops Cuff and Stuff Queens Man Todd Zielinski in Cell for 28 Hours for Using Subway Emergency Exit. In New York Daily News, March 10, 2009.
  141. New York State Public Authorities Law, Title 9 New York City Transit Authority, Section 1204 General Powers of the Authority, Paragraph 5(a), and Section 1209-a, Transit Adjudication Bureau, Paragraph 4.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.