Phosphorylase

In biochemistry, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate+hydrogen) to an acceptor.

A-B + P A + P-B
Phosphorylase
Identifiers
EC number2.4.1.1
CAS number9035-74-9
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum

They include allosteric enzymes that catalyze the production of glucose-1-phosphate from a glucan such as glycogen, starch or maltodextrin.

Phosphorylase is also a common name used for glycogen phosphorylase in honor of Earl W. Sutherland Jr., who in the late 1930s discovered it as the first phosphorylase.[1]

Function

Phosphorylases should not be confused with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups. In more general terms, phosphorylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate (phosphate + hydrogen) to an acceptor, not to be confused with a phosphatase (a hydrolase) or a kinase (a phosphotransferase). A phosphatase removes a phosphate group from a donor using water, whereas a kinase transfers a phosphate group from a donor (usually ATP) to an acceptor.

Enzyme name Enzymes class Reaction Notes
PhosphorylaseTransferase
(EC 2.4 and EC 2.7.7)
A-B + H-OP A-OP + H-B transfer group = A = glycosyl- group or
nucleotidyl- group
PhosphataseHydrolase
(EC 3)
P-B + H-OH P-OH + H-B
KinaseTransferase
(EC 2.7.1-2.7.4)
P-B + H-A P-A + H-B transfer group = P
P = phosphonate group, OP = phosphate group, H-OP or P-OH = inorganic phosphate

Types

The phosphorylases fall into the following categories:

  • Glycosyltransferases (EC 2.4)
  • Nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7)
    • Enzymes that have phosphorolytic 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity (break phosphodiester bond)
      • RNase PH
      • Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (PNPase)

All known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties .

Activation

Phosphorylase a is the more active R form of glycogen phosphorylase that is derived from the phosphorylation of the less active R form, phosphorylase b with associated AMP. The inactive T form is either phosphorylated by phosphoylase kinase and inhibited by glucose, or dephosphorylated by phosphoprotein phosphatase with inhibition by ATP and/or glucose 6-phosphate. Phosphorylation requires ATP but dephosphorylation releases free inorganic phosphate ions.

Pathology

Some disorders are related to phosphorylases:

See also

References

  1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th ed. pg. 603


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