Salatiga

Salatiga (Javanese: ꦯꦭꦠꦶꦒ) is a city in Central Java province, Indonesia. It covers an area of 56.761 km2 and had a population of 170,332 at the 2010 Census;[4] the most recent official estimate (as at mid 2019) is 194,084.[5] Located between the cities of Semarang and Surakarta, and administratively an independent city enclaved within Semarang Regency, it sits at the foot of Mount Merbabu (3,142 m) and Mount Telomoyo, and has a relatively cool climate due to its elevated position. Salatiga is a part of the Semarang metropolitan area.

Salatiga
City
Javanese transcription(s)
 • Hanacarakaꦯꦭꦠꦶꦒ
Mount Merbabu viewed from Salatiga.
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Çrir Astu Swasti Prajabhyah (Be happy, all the People)
Location within Central Java
Salatiga
Location in Java and Indonesia
Salatiga
Salatiga (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 7°19′29″S 110°32′39.79″E
Country Indonesia
Province Central Java
Founded24 July 750
Incorporated1 July 1917
Government
 • MayorYulianto
 • Vice MayorMuh Haris
Area
 • Total56.781 km2 (21.923 sq mi)
Elevation571 m (1,873 ft)
Population
 (2019)[2][3]
 • Total194,084
 • Density3,400/km2 (8,900/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groupsJavanese
Chinese

Bataks
Sundanese

Melanesians
Time zoneUTC+7 (Indonesia Western Standard Time)
Area code(+62) 298
Vehicle registrationH
LanguagesIndonesian

Javanese
Batak
English (by the expat community)

Many other Indonesian languages
Websitesalatiga.go.id

Etymology
Plumpungan Inscription

Salatiga is thought to be named either after the goddess of Trisala, or after the three wrongs done to the first king of Semarang.

In the first explanation, the people of the village celebrate the goddess of Siddhadewi, who is mentioned in the Monolith of Plumpungan. Siddhadewi was also called Trisala, so the village was called Trisala and in the years to come became Salatri and eventually Salatiga.[6]

The second explanation is based on the story of Ki Ageng Pandanaran, the first regent of Semarang, who was robbed by three muggers, and he thus named the location Salah Telu. Salah means wrong in both Indonesian and Javanese. Telu is Low Javanese for three, spelled is tiga in both the more refined Middle/High Javanese (but pronounced /tigo/ in Javanese respectively /tiga/ in Indonesian). Hence the name Salatiga from Salah Tiga.[7]

History

The official birth date of Salatiga is 24 July 750 A.D. (the 31st date and 4th year of the Saka calendar). The scroll Monolith of Plumpungan (Prasasti Plumpungan in Sanskrit) by King Bhanu, declares May you be happy! All the people ("Srir = astu swasti prajabhyah") and designated village of Hampran (Desa Hampran) a Perdikan village (Desa Perdikan, meaning a tax-free village).[8] "Çrirastuswasti Prajabyah" is the official motto of Salatiga as written in the government seal.

In 1746, the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) built De Hersteller fort in Salatiga because Salatiga was strategically located at the intersection between Semarang, Surakarta and Magelang.[9]

Salatiga street scenery in 1918

On 1 July 1917 the village of Salatiga was designated as a stads gemeente or small town by the Dutch East Indies government.[10] In the colonial era, Salatiga was stratified by race. The Europeans lived near the city centre, at the Toentangscheweg (Toentang Road) leading to Semarang and also near to Dutch plantations in the Salatiga Afdeling.[11] The Chinese were based near the trading centre, the Kalicacing Market, at the Soloscheweg (Solo Road).[12] Native people were bound to live outside the European and Chinese communities.[13] The education system was divided accordingly, with different schools for the Europeans, the Chinese and the natives.[14] Salatiga was led by a burgermeester (mayor), assisted by College van Burgermeester en Wethouders. There was a legislative body, the Stadsgemeenteraad; however, its membership was not proportional, with 8 seats for the Europeans, 1 seat for the Chinese, and only 2 seats for the natives who form the majority of the people.[15] The economy of Salatiga was hampered by the world economic depression of the 1930s. To reduce the city's spending the salaries of government officials were cut by up to 15%.[16] Salatiga had an important economic role as a hinterland to Semarang, providing agricultural products like coffee, rubber, cacao, cotton, spices, tobacco, wheat and vegetables to Semarang to be processed.[17]

Supported by geographical factors, its mostly mild climate and its luxurious buildings with Indies architecture,[18] Salatiga's beauty was well known during the Dutch colonisation, even it was called De Schoonste Stad van Midden-Java (The Most Beautiful City in Central Java).[19]

Administration

Salatiga is divided into four districts (kecamatan): Argomulyo, Tingkir, Sidomukti, and Sidorejo. These are tabulated below with their population at the 2010 Census and according to the most recent oficial estimates for mid 2019. The table also includes the numbers of urban villages (kelurahan) within each district and its post codes.

Districts of Salatiga by population, area and population density (2019)[20]
District Area
in km2		 Population
Census
2010		 Population
Estimate
2019		 Population
density
(per km2)		 No.
of
villages		 Post
codes
Argomulyo 18.526 40,101 45,975 2,482 6 50732-50736
Tingkir 10.549 39,871 45,168 4,282 7 50741-50746
Sidomukti 11.459 38,756 44,249 3,862 4 50721-50724
Sidorejo 16.247 51,604 58,692 3,612 6 50711-50716
Total 56.781 170,332 194,084 3,418 23

Bordering Salatiga are the following districts of Semarang Regency:

  • To the North: Pabelan (Pabelan and Pejaten villages) and Tuntang (Kesongo and Watu Agung villages)
  • To the South: Getasan (Sumogawe, Samirono and Jetak villages) and Tengaran (Patemon and Karang Duren villages)
  • To the East: Pabelan (Ujung-ujung, Sukoharjo and Glawan villages) and Tengaran (Bener, Tegalwaton and Nyamat villages)
  • To the West: Tuntang (Candirejo, Jombor, Sraten and Gedangan villages) and Getasan (Polobogo village)

All these districts are located in Semarang Regency, making Salatiga an enclave within Semarang Regency.

Geography

Salatiga is located about 47 km south of Semarang and about 100 km north of Yogyakarta. Its elevation is between 450–800 metres.[21] Salatiga has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) in the Köppen climate classification with the average rainfall of 2,668 mm per year, the highest temperature in October (24.1 °C) and the lowest in January (22.4 °C).[1]

Climate data for Salatiga
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5)		 26.6
(79.9)		 27.1
(80.8)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.8
(82.0)		 28.0
(82.4)		 28.0
(82.4)		 28.7
(83.7)		 29.1
(84.4)		 29.3
(84.7)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.0
(80.6)		 27.8
(82.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.4
(72.3)		 22.6
(72.7)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 22.6
(72.7)		 23.0
(73.4)		 23.5
(74.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 23.4
(74.1)		 22.7
(72.9)		 23.1
(73.5)
Average low °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3)		 18.6
(65.5)		 18.8
(65.8)		 18.9
(66.0)		 18.8
(65.8)		 18.0
(64.4)		 17.2
(63.0)		 17.3
(63.1)		 18.0
(64.4)		 18.9
(66.0)		 18.8
(65.8)		 18.5
(65.3)		 18.4
(65.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 390
(15.4)		 344
(13.5)		 389
(15.3)		 279
(11.0)		 204
(8.0)		 117
(4.6)		 77
(3.0)		 52
(2.0)		 69
(2.7)		 138
(5.4)		 264
(10.4)		 345
(13.6)		 2,668
(104.9)
Source: ClimateData.org[1]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1900 10,000—    
1905 12,000+3.71%
1920 18,895+3.07%
1929 19,192+0.17%
1930 24,397+27.12%
1961 58,135+2.84%
1971 69,184+1.76%
2000 153,036+2.78%
2010 171,067+1.12%
2015 183,815+1.45%
2019 194,084+1.37%
Source: 1900–1930,[22] 1961–1971,[23] 2000–2010,[24] 2015[2]

As of 2019, Salatiga had a population of 194,084; 94,887 of them were males and 99,197 were females.[25]

Religion

As of 2019, Islam was the most practised religion in Salatiga (79.5%), followed by Protestantism (15.8%) and Catholicism (4.7%). Other religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism and aliran kepercayaan) make up less than 1% of the population.[26] Salatiga is repeatedly called "one of the most tolerant cities in Indonesia"[27] and is one of the few cities in Java to hold outdoor Christian festivals during Christmas.[28]

Ethnicity

Salatiga is mainly inhabited by the Javanese, with a sizeable minority of Chinese Indonesians and some Bataks from North Sumatra. As a university town, it also hosts an assembly of other ethnicities from as far as Borneo and New Guinea. In total, there are about 30 ethnicities in Salatiga.[29]

Economy

There is an emerging processing industry that includes textile, tires and animal slaughter in Salatiga. In 2000, this industry contributes 119.76 billion rupiahs to the economy of Salatiga. Salatiga is located at the intersection to and from Semarang, Surakarta and Yogyakarta, benefiting its trade sector. In 2000, the trade sector contributes 109 billion rupiahs to the economy of Salatiga.[21]

Infrastructure

Transport
The main road of Salatiga, Jalan Jendral Sudirman

Salatiga is traversed by provincial road that connects Semarang and Surakarta.[30] Tingkir Terminal is the main bus station in Salatiga, serving intercity buses.[31] The Tamansari Terminal serves angkot (share taxis), even though most of the angkot did not stop at the terminal.[32] The Semarang–Solo Toll Road section Bawen-Salatiga was inaugurated on 25 September 2017.[33] There is a plan to build a junction with the toll road at Pattimura Street, closer to the city centre than the current junction, to prevent Salatiga from becoming a dead city.[34][35]

Water supply

Clean water is supplied by PDAM Salatiga. The water comes from Kaliombo, Senjoyo, Kali Golek Senjoyo, and Kaligetak water springs.[36]

Education

Tertiary education

Salatiga has several universities and colleges:[37]

  • Satya Wacana Christian University (UKSW), the largest university in Salatiga with 14 Faculties and 3 Doctoral studies, and 14,000 students and 300 faculty members. It was founded in 1956.[38]
  • State Institute for Islamic Studies Salatiga (IAIN Salatiga), an Islamic College specialising in Education. Now, the largest High Education Institution in Salatiga, which is accept up to 10.000 students per year with FIve Faculty (Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, Fakultas Syariah, Fakultas Dakwah, Fakultas Ushluhuddin, Adab dan Humaniora dan Sekolah Pascasarjana). Let's join us, Spirituality, Intellectuality, Professionalism[39]
  • Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi (STIE AMA), a private college specialising in Economics

Schools
Main article: Education in Indonesia

There are 96 elementary schools,[40] 27 junior high schools,[41] 33 senior high schools,[42] and 19 vocational schools[42] in Salatiga. Schools in Salatiga are normally affiliated with the government, universities, or religious institutions. In the past, state-run schools are generally sought after for their quality and subsidised cost however this had changed significantly. Students also generally compete by using final examination grades and written examinations to enter the more popular schools.

Salatiga has one international English-speaking school at elementary and secondary level (Mountainview International Christian School).

References
  1. "Climate: Salatiga". ClimateData.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  2. "Salatiga Municipality Population by Age Group and Sex, 2015". Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Salatiga. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  3. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2020.
  4. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  5. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2020.
  6. Maharani 2009, p. 37.
  7. Maharani 2009, p. 38.
  8. Mubarok, Imam (30 August 2014). "Menengok Prasasti Plumpungan, cikal bakal Salatiga". Merdeka.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  9. Maharani 2009, p. 63.
  10. Maharani 2009, p. 42.
  11. Maharani 2009, pp. 48–49.
  12. Maharani 2009, p. 52.
  13. Maharani 2009, p. 54.
  14. Maharani 2009, p. 49.
  15. Maharani 2009, p. 56.
  16. Maharani 2009, p. 59.
  17. Maharani 2009, p. 64.
  18. Maharani 2009, p. 57.
  19. "Sejarah Kota Salatiga" [History of the City of Salatiga] (in Indonesian). Government of the City of Salatiga. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006.
  20. Statistics of Salatiga Municipality 2020, p. 49.
  21. "Kota Salatiga". Kompas (in Indonesian). 13 February 2002. Archived from the original on 14 February 2002.
  22. Maharani 2009, p. 45.
  23. Laporan Hasil Sementara Sensus Penduduk 1971 Djawa Tengah (PDF). Badan Pusat Statistik. 1971. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  24. "Salatiga Harus Tekan Pertumbuhan Penduduk" [Salatiga Must Suppress Population Growth]. Kompas (in Indonesian). 1 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  25. BPS, 2020.
  26. Statistics of Salatiga Municipality 2016, pp. 110–111.
  27. Munir, Syahrul (20 November 2017). "Salatiga Kembali Raih Predikat Kota Paling Toleran di Indonesia". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  28. Seo, Myengkyo (2013). State Management of Religion in Indonesia. Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-415-51716-4. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017.
  29. Munir, Syahrul (24 February 2018). "Indonesia Mini di "Kampus Toleransi" Salatiga". Kompas. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  30. Surtiani 2006, p. 88.
  31. Kundori, Moch (26 May 2016). "Dishub Razia Kelaikan Bus Jelang Angkutan Lebaran". Suara Merdeka (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  32. Surya Yuli P (2 February 2017). "Pembangunan Terminal Tamansari Sudah Mendesak". Suara Merdeka (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  33. Wisnu Adhi N (25 September 2017). "Jalan tol Bawen-Salatiga diresmikan, hujan mengguyur" (in Indonesian). Antara. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  34. Munir, Syahrul (8 June 2017). "Soal Keindahan "View" Gerbang Tol Salatiga, Ketua DPRD Sebut Tak Penting". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  35. Setiawan, Deni (22 September 2017). "Usulan Penambahan Exit Tol di Jalan Pattimura Salatiga Disetujui". Tribun Jateng (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  36. Surtiani 2006, p. 89.
  37. Statistics of Salatiga Municipality 2016, pp. 88–90.
  38. Michaella, Sonya (28 December 2015). "Toleransi Agama, Tirulah Salatiga". telusur.metrotvnews.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  39. "IAIN Salatiga – Institut Agama Islam Negeri Salatiga". Institut Agama Islam Negeri Salatiga. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  40. Statistics of Salatiga Municipality 2016, p. 81.
  41. Statistics of Salatiga Municipality 2016, p. 83.
  42. Statistics of Salatiga Municipality 2016, p. 86.

Works cited
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