City status in Indonesia

In Indonesian law, the term "city" (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city.[1] However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.

This article is part of a series on
Subdivisions of Indonesia
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  • Districts
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Historical classification
Surabaya was granted city status (gementee) by the government of the Dutch East Indies on 1 April 1906.[2]

Gemeente

During the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente (municipality) since the decentralisation law in 1903. Gemeentee was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate).[3]

Kota besar and kota kecil

The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.[4]

Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja
City classification in Indonesia
during 1965–1974
city typesubdivision levelequivalence
KotarayaFirst-levelProvince
KotamadyaSecond-levelRegency
KotaprajaThird-levelDistricts

According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia.[5]

The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to become the only urban area with a province status.[6]

Kota
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia.[7] Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), whom is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Each kota is divided further into districts, more commonly known as kecamatan.

Jakarta as a city
Jakarta City Hall, the seat of the governor of Jakarta

Jakarta, then known as Batavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire. On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first geemente of the Dutch East Indies.[8] Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java. With the release of the Law Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia.[9] Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city. The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database.[10]

The Special Capital Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency'. Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing, and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not have city councils, and their mayors were exclusively selected by the Governor of Jakarta without any public election. Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management".[11] Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status."[12] Unlike other 33 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office', the governor of Jakarta works in a city hall (Balai Kota DKI Jakarta).[13]

List of cities by date of incorporation
CityDate incorporatedFirst city statusCurrent province
Jakarta[a]4 March 1621[8]StadSpecial Capital Region of Jakarta
Bandung1 April 1906[14]GemeenteWest Java
Padang1 April 1906[15]GemeenteWest Sumatra
Palembang1 April 1906[16]GemeenteSouth Sumatra
Surabaya1 April 1906[17]GemeenteEast Java
Medan1 April 1909[18]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Binjai1 July 1917[19]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Pematang Siantar1 July 1917[19]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Tanjung Balai1 July 1917[19]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Tebing Tinggi1 July 1917[19]GemeenteNorth Sumatra
Sawahlunto1 July 1918[20]GemeenteWest Sumatra
Banjarmasin1 July 1919[21]GemeenteSouth Kalimantan
Banda Aceh[b]17 May 1946[22]Kota otonom BAceh
Bengkulu17 May 1946[22]Kota otonom BBengkulu
Jambi17 May 1946[22]Kota otonom BJambi
Pekanbaru17 May 1946[22]Kota otonom BRiau
Sibolga17 May 1946[22]Kota otonom BNorth Sumatra
Bandar Lampung[c]17 May 1946[22]Kota otonom BLampung
Pontianak14 August 1946[23]Landschaps-gemeenteWest Kalimantan
Padang Panjang23 March 1956[24]Kota KecilWest Sumatra
Payakumbuh23 March 1956[24]Kota KecilWest Sumatra
Solok23 March 1956[24]Kota KecilWest Sumatra
Balikpapan4 July 1959[23]Kotapraja (2nd-level)East Kalimantan
Samarinda4 July 1959[23]Kotapraja (2nd-level)East Kalimantan
Batam7 December 1983[25]KotamadyaRiau Islands
Bitung15 August 1990[26]KotamadyaNorth Sulawesi
Denpasar15 January 1992[27]KotamadyaBali
Tangerang27 February 1993[28]KotamadyaBanten
Mataram26 July 1993[29]KotamadyaWest Nusa Tenggara
Jayapura2 August 1993[30]KotamadyaPapua
Palu22 July 1994[31]KotamadyaCentral Sulawesi
Kendari3 August 1995[32]KotamadyaSoutheast Sulawesi
Kupang11 April 1996[33]KotamadyaEast Nusa Tenggara
Bekasi16 December 1996[34]KotamadyaWest Java
Tarakan8 October 1997[35]KotamadyaNorth Kalimantan
Banjarbaru20 April 1999[36]KotamadyaSouth Kalimantan
Cilegon20 April 1999[37]KotamadyaBanten
Depok20 April 1999[37]KotamadyaWest Java
Dumai20 April 1999[38]KotamadyaRiau
Metro20 April 1999[39]KotamadyaLampung
Ternate20 April 1999[40]KotamadyaNorth Maluku
Bontang4 October 1999[41]KotaEast Kalimantan
Sorong4 October 1999[42]KotaWest Papua
Batu21 June 2001[43]KotaEast Java
Baubau21 June 2001[44]KotaSoutheast Sulawesi
Cimahi21 June 2001[45]KotaWest Java
Langsa21 June 2001[46]KotaAceh
Lhokseumawe21 June 2001[47]KotaAceh
Lubuklinggau21 June 2001[48]KotaSouth Sumatra
Padang Sidempuan21 June 2001[49]KotaNorth Sumatra
Pagar Alam21 June 2001[50]KotaSouth Sumatra
Prabumulih21 June 2001[51]KotaSouth Sumatra
Singkawang21 June 2001[52]KotaWest Kalimantan
Tanjung Pinang21 June 2001[53]KotaRiau Islands
Tasikmalaya21 June 2001[54]KotaWest Java
Banjar11 December 2002[55]KotaWest Java
Bima10 April 2002[56]KotaWest Nusa Tenggara
Palopo10 April 2002[57]KotaSouth Sulawesi
Pariaman10 April 2002[58]KotaWest Sumatra
Tidore25 February 2003[59]KotaNorth Maluku
Tomohon25 February 2003[60]KotaNorth Sulawesi
Kotamobagu2 January 2007[61]KotaNorth Sulawesi
Subulussalam2 January 2007[62]KotaAceh
Serang10 August 2007[63]KotaBanten
Tual10 August 2007[64]KotaMaluku
Sungai Penuh21 July 2008[65]KotaJambi
Gunungsitoli26 November 2008[66]KotaNorth Sumatra
South Tangerang26 November 2008[67]KotaBanten
Notes

See also

References
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