Somali Police Force

In 1884 the British formed an armed constabulary to police the northern coast.[2] In 1910 the British created the Somali Coastal Police, and in 1912 they established the Somali Camel Constabulary to police the interior.[2]

In 1926 the colonial authorities formed the Somali Police Force.[2] Commanded by British officers, the force included Somalis in its lower ranks.[2] Armed rural constabulary (XirXiran) supported this force by bringing offenders to court, guarding prisoners, patrolling townships, and accompanying nomadic tribesmen over grazing areas.[2][3]

In 1960, the British Somali Scouts joined with the (Police Corps of Somalia) (1910–1960) to form a new Somali Police Force, which consisted of about 3,700 men.[2] The authorities also organized approximately 1,000 of the force as the Daraawishta Booliska, a mobile group used to keep peace between warring clans in the interior.[2] Until 1991, the government considered the SPF a part of the armed forces.[2] In its inception in 1960, Mohamed Abshir Muse became the first commander of the police force.

The late President of Somalia Siad Barre was among the senior officers and commanders formed under the colonial forces who led the Somali Police Force and Somali National Army after independence in 1960.

Until its dissolution in 1976, the Ministry of Interior oversaw the Force's national commandant and his central command.[2] After that date, the SPF came under the control of the presidential adviser on security affairs.[2]

The Somali Police Academy of Armo in Armo District.

After the collapse of the Barre government and the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, both the Daraawishta and Birmadka forces essentially ceased to operate.[2]

With the start of the 21st century, a new police force was re-established.[4] The Armo Police Academy, the first such training institute to be built in Somalia for several years, opened on December 20, 2005, at Armo, 100 kilometres south of Bosaso.[5] The SPF also has a Criminal Investigative Division (CID) in Mogadishu.[6]

It is the intent of the SPF to initiate rather quickly a reform process to upgrade its police force with adequately trained and equipped officers and units, capable of providing the full range of basic and specialized police services to the public with transparency, accountability and strictly aligned with human rights and rule of law. Particular attention will be given to the community policing concept and the role of women in the police.

However, such reform cannot be carried out without the substantial support of the international community, as the Somali government does not have yet the sufficient financial means to achieve this objective.

Stig Jarle Hansen argued in 2007 that although the UNDP was financially supported by the governments of the United States and Norway, it repeatedly failed to ensure payment to the Somalia police force that it at the time provided training to. He suggests that this led to a high desertion rate of over 100%, as a majority of unpaid TFG policemen and soldiers abandoned their posts after only a few months before defecting. The UNDP's unsuccessful rule of law project and TFG policies created a situation whereby the soldiers who remained in service then resorted to pillaging and theft to sustain themselves, and squabbled over the little funds that were earmarked for them.[7]

On 17 June 2009, Mogadishu's police chief Colonel Ali Said was killed during an attack on insurgent bases in the capital.[8]

Somali Police during inspection

In June 2011, the Somali Police Force was given the responsibility of security in Km 4, Guriga Shaqalaha, Isgoyska Dabka and Makka Almukara road. The police also established posts in all of the Transitional Federal Government-controlled districts of Mogadishu.[9]

Since the Al-Shabaab Islamist militants were forced from the capital in August 2011, the police has been conducting investigations and arrests to firm up on security. Officers are trained locally, with the SPF working closely with the Somali Armed Forces to enforce the law. According to Police Commissioner Maya, the SPF expected to have an independent, fully established and well-equipped force following the end of the transitional period in August 2012.[10] Turkey has also offered to train SPF officials to strengthen the police's enforcement capacity.[11]

The United Nations Secretary General reported on 31 January 2013 that:[12]

The United Nations continued to support the activities of the Somali Police Force, including the formulation of a strategic development plan. UNPOS facilitated the procurement of equipment and furniture for 10 police stations in Mogadishu and police headquarters and provided training to 38 Somali Police Force drivers and 5 fleet managers. UNDP continued to pay police stipends to 5,388 Somali Police Force officers on duty in Mogadishu, Baidoa and Galmudug, courtesy of the Government of Japan and the European Union. A total of 4,463 Somali Police Force officers were registered in Mogadishu using the biometric registration system, completing the registration for the capital.

As of August 2014, the Federal Government of Somalia is engaged in capacity-rebuilding for the SPF, with assistance provided by the U.S. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, the European Union Training Mission Somalia and the United Nations Mine Action Service.

UNDP continued to disburse stipends for the Somali Police Force until 31 December 2015, through the support of the Government of Japan and the European Union. In January 2015 the responsibility for distributing stipends was given to UNOPS.

Under the parliamentary regime, police received training and material aid from West Germany, Italy, and the United States.[2] Although the government used the police to counterbalance the Soviet-supported army, no police commander opposed the 1969 army coup.[2]

During the 1970s, German Democratic Republic (East Germany) security advisers assisted the SPF.[2] After relations with the West improved in the late 1970s, West German and Italian advisers again started training police units.[2]

Somalia Police Force - Darawiishta Rapid Response Brigade - Passing out parade - Mogadishu, Somalia.

By the late 1970s, the SPF was carrying out an array of missions, including patrol work, traffic management, criminal investigation, intelligence gathering, and counter-insurgency.[2] The elite mobile police groups consisted of the Daraawishta and the Birmadka Booliska (Riot Unit).[2] The Daraawishta, a mobile unit that operated in remote areas and along the frontier, participated in the Ogaden War.[2]

Currently the Darwish are trained, equipped and armed officers, responding to the most serious situations in Mogadishu. It is estimated that a Darwish unit of brigade strength would be needed to respond to emergency requests from federal member states for re-enforcement.

The Birmadka acted as a crack unit for emergency action and provided honor guards for ceremonial functions.[2]

In 1961, the SPF established an air wing, equipped with Cessna light aircraft and one Douglas DC-3.[2] The unit operated from improvised landing fields near remote police posts.[2] The wing provided assistance to field police units and to the Daraawishta through the airlift of supplies and personnel and reconnaissance.[2] During the final days of Barre's regime, the air wing operated two Cessna light aircraft and two DO-28 Skyservants.[2]

Each of the country's administrative regions had a police commandant; other commissioned officers maintained law and order in the districts.[2] After 1972, the police outside Mogadishu comprised northern and southern group commands, divisional commands (corresponding to the districts), station commands, and police posts.[2] Regional governors and district commissioners commanded regional and district police elements.[2]

Technical and specialized police units included the Tributary Division, the Criminal Investigation Division (CID), the Traffic Division, a Communications Unit, and a Training Unit.[2]

Somalia Coast Guard

Somali's 50 metre patrol vessels were built to the same design as this Trinidad and Tobago Ship.

The Somali Police Force (SPF) is currently only one of the two institutions which has legal authority for maritime law enforcement, the other being the Navy, up to 200 Nautical miles from the coastline, and has despite all odds tried to maintain its role in that area.

Six long-range patrol vessels (LRPVs) ordered from Atlantic Marine and Offshore Group[15] in July 2013[16] as part of a larger contract to build up the Somali Coast Guard are expected to be delivered by the end of the year. The Atlantic Marine and Offshore Group will build, maintain and operate the coast guard fleet and will develop a coast guard training centre to train coast guard personnel, security officers and shore based support personnel.[16]

In Mogadishu the Atlantic Marine and Offshore Group will establish an operational base, including a ship repair facility.[17]

Six Damen Stan 5009 patrol vessel long-range patrol vessels were ordered for Somalia in 2014.[17] They will be equipped with high-speed off-shore interceptor boats.

The Stan Patrol 5009 vessels are 50 metres long, have maximum speed of 30 knots and 18–26 crewmembers. They feature the innovative axe bow concept which cuts through waves rather than slamming over them for superior seakeeping performance.

Somali Coast Guard operations will be managed in coordination with the Somali Coastguard Directorate.[17]

Special Operations Police Battalion

Somali Police Special Operations Battalion officer's known as Cheetah Commando's Haramcad, patrolling the Mogadishu Green Zone, the site of several highly sensitive sites such the International Airport, several embassies, as well as the headquarters of the UN in Somalia.

A Cheetah Commando officer man's a police check point during the Eid Holidays 2019 in Mogadishu, Somalia.

This Special Operations Command Battalion known as Ciidanka Haramcad in Somali (Cheetah Unit), was inaugurated in March 2019 after the first company of 120 police cadets of a force that is envisage to number between 600-800 men, graduated from the Mountain Commando School and Training Center, in Isparta Turkey in February 2019.

This unit has several responsibilities, to assist the Somali National Army in Counter-Insurgency operations in urban areas of Somalia, as a mobile reserve force, to pacify & police areas captured by the SNA allowing it to focus on its primary mandate in the short term of destroying Al-Shabaab as a fighting force in Somalia.

As well as providing security for critical installations & infrastructure such as the Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu, and the Green Zone, as well as providing security to large public gathering's such as football fans during as Somali Football league match.

Beginning in the early 1970s, police recruits had to be seventeen to twenty-five years of age, of high moral caliber, and physically fit.[2] Upon completion of six months of training at the National Police Academy in Mogadishu, those who passed an examination would serve two years on the force.[2]

After the recruits completed this service, the police could request renewal of their contracts.[2] Officer cadets underwent a nine-month training course that emphasized supervision of police field performance.[2]

Somali Police Parade

Daraawishta members, or modern Dervishes, attended a six-month tactical training course.[2] Birmaadka personnel received training in public order and riot control.[2]

In February 2014, a visiting delegation from Somalia led by Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed met in Addis Ababa with Prime Minister of Ethiopia Hailemariam Desalegn to discuss strengthening bilateral relations between the two countries. Hailemariam Desalegn pledged his administration's continued support for the peace and stabilization efforts in Somalia, as well as its preparedness to assist in initiatives aiming to build up the Somali security forces through experience-sharing and training. The meeting concluded with a tripartite memorandum of understanding agreeing to promote partnership and cooperation, including a cooperative agreement to develop the police force.[19]

In August 2014, the Somali and U.S. governments reached an agreement in Washington, D.C. stipulating that the United States would contribute $1.9 million toward security sector reform, development and capacity-building efforts in Somalia. The pact was signed by Finance Minister of Somalia Hussein Abdi Halane, U.S. Special Representative for Somalia James P. McAnulty, and Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) Todd Robinson. It is primarily slated to provide support to the Somali National Police Force's Criminal Investigative Division (CID), with an emphasis on implementing policies, practices and procedures that buttress citizen services and human rights. The INL will fund the initiative.[6] The treaty is the second of its kind between the Somali government and INL.[20]

In January 2015, Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia Abdirahman Duale Beyle and a Turkish delegation signed a bilateral treaty in Mogadishu pertaining to police support.[21]

• National Intelligence and Security Agency
• Somali Custodial Corps

• Stig Jarle Hansen, Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamic Group 2005–12, Hurst & Co., 2013

• Alice Hills (2014) Security Sector or Security Arena? The Evidence from Somalia, International Peacekeeping, 21:2, 165–180, DOI:10.1080/13533312.2014.910400

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• Official website