Timeline of Hama
Prior to 7th century
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- 11th century BCE – Town is "capital of Aramean kingdom of Hamath."[1]
- 854 BCE – Town taken by Assyrian Shalmaneser II.[2]
- 743 BCE – Assyrians in power again.[3]
- 740 BCE – Uprising.[3]
- 720 BCE – Uprising "crushed by Sargon."[2]
- 540 BCE – Persians in power (approximate date).
- 64 BCE – Town becomes part of the Roman province of Syria.
7th–19th centuries
- 639 CE – Town taken by Arab Muslim Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah.[2]
- 637 – Great Mosque built.[4]
- 10th century – Hamdanids in power.
- 968 – Town sacked by Byzantine forces of Nicephorus Phocas.[1]
- 11th century – Town sacked by Mirdasid forces.
- 1108 – Tancred, Prince of Galilee takes town.[2]
- 1114 – Seljuks in power.[1]
- 1157 – Earthquake.[5]
- 1172 – Nur al-Din Mosque built.
- 1175 – Saladin takes town from Zangids.[1]
- 1178 – Al-Muzaffar I Umar becomes Emir of Hama.[1]
- 1191 – Al-Mansur I Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1221 – Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1229 – Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1244 – Al-Mansur Muhammad II becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1260 – Town sacked by Mongols.
- 1284 – Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1299 – Mamluks in power.[1]
- 1310 – Ayyubid Abu al-Fida becomes Emir of Hama.[5]
- 1323 – al-Izzi Mosque built.[4]
- 1326 – Abu'l-Fida Mosque built.[4]
- 1331 – Al-Afdal Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
- 1400 – Timurlane takes town.
- 1453 – al-Mamunye (water wheel) constructed.
- 1516 – Ottoman Turks in power.
- 1556 – Khan Rustum Pasha (caravansary) built.
- 1742 – Azm Palace built.
- 1858 – Population: 30,000.[6]
- 1864 – Town becomes capital of the Hamah sanjak (district) in the Vilayet of Sham.[1]
- 1875 – Cholera outbreak.[5]
- 1898 – Public library opens (approximate date).[7]
20th century
- 1901 – Population: 45,000 (approximate).[3]
- 1902 – Rayak-Hama railway begins operating.[8]
- 1906 – Aleppo-Hama railway constructed.[9]
- 1917 – Shaker al-Hanbali becomes mayor.[10]
- 1918 – Town becomes part of French Mandate of Syria.
- 1925 – 1925 Hama uprising, early October uprising by Hama's inhabitants led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against the French mandate, subsequent crackdown by French forces. Part of the Great Syrian Revolt.[11]
- 1930 – Population: 60,000.[12]
- 1941 – Al-Taliya Sport Club formed.
- 1945 – Al-Nawair Sport Club formed.
- 1946 – City becomes part of independent Syrian Republic.
- 1960 – Population: 97,390.[13]
- 1963 – April: Anti-Baathist demonstrations.[14]
- 1964
- 1970 – Population: 137,421.[13]
- 1980 – February: Islamic uprising;[16] crackdown on Sunnis.
- 1981 – April: 1981 Hama massacre.
- 1982 – February: Muslim Brotherhood uprising against Hafez al-Asad regime; government crackdown.[16][17]
- 1985 – Population: 193,610 (estimate).[18]
- 1989 – Apamee Cham Palace Hotel built.[4]
21st century
- 2003 – Population: 427,369 (estimate).[13]
- 2008 – Population: 1,508,000 (estimate).[19]
- 2011
- Mass demonstrations.[16][20]
- July–August: Army crackdown on protesters.[21]
- 2012 – 25 April: Explosion in Mashaa Attayar.[22][23]
- 2013 – Syrian civil war.[24]
References
- Whitaker 2008.
- Britannica 1910.
- Chambers 1901.
- ArchNet.org. "Hama". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
- Baedeker 1876.
- Murray 1858.
- David Dean Commins (1990), Islamic reform: politics and social change in late Ottoman Syria, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195061039, 0195061039
- "Railway developments in Syria". Railway Age. Chicago. 1904.
- Lewis R. Freeman (1915). "Railway Lines of Syria and Palestine". Railway Age Gazette. New York.
- Sami Moubayed (2006), Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000, Seattle, USA: Cune Press, ISBN 9781885942401
- Bou-Nacklie 1998.
- David Dean Commins (2004), Historical Dictionary of Syria (2nd ed.), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press
- "Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Stefan Helders. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013.
- Malik Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801431689.
- "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
- "Syria Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- Malise Ruthven (2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Cartographica.
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
- "Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
- "'Half a million' protest on streets of Hama". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2011.
- "UN council condemns use of force by Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 August 2011.
- "Blast in Syria's Hama kills many". Al Jazeera. 26 April 2012.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
- "Fierce fighting rages across Syria". Al Jazeera. 18 January 2013.
Bibliography
- Published in 19th century
- Abraham Rees (1819). "Hamah". The Cyclopædia. London.
- Josiah Conder (1830), "(Hamah)", The Modern Traveller, London: J.Duncan
- "Hamah", Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, London: J. Murray, 1858, OCLC 2300777
- "Hama", Palestine and Syria, Leipsig: Karl Baedeker, 1876
- Published in 20th century
- "Hamah", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- "Hamah", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1996), "Hama", Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
- N. E. Bou-Nacklie (1998). "Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt". Journal of Contemporary History. 33.
- Published in 21st century
- J.L. Whitaker (2008), "Hamah", in Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
- "Hama". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
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