World record progression 100 metres backstroke
This is a history of the 100 m backstroke world record as swum in both long-course (50 m; Olympic) pools and short-course (25 m) pools—the two categories recognized/tracked by FINA.
Men
Long course
Time | Swimmer | Date | Place |
---|---|---|---|
1:02.2 | David Theile | December 6, 1956 | Melbourne, Australia |
1:01.5 | John Monckton | February 15, 1958 | Melbourne, Australia |
1:01.3 | Bob Bennett | August 19, 1961 | Los Angeles, USA |
1:01.0 | Tom Stock | August 11, 1962 | Cuyahoga Falls, USA |
1:00.9 | Tom Stock | August 12, 1962 | Cuyahoga Falls, USA |
1:00.8 | Ernst-Joachim Küppers | August 28, 1964 | Dortmund, West Germany |
1:00.0 | Thompson Mann | September 3, 1964 | New York City, USA |
59.6 | Thompson Mann | October 16, 1964 | Tokyo, Japan |
59.5 | Doug Russell | August 28, 1967 | Tokyo, Japan |
59.3 | Charlie Hickcox | August 28, 1967 | Tokyo, Japan |
59.1 | Charlie Hickcox | August 31, 1967 | Tokyo, Japan |
58.4 | Roland Matthes | September 21, 1967 | Leipzig, East Germany |
58.0 | Roland Matthes | October 26, 1968 | Mexico City, Mexico |
57.8 | Roland Matthes | August 23, 1969 | Würzburg, West Germany |
56.9 | Roland Matthes | September 8, 1970 | Barcelona, Spain |
56.7 | Roland Matthes | September 4, 1971 | Leipzig, East Germany |
56.3 | Roland Matthes | April 8, 1972 | Moscow, USSR |
56.30 | Roland Matthes | September 4, 1972 | Munich, West Germany |
56.19 | John Naber | July 18, 1976 | Montreal, Canada |
55.49 | John Naber | July 19, 1976 | Montreal, Canada |
55.44 | Rick Carey | August 6, 1983 | Clovis, California, USA |
55.38 | Rick Carey | August 6, 1983 | Clovis, California, USA |
55.19 | Rick Carey | August 21, 1983 | Caracas, Venezuela |
55.17 | Igor Polyansky | March 15, 1988 | Tallinn, USSR |
55.16 | Igor Polyansky | March 16, 1988 | Tallinn, USSR |
55.00 | Igor Polyansky | July 16, 1988 | Moscow, USSR |
54.95 | David Berkoff | August 12, 1988 | Austin, Texas, USA |
54.91 | David Berkoff | August 12, 1988 | Austin, Texas, USA |
54.51 | David Berkoff | September 24, 1988 | Seoul, South Korea |
53.93 | Jeff Rouse | August 25, 1991 | Edmonton, Canada |
53.86 (r) | Jeff Rouse | July 31, 1992 | Barcelona, Spain |
53.60 | Lenny Krayzelburg | August 24, 1999 | Sydney, Australia |
53.45 (r) | Aaron Peirsol | August 21, 2004 | Athens, Greece |
53.17 | Aaron Peirsol | April 2, 2005 | Indianapolis, Indiana, USA |
52.98 | Aaron Peirsol | March 27, 2007 | Melbourne, Australia |
52.89 | Aaron Peirsol | July 1, 2008 | Omaha, Nebraska, USA |
52.54 | Aaron Peirsol | August 12, 2008 | Beijing, China |
52.38 | Aschwin Wildeboer | July 1, 2009 | Pescara, Italy |
51.94 | Aaron Peirsol | July 8, 2009 | Indianapolis, Indiana, USA |
51.85 (r) | Ryan Murphy | August 13, 2016 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
Short course
Time | Swimmer[1] | Date | Place |
---|---|---|---|
52.71 [2] | Mark Tewksbury | March 16, 1991 | Bonn, Germany |
52.58 [2] | Mark Tewksbury | March 29, 1991 | Sheffield, Great Britain |
52.52[2] | Mark Tewksbury | February 20, 1992 | Winnipeg, Canada |
52.50 | Mark Tewksbury | February 22, 1992 | Winnipeg, Canada |
51.43 | Jeff Rouse | April 12, 1993 | Sheffield, Great Britain |
51.28 | Lenny Krayzelburg | February 5, 2000 | Berlin, Germany[3] |
50.75 | Neil Walker | March 19, 2000 | Athens, Greece |
50.58 | Thomas Rupprath | December 8, 2002 | Melbourne, Australia |
50.32 | Peter Marshall | March 26, 2004 | New York City, United States |
49.99 | Ryan Lochte | April 9, 2006 | Shanghai, China |
49.94 | Peter Marshall | November 11, 2008 | Stockholm, Sweden |
49.63 | Peter Marshall | November 15, 2008 | Berlin, Germany |
49.32 | Stanislav Donets | December 14, 2008 | Rijeka, Croatia |
49.20 | Aschwin Wildeboer | December 21, 2008 | Madrid, Spain |
49.17 | Arkady Vyatchanin | December 12, 2009 | Istanbul, Turkey |
48.97 | Arkady Vyatchanin Stanislav Donets |
December 13, 2009 | Istanbul, Turkey |
48.94 (r) | Nick Thoman | December 18, 2009 | Manchester, England |
48.92[4] | Matt Grevers | December 12, 2015 | Indianapolis, USA |
48.90[5] | Kliment Kolesnikov | December 22, 2017 | Saint Petersburg, RUS |
48.88[6] | Xu Jiayu | November 11, 2018 | Tokyo, JPN |
48.58[7] | Kliment Kolesnikov | November 21, 2020 | Budapest, HUN |
Women
Long course
Time | Swimmer | Date | Meet | Place |
---|---|---|---|---|
1:07.7 | Cathy Ferguson | October 14, 1964 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan |
1:07.4 | Ann Farlie | July 23, 1966 | Béziers, France | |
1:07.3 | Elaine Tanner | July 27, 1967 | Winnipeg, Canada | |
1:07.1 | Elaine Tanner | July 30, 1967 | Winnipeg, Canada | |
1:06.7 | Karen Muir | January 30, 1968 | Kimberley, South Africa | |
1:06.4 | Karen Muir | April 6, 1968 | Paris, France | |
1:06.2 | Kaye Hall | October 23, 1968 | Olympic Games | Mexico City, Mexico |
1:05.6 | Karen Muir | July 6, 1969 | Utrecht, Netherlands | |
1:05.39 | Ulrike Richter | August 18, 1973 | Utrecht, Netherlands | |
1:04.99 (r) | Ulrike Richter | September 4, 1973 | World Championships | Belgrade, Yugoslavia |
1:04.78 (r) | Wendy Cook | January 31, 1974 | Commonwealth Games | Christchurch, New Zealand |
1:04.43 | Ulrike Richter | July 8, 1974 | Rostock, East Germany | |
1:04.09 | Ulrike Richter | August 22, 1974 | Vienna, Austria | |
1:03.30 | Ulrike Richter | August 23, 1974 | Vienna, Austria | |
1:02.98 | Ulrike Richter | September 1, 1974 | Concord, California, USA | |
1:02.60 | Ulrike Richter | March 14, 1976 | Tallinn, USSR | |
1:01.62 | Kornelia Ender | June 3, 1976 | Berlin, East Germany | |
1:01.51 (r) | Ulrike Richter | June 5, 1976 | Berlin, East Germany[8] | |
1:01.51 (e) | Rica Reinisch | July 20, 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow, USSR |
1:01.50 | Rica Reinisch | July 22, 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow, USSR |
1:00.86 | Rica Reinisch | July 23, 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow, USSR |
1:00.59 (r) | Ina Kleber | August 24, 1984 | Friendship Games | Moscow, USSR |
1:00.31 | Krisztina Egerszegi | August 22, 1991 | European Championships | Athens, Greece |
1:00.16 (r) | He Cihong | September 10, 1994 | World Championships | Rome, Italy |
59.58 | Natalie Coughlin | August 13, 2002 | U.S. National Swimming Championships | Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA |
59.44 | Natalie Coughlin | March 27, 2007 | World Championships | Melbourne, Australia |
59.21 | Natalie Coughlin | February 17, 2008 | Missouri Grand Prix | Columbia, Missouri, United States |
59.15 | Hayley McGregory | June 30, 2008 | USA Olympic Trials | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
59.03 | Natalie Coughlin | June 30, 2008 | USA Olympic Trials | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
58.97 | Natalie Coughlin | July 1, 2008 | USA Olympic Trials | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
58.77 | Kirsty Coventry | August 11, 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China |
58.48 | Anastasia Zuyeva | July 27, 2009 | World Championships | Rome, Italy |
58.12 | Gemma Spofforth | July 28, 2009 | World Championships | Rome, Italy |
58.10 | Kylie Masse | July 25, 2017 | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary |
58.00 | Kathleen Baker | July 28, 2018 | USA Championships | Irvine, California, United States |
57.57 (r) | Regan Smith | July 28, 2019 | World Championships | Gwangju, South Korea |
Short course
Time | Swimmer[9] | Date | Place |
---|---|---|---|
59.41 | Angel Martino | November 21, 1993 | Stavanger, Norway |
58.50 | Angel Martino | December 3, 1993 | Palma de Mallorca, Spain |
58.45 | Reiko Nakamura | March 4, 2001 | Sagamihara, Japan |
57.08 | Natalie Coughlin | November 29, 2001 | East Meadow, New York, United States |
56.71 | Natalie Coughlin | November 23, 2002 | East Meadow, New York, United States[10] |
56.51 | Natalie Coughlin | October 28, 2007 | Singapore |
56.15 | Shiho Sakai | February 22, 2009 | Tokyo, Japan |
55.23 | Shiho Sakai | November 15, 2009 | Berlin, Germany |
55.03 | Katinka Hosszú | December 4, 2014 | Doha, Qatar |
54.89 | Minna Atherton | October 27, 2019 | Budapest, Hungary |
All-time top 25
Men long course
- Correct as of December 2020
Pos | Time | Swimmer | Date | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 51.85 | Ryan Murphy (USA) | 13 August 2016 | Brazil |
2 | 51.86 | Xu Jiayu (CHN) | 8 April 2017 | China |
3 | 51.94 | Aaron Peirsol (USA) | 8 July 2009 | United States |
4 | 52.08 | Matt Grevers (USA) | 25 June 2012 | United States |
5 | 52.11 | Camille Lacourt (FRA) | 10 August 2010 | Hungary |
Mitch Larkin (AUS) | 6 November 2015 | United Arabic Emirates | ||
7 | 52.12 | David Plummer (USA) | 27 June 2016 | United States |
8 | 52.24 | Ryosuke Irie (JPN) | 4 September 2009 | Japan |
9 | 52.26 | Junya Koga (JPN) | 28 July 2009 | Italy |
10 | 52.27 | Helge Meeuw (GER) | 2 August 2009 | Italy |
11 | 52.38 | Aschwin Wildeboer (ESP) | 27 June 2009 | Italy |
12 | 52.44 | Evgeny Rylov (RUS) | 22 July 2019 | South Korea |
13 | 52.51 | Nick Thoman (USA) | 7 August 2009 | United States |
Kliment Kolesnikov (RUS) | 6 August 2018 | Great Britain | ||
15 | 52.57 | Arkady Vyatchanin (RUS) | 2 August 2009 | Italy |
16 | 52.59 | Randall Bal (USA) | 5 December 2008 | Netherlands |
17 | 52.72 | Shaine Casas (USA) | 3 August 2019 | United States |
18 | 52.73 | Liam Tancock (GBR) | 28 July 2009 | Italy |
19 | 52.76 | Jeremy Stravius (FRA) | 25 July 2011 | China |
20 | 52.78 | Kosuke Hagino (JPN) | 5 September 2014 | Japan |
21 | 52.84 | Thomas Ceccon (ITA) | 17 December 2020 | Italy |
22 | 52.88 | Chris Walker-Hebborn (GBR) | 14 April 2015 | Great Britain |
23 | 52.95 | Jacob Pebley (USA) | 28 June 2016 | United States |
Guilherme Guido (BRA) | 21 July 2019 | South Korea | ||
25 | 52.97 | Hayden Stoeckel (AUS) | 11 August 2008 | China |
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 52.97:
- Ryan Murphy also swam 51.94 (2018), 51.97 (2016), 52.19 (2018), 52.26 (2016), 52.28 (2016), 52.44 (2019), 52.49 (2016), 52.51 (2018), 52.59 (2017), 52.69 (2017), 52.70 (2018), 52.76 (2016), 52.78 (2019), 52.79 (2020), 52.92 (2019), 52.95 (2017).
- Xu Jiayu also swam 52.17 (2019), 52.27 (2019), 52.31 (2016), 52.34 (2014, 2018), 52.37 (2020), 52.43 (2019), 52.44 (2017, 2017), 52.60 (2017, 2018), 52.72 (2018), 52.73 (2016), 52.77 (2017), 52.79 (2019), 52.81 (2014), 52.85 (2019), 52.89 (2015, 2017), 52.97 (2019, 2020).
- Aaron Peirsol also swam 52.19 (2009), 52.54 (2008), 52.89 (2008).
- Matt Grevers also swam 52.16 (2012), 52.26 (2017), 52.48 (2017), 52.54 (2015), 52.55 (2015), 52.58 (2012), 52.64 (2016), 52.66 (2012, 2015), 52.71 (2017), 52.73 (2015), 52.75 (2015), 52.76 (2016), 52.82 (2009, 2019, 2019), 52.85 (2015), 52.89 (2019), 52.91 (2014), 52.92 (2012), 52.93 (2013), 52.94 (2012), 52.97 (2013, 2017).
- Camille Lacourt also swam 52.44 (2011), 52.46 (2010), 52.48 (2015), 52.58 (2010), 52.70 (2015, 2016), 52.72 (2016), 52.75 (2012), 52.76 (2011), 52.81 (2015), 52.96 (2016), 52.97 (2016).
- Mitch Larkin also swam 52.26 (2015), 52.37 (2015), 52.38 (2015, 2019), 52.40 (2015), 52.41 (2015), 52.43 (2016), 52.48 (2015), 52.50 (2015), 52.54 (2016), 52.70 (2016), 52.77 (2019), 52.85 (2016), 52.88 (2018), 52.91 (2019).
- David Plummer also swam 52.28 (2016), 52.40 (2016, 2016), 52.50 (2016), 52.51 (2016), 52.70 (2016), 52.83 (2015), 52.85 (2015).
- Ryosuke Irie also swam 52.34 (2014), 52.45 (2014), 52.50 (2009), 52.53 (2018, 2018), 52.57 (2014), 52.60 (2009), 52.61 (2018), 52.73 (2009, 2009), 52.75 (2009), 52.78 (2018), 52.80 (2017), 52.83 (2011), 52.86 (2017), 52.91 (2012), 52.92 (2012), 52.94 (2011), 52.97 (2012, 2020).
- Junya Koga also swam 52.39 (2009), 52.90 (2009).
- Helge Meeuw also swam 52.46 (2009), 52.49 (2009), 52.54 (2009), 52.94 (2009).
- Aschwin Wildeboer also swam 52.38 (2009), 52.64 (2009), 52.70 (2009), 52.76 (2009), 52.93 (2009).
- Evgeny Rylov also swam 52.57 (2019), 52.66 (2018), 52.67 (2018, 2019), 52.74 (2016, 2018), 52.81 (2019), 52.84 (2016, 2019), 52.89 (2017), 52.90 (2016), 52.91 (2018).
- Nick Thoman also swam 52.86 (2012), 52.91 (2008), 52.92 (2012).
- Kliment Kolesnikov also swam 52.53 (2018), 52.77 (2018), 52.95 (2018), 52.97 (2018).
- Arkady Vyatchanin also swam 52.87 (2009).
- Jeremy Stravius also swam 52.76 (2011).
Men short course
- Correct as of November 2020
Pos | Time | Swimmer | Date | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 48.58 | Kliment Kolesnikov (RUS) | 21 November 2020 | Budapest |
2 | 48.88 | Xu Jiayu (CHN) | 11 November 2018 | Tokyo |
3 | 48.92 | Matt Grevers (USA) | 12 December 2015 | Indianapolis |
8 | 49.29 | Ryan Murphy (USA) | 22 November 2020 | Budapest |
12 | 49.40 | Guilherme Guido (BRA) | 14 November 2020 | Budapest |
15 | 49.57 | Jérémy Stravius (FRA) | 7 December 2013 | Dijon |
20 | 49.62 | Coleman Stewart (USA) | 22 November 2020 | Budapest |
25 | 49.91 | Dylan Carter (TRI) | 22 November 2020 | Budapest |
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 49.83:
- Kliment Kolesnikov also swam 48.82 (2020), 48.90 (2017).
- Ryan Murphy also swam 49.36 (2020).
- Guilherme Guido also swam 49.59 (2020).
- Coleman Stewart also swam 49.83 (2020).
Women long course
- Correct as of December 2020
Pos | Time | Swimmer | Date | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 57.57 | Regan Smith (USA) | 28 July 2019 | South Korea |
2 | 57.93 | Kaylee McKeown (AUS) | 13 December 2020 | Australia |
3 | 58.00 | Kathleen Baker (USA) | 28 July 2018 | United States |
4 | 58.10 | Kylie Masse (CAN) | 25 July 2017 | Hungary |
5 | 58.12 | Gemma Spofforth (GBR) | 28 July 2009 | Italy |
6 | 58.18 | Anastasia Fesikova (RUS) | 28 July 2009 | Italy |
7 | 58.23 | Emily Seebohm (AUS) | 29 July 2012 | Great Britain |
8 | 58.33 | Missy Franklin (USA) | 30 July 2012 | Great Britain |
9 | 58.45 | Katinka Hosszu (HUN) | 8 August 2016 | Brazil |
10 | 58.55 | Taylor Ruck (CAN) | 3 April 2019 | Canada |
11 | 58.60 | Minna Atherton (AUS) | 22 July 2019 | South Korea |
12 | 58.63 | Phoebe Bacon (USA) | 6 December 2019 | United States |
13 | 58.70 | Aya Terakawa (JPN) | 4 August 2013 | Spain |
14 | 58.72 | Fu Yuanhui (CHN) | 8 April 2017 | China |
15 | 58.73 | Mie Nielsen (DEN) | 19 May 2016 | Great Britain |
Olivia Smoliga (USA) | 12 April 2019 | United States | ||
17 | 58.75 | Madison Wilson (AUS) | 4 August 2015 | Russia |
18 | 58.77 | Kirsty Coventry (ZIM) | 11 August 2008 | China |
19 | 58.91 | Kira Toussaint (NED) | 6 December 2020 | Rotterdam |
20 | 58.92 | Margherita Panziera (ITA) | 4 April 2019 | Italy |
21 | 58.94 | Natalie Coughlin (USA) | 17 August 2008 | China |
Zhao Jing (CHN) | 13 November 2010 | China | ||
23 | 59.04 | Gao Chang (CHN) | 17 October 2009 | China |
24 | 59.08 | Anastasiya Shkurdai (BLR) | 17 July 2020 | Brest |
25 | 59.10 | Rachel Bootsma (USA) | 25 June 2012 | United States |
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 59.10:
- Regan Smith also swam 58.18 (2020), 58.26 (2020), 58.45 (2019), 58.55 (2019), 58.68 (2019), 58.79 (2020), 58.82 (2019), 58.83 (2018), 58.95 (2018), 58.96 (2019), 59.00 (2020), 59.09 (2018).
- Kaylee McKeown also swam 58.11 (2020), 58.52 (2020), 58.69 (2021), 58.84 (2020), 59.10 (2019).
- Kathleen Baker also swam 58.41 (2018), 58.54 (2017), 58.56 (2020), 58.57 (2017), 58.58 (2017), 58.75 (2016), 58.77 (2018), 58.83 (2018), 58.84 (2016), 59.00 (2016), 59.03 (2017, 2019), 59.05 (2019).
- Kylie Masse also swam 58.16 (2019), 58.18 (2017), 58.19 (2019), 58.21 (2017), 58.29 (2018), 58.31 (2017), 58.42 (2017), 58.50 (2019), 58.54 (2018), 58.60 (2019), 58.61 (2018), 58.62 (2017), 58.63 (2018, 2018), 58.66 (2016, 2018), 58.70 (2018), 58.76 (2016), 58.77 (2016), 58.86 (2017), 58.91 (2019), 58.98 (2019), 59.02 (2018), 59.05 (2018, 2018), 59.06 (2016, 2016), 59.07 (2016).
- Gemma Spofforth also swam 58.74 (2009), 58.78 (2009), 58.96 (2009), 59.05 (2008).
- Anastasia Fesikova also swam 58.48 (2009), 58.83 (2017), 58.96 (2017), 58.96 (2012), 59.00 (2012), 59.01 (2009), 59.06 (2011).
- Emily Seebohm also swam 58.26 (2015), 58.34 (2015), 58.37 (2015), 58.39 (2012), 58.51 (2015), 58.53 (2017), 58.56 (2015), 58.57 (2012), 58.59 (2015, 2017), 58.62 (2017), 58.66 (2018), 58.68 (2012), 58.70 (2015), 58.72 (2015, 2018), 52.73 (2016), 58.79 (2013, 2018), 58.81 (2015), 58.83 (2016), 58.84 (2014), 58.85 (2017), 58.88 (2009, 2015, 2015), 58.89 (2015), 58.90 (2015, 2018), 58.91 (2015, 2015, 2018), 58.92 (2014), 58.95 (2017, 2018), 58.96 (2016), 58.99 (2016, 2017), 59.01 (2012), 59.02 (2017), 59.03 (2016), 59.04 (2015), 59.06 (2013).
- Missy Franklin also swam 58.39 (2013), 58.41 (2013), 58.50 (2012), 58.67 (2013), 58.85 (2012), 59.06 (2012).
- Katinka Hosszu also swam 58.78 (2015), 58.80 (2017), 58.94 (2016, 2016).
- Taylor Ruck also swam 58.83 (2019), 58.96 (2019), 58.97 (2018).
- Minna Atherton also swam 58.85 (2019), 59.06 (2019).
- Phoebe Bacon also swam 58.86 (2020), 59.02 (2019).
- Aya Terakawa also swam 58.83 (2012), 58.84 (2013), 58.99 (2012), 59.08 (2012), 59.10 (2012).
- Fu Yuanhui also swam 58.76 (2016), 58.95 (2016), 59.02 (2015).
- Olivia Smoliga also swam 58.79 (2019), 58.91 (2019), 58.95 (2016), 59.02 (2016), 59.07 (2017).
- Mie Nielsen also swam 58.75 (2016), 58.80 (2016), 58.84 (2015), 58.86 (2015).
- Madison Wilson also swam 58.94 (2015), 59.03 (2015), 59.05 (2015), 59.09 (2015).
- Kirsty Coventry also swam 59.00 (2008).
- Natalie Coughlin also swam 58.96 (2008), 58.97 (2008), 59.03 (2008), 59.05 (2015).
- Zhao Jing also swam 58.98 (2009), 59.05 (2011).
Women short course
- Correct as of November 2020
Pos | Time | Swimmer | Date | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 54.89 | Minna Atherton (AUS) | 27 October 2019 | Budapest |
2 | 55.03 | Katinka Hosszú (HUN) | 4 December 2014 | Doha |
3 | 55.23 | Shiho Sakai (JPN) | 15 November 2009 | Berlin |
8 | ||||
12 | 56.87 | Anastasiya Shkurdai (BLR) | 19 December 2020 | Brest |
20 | 56.98 | Aliaksandra Herasimenia (BLR) | 10 December 2009 | Istanbul |
25 | 57.16 | Laure Manaudou (FRA) | 12 December 2008 | Rijeka |
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 56.15:
- Shiho Sakai also swam 56.15 (2009).
References
- Sports123.com tracking page of men's short-course World Record in the 100 back.
- https://espaestad.wordpress.com/2014/08/06/records-del-mundo-de-los-espanoles-aschwin-wildeboer-en-100-m-espalda-de-piscina-corta/. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - "ESPN.com - MORESPORTS - Krayzelburg breaks Rouse's world record". www.espn.com.
- Lord, Craig (December 12, 2015). "Duel In The Pool Over Before Over: WRS For Grevers, Kromowidjojo; USA Keeps Crown". Swimvortex. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
- "Men's 100m Backstroke Results" (PDF). salnikovcup.ru. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
- "Men's 100m Backstroke Final Results". omegatiming.com. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
- "Men's 4x100m Medley Relay Results" (PDF). omegatiming.com. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- "E. German Women Set 4 Swim Marks". The New York Times. 1976-06-06.
- Sport123.com's tracking Archived 2011-05-18 at the Wayback Machine of the women's short-course 100m back World Record.
- Denman, Elliott (2002-11-23). "SWIMMING; Coughlin Sets Two Records and Collects Three Victories". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
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