Adam Schiff

Adam Bennett Schiff (born June 22, 1960) is an American lawyer and politician who has served as the U.S. Representative for California's 28th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Schiff is currently in his 10th term as a congressman, having served since 2001.

This article is about the American legislator. For the fictional district attorney, see Adam Schiff (Law & Order).

Adam Schiff
Chair of the House Intelligence Committee
Assumed office
January 3, 2019
Preceded byDevin Nunes
Ranking Member of the House Intelligence Committee
In office
January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019
Preceded byDutch Ruppersberger
Succeeded byDevin Nunes
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from California
Assumed office
January 3, 2001
Preceded byJames E. Rogan
Constituency27th district (2001–2003)
29th district (2003–2013)
28th district (2013–present)
Member of the California State Senate
from the 21st district
In office
December 2, 1996 – November 30, 2000
Preceded byNewton Russell
Succeeded byJack Scott
Personal details
Born
Adam Bennett Schiff

(1960-06-22) June 22, 1960
Framingham, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)
Eve Sanderson
​
(m. 1995)​
Children2
EducationStanford University (BA)
Harvard University (JD)
Signature
WebsiteHouse website

Schiff's district (numbered as the 27th from 2001 to 2003 and as the 29th from 2003 to 2013) has been centered in the San Gabriel Valley east of Los Angeles, including Pasadena, Glendale, and Burbank. For his first six terms, he represented a district that included the areas of Alhambra, Altadena, San Gabriel, Burbank, Glendale, South Pasadena, Temple City, Monterey Park, and Pasadena. In 2010, his district's boundaries were re-drawn to include, among others, La Cañada Flintridge and La Crescenta-Montrose as well as large portions of Los Angeles itself including Sunland-Tujunga, Hollywood, the Hollywood Hills, West Hollywood, Echo Park, Silver Lake, and Los Feliz.

He currently serves as chairman of the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. He is currently on leave from the House Appropriations Committee, which he joined in 2007. He previously served on the United States House Foreign Affairs Committee and the State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee.

Early life, education, and career

Schiff was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, the son of Edward and Sherrill Ann (Glovsky) Schiff.[1] He was raised in a Jewish family which moved to Scottsdale, Arizona in 1970 and Alamo, California in 1972.[2] He graduated from Danville's Monte Vista High School in 1978,[3][4] and was both his class valedictorian[5] and the student voted by his peers as "most likely to succeed".[6] Schiff received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Stanford University in 1982 and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1985.[7]

After law school, Schiff spent one year as a law clerk for Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.[8] From 1987 to 1993, he was an Assistant United States Attorney in the Office of the United States Attorney for the Central District.[9] While in this position, Schiff came to public attention when he prosecuted the case against Richard Miller, a former FBI agent who was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union.[10] The first trial resulted in a hung jury; the second trial resulted in a conviction that was overturned on appeal.[11] Miller was convicted in a third trial.[12]

In May 1994, Schiff was a candidate for the 43rd district seat in the California State Assembly in a special election and lost to Republican nominee James E. Rogan.[13] That November, he was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for a full term, again losing to Rogan.[14]

California State Senate
Schiff as a State Senator in 1997

In 1996, Schiff was elected to represent the 21st district in the California State Senate.[15] When his term began, Schiff at age 36 was the Senate's youngest member.[16] During his four-year term, Schiff served as chairman of the senate's Judiciary Committee and Select Committee on Juvenile Justice, and the state legislature's Joint Committee on the Arts.[16]

As a state senator, Schiff authored dozens of measures that were enacted into law.[16] These included Senate Bill 1847, Chapter 1021.[17] Passed in 1998, this legislation continued work on the stalled Blue Line light rail extension to Pasadena by renaming the Blue Line as the Gold Line[17] and creating the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority, which separated the project from the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority.[18] The construction authority finished the Pasadena line in 2003 and extended it to Azusa in 2016.[18] A subsequent third leg was begun, which is intended to extend the line to Pomona by 2025.[18] Schiff's work to re-energize the project caused him to be regarded in the San Gabriel Valley as the "Father of the Gold Line".[18]

U.S. House of Representatives
Schiff and Heather Podesta at a party hosted by the Podesta Group in Washington, D.C., honoring the inauguration of Barack Obama

In 2000, Schiff was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. House of Representatives in California's 27th congressional district. On November 7, 2000, Schiff defeated Republican incumbent James E. Rogan, and he began serving his first term on January 3, 2001. He was reelected every two years from 2002 to 2020, and will begin serving his 11th term in Congress in January 2021.

2003 invasion of Iraq

Schiff voted in favor of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[19] In February 2015, discussing how or whether to tailor Bush-era plans from 2001 and 2002 to fight ISIS, Schiff was asked if he regretted voting to invade. He said: "Absolutely. Unfortunately, our intelligence was dead wrong on that, on Saddam at that time. The vote set in motion a cascading series of events which have [had] disastrous consequences."[20][21]

Schiff at the United States Capitol during the 115th congress
US congressional delegation at Halifax International Security Forum 2014
Schiff with former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in November 2014

Armenian genocide resolution

Schiff has been a leading voice in Armenian-American issues; he claims to have over 70,000 Armenian-Americans in his district.[22][23] He introduced U.S. House Resolution 106, recognizing the Armenian genocide, which was approved by the House Foreign Affairs Committee on October 11, 2007,[24] but began to lose support after Turkey's prime minister said that approval of the resolution would endanger U.S.-Turkey relations.[25] On March 4, 2010, the resolution was again approved to go forward by the House Foreign Affairs Committee by a 23–22 margin.[26] Immediately, the Turkish government recalled its U.S. ambassador.[26] Schiff said in 2007, "When you think about what we have against us – the president, a foreign policy establishment that has condoned this campaign of denial, the Turkish lobby – against that you have the truth, which is a powerful thing but doesn't always win out".[27] On October 29, 2019, the full House of Representatives finally passed the resolution by a vote of 405–11.[28]

Helicopter noise

Beginning with Rep. Howard Berman before Berman was defeated for reelection, Schiff has worked on reducing unwanted helicopter noise across Los Angeles County by proposing legislation to force the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to study and regulate helicopter noise in Los Angeles, the Helicopter Noise Relief Act.[29] After reintroducing his legislation, Schiff worked with Senator Dianne Feinstein to push the FAA to act, and together they attached a provision in the 2014 omnibus appropriations package directing the U.S. Secretary of Transportation and FAA to address helicopter noise in Los Angeles County skies.[30] As a result, in 2015 the FAA created a county-wide helicopter noise public complaint system, the first step towards regulation.[31][32]

Intelligence and surveillance reform

Schiff has been a prominent supporter of surveillance reforms, especially in the wake of the leaks of classified intelligence by Edward Snowden.[33] In 2007, in response to disclosure of the Terrorist Surveillance Program, Schiff and Rep. Jeff Flake offered a successful amendment in the House of Representatives to clarify that the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act is the exclusive means for collecting foreign intelligence information within the United States.[34] Schiff has been a critic of the bulk collection of telephone metadata by the National Security Agency. In January 2014, Schiff introduced the Telephone Metadata Reform Act,[35] which would prohibit the bulk collection of domestic phone records. Schiff has also introduced several bills aimed at reforming the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, including a bill to require outside counsel to be appointed to argue for privacy and civil liberties protections in certain cases before the Court.[36]

Investigation of Benghazi attack

Schiff was appointed to the House Select Committee on Benghazi in 2014 by Nancy Pelosi to serve as one of the five Democrats on the committee.[37] Schiff had participated in the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence investigation into the attacks on the Benghazi diplomatic compound, which found that the initial talking points provided by the intelligence community were flawed but without an intention to deceive, and that diplomatic facilities across the world lacked adequate security.[38] The report's findings were unanimous and bipartisan. Before he was appointed as a Member of the Benghazi Select Committee, Schiff called the establishment of a select committee to investigate the 2012 attack a "colossal waste of time," and said Democratic leaders should not appoint any members, stating: "I think it's just a tremendous red herring and a waste of taxpayer resources".[39] Despite those reservations, he still accepted an appointment to the Committee because if he felt he "could add value, [he] would serve".[40]

Press freedom

Schiff formed the bipartisan, bicameral Congressional Caucus for the Freedom of the Press in 2006[41] aimed at advancing press freedom around the world. The Caucus proposed the Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act and it was originally introduced to Congress by Schiff and Rep. Mike Pence (R., Ind.) and by Sen. Christopher Dodd (D., Conn.) on October 1, 2009, in response to the murder of Daniel Pearl by terrorists in Pakistan.[42][43] The legislation requires the United States Department of State to expand its scrutiny of news media intimidation and freedom of the press restrictions during its annual report on human rights in each country.[44] After its introduction, the act passed through the House of Representatives with a vote of 403 to 12 and passed unanimously in the Senate; however, a provision requiring the Secretary of State (in coordination with the Department of State's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, and in consultation with the Undersecretary for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy) to establish a grant program aiming to promote freedom of the press worldwide was removed in the Senate.[43][45] On May 17, 2010, President Barack Obama, accompanied by the Pearl family, signed into law the Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act.[46]

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

In 2015, Schiff supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, saying: "The military action by Saudi Arabia and its partners was necessitated by the illegal action of the Houthi rebels and their Iranian backers. ... But ultimately, a negotiated end to this crisis is the only way to restore order in Yemen and shrink the space for terrorism".[47]

In April 2019, he voted for a bipartisan resolution to under the War Powers Act end the United States' involvement in the war.[48][49] It had passed the Senate, but after passing the House it was vetoed.[50]

War authorization reform and authorization against ISIS

After then-president Obama's speech at the National Defense University examining the U.S. war powers during the War on Terror, Schiff introduced bipartisan legislation to repeal the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, the legislation passed in the days after the September 11 attacks to combat al-Qaeda, because he felt that "the current AUMF is outdated and straining at the edges to justify the use of force outside the war theater".[51] The bill, introduced with Rep. Tom Rooney (R-FL), was intended to sunset. In addition to his legislation, Schiff has been a forceful proponent of debating and voting on a new war authorization against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[52]

Schiff has been a very prominent supporter of national defense spending. Schiff has voted for every increase in the defense budget over the course of his career.[53]

Comments on Trump–Russia collusion investigation
Further information: Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)

On March 22, 2017, in an interview with Chuck Todd on MSNBC Schiff claimed there was “more than circumstantial evidence now” that Donald Trump's campaign colluded with Russia. Todd followed up by asking if he had seen direct evidence of collusion and Schiff responded that there was "evidence that is not circumstantial and is very much worthy of investigation".[54]

On April 2, 2017, Schiff, the ranking member on the House Select Intelligence Committee, which is tasked with conducting inquiries related to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, appeared on CNN's State of the Union. In the wide-ranging interview, Schiff and host Jake Tapper discussed Michael Flynn's request for immunity, Schiff's and Devin Nunes's separate inspections of White House documents, Trump's allegations of wiretapping in Trump Tower, and Nunes's apparent close association with the Trump White House.[55] Tapper asked Schiff if there was evidence of Donald Trump–Russia collusion. Schiff replied: "I don't think we can say anything definitively at this point. We are still at the very early stage of the investigation. The only thing I can say is that it would be irresponsible for us not to get to the bottom of this".[56] Tapper asked, "Do you think that Chairman Nunes was part of an attempt to provide some sort of cover for the president's claim about Obama wiretapping him at Trump Tower, which, obviously, this does not prove, but to cover for that, or an attempt to distract, as you're suggesting?" Schiff replied, "It certainly is an attempt to distract and to hide the origin of the materials, to hide the White House hand. The question is, of course, why? And I think the answer to the question is this effort to point the Congress in other directions, basically say, don't look at me, don't look at Russia, there is nothing to see here".[57] A few days later, Nunes recused himself as leader of the investigative panel while the House Committee on Ethics investigated whether he had disclosed classified information.[58][59]

On July 23, 2017, on "Meet the Press", Schiff stated, "[A]t the end of the day we need to make sure that our president is operating not in his personal best interests and not because he's worried about what the Russians might have but because what he is doing is in America's best interest. The fact that we have questions about this is in itself harmful".[60] The following morning on Twitter, Trump referred to Schiff as "Sleazy Adam Schiff, the totally biased Congressman looking into 'Russia'" and called the Russian collusion investigation "the Dem loss excuse".[61] Schiff responded on Twitter that the president's "comments and actions are beneath the dignity of the office".[62]

In December 2018, Schiff suggested that Trump associate Roger Stone may have lied to Congress, and said the transcript of his testimony should be forwarded to the Special Counsel.[63] Stone hit back, saying Schiff was "a con man."[64] In November 2019 Stone was convicted of lying to Congress.[65]

When he became the chairman of the House Intelligence Committee in 2019, Schiff took a personal mission to investigate Trump's connections to Russia, separate from the investigation by the Special Counsel.[66] Schiff came under fire when he demurred when asked if he would accept it if the Special Counsel's investigation concluded that Donald Trump did not collude with Russia, saying that he has great confidence in Mueller but that "there may be, for example, evidence of collusion or conspiracy that is clear and convincing, but not proof beyond a reasonable doubt," as is needed for a criminal conviction.[67]

On March 28, 2019, the nine Republican members of the House Intelligence Committee officially called for Schiff to resign due to his allegations that President Trump's campaign colluded with Russians in the 2016 election.[68] Schiff responded by accusing the Republican members of tolerating "immoral" and "corrupt" conduct by Trump campaign members and administration appointees.[69][70]

North Korea

Schiff called North Korea "one of the most brutal and despotic regimes in the world". After the death of American student Otto Warmbier who had been imprisoned during a visit to North Korea, Schiff said: "The barbaric treatment of Otto Warmbier by the North Korean regime amounts to the murder of a U.S. citizen".[71]

In April 2018, asked whether he thought Trump deserved at least partial credit for North Korea's involvement in talks with the US, Schiff responded: "I think it's more than fair to say that the combination of the president's unpredictability and indeed, his bellicosity had something to do with the North Koreans deciding to come to the negotiating table".[72]

Israel and anti-Semitism
Schiff with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in 2002

Schiff is a supporter of Israel.[73] In December 2016, Schiff urged President Obama to veto UN Security Council Resolution 2334, which condemned Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories as a violation of international law.[74]

In February 2019, Representative Ilhan Omar tweeted, "It's all about the Benjamins baby" in reference to American politicians' support for Israel and invoked the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). It received widespread bipartisan condemnation, including from many Democratic leaders as well as Schiff, for implying that lobby money was fueling American politicians' support of Israel. Schiff said it was "never acceptable to give voice to, or repeat, anti-Semitic smears".[75] However, his party stopped short of a resolution specifically condemning anti-Semitism in response, proposing a motion condemning "all discriminatory remarks".

Murder of Jamal Khashoggi

After news reports that the CIA concluded that Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had ordered the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, Trump said there was insufficient CIA evidence to link bin Salman to the murder.[76] Schiff, the top Democrat on the House intelligence committee, was briefed by the CIA on the agency assessment, and stated afterwards that Trump was being dishonest about the CIA findings.[77]

Impeachment of Donald Trump (2019–20)
Main article: First impeachment of Donald Trump
Main article: First impeachment trial of Donald Trump
Trump–Ukraine scandal
A request by U.S. President Donald Trump (right) to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky (left) to investigate Joe Biden and his son sparked the scandal.
Events
List
People
White House
Justice Department
State Department
Defense Department
National Security Council
Intelligence
Congress
Ukrainians
Surrogates
Scholars
Related
Companies
List
Conspiracy theories
List

As chairman of the Intelligence Committee, Schiff was one of the lead investigators in the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump stemming from the Trump–Ukraine scandal.[78] Trump was impeached along party lines by 228 votes to 193 in the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019, making him only the third President to be impeached.[79]

On January 15, 2020, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi named Schiff as a lead impeachment manager.[80][81] In this role, Schiff lead a team of seven House members responsible for presenting the impeachment case against President Donald Trump during his trial before the United States Senate. With Bob Goodlatte (R-VA), Schiff had previously served as lead manager for the impeachments of Samuel B. Kent and Thomas Porteous.[82]

Armenia–Azerbaijan War
Further information: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Schiff accused Turkey of inciting the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh.[83][84][85] He stated that the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict "must cause us reexamine our relationship with both Turkey and Azerbaijan. If an ally of the United states is recruiting fighters from Syria to encourage further bloodshed and murder of civilians, what kind of ally are they in NATO or otherwise?".[86] Schiff co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that read, "We write to express our deep concern with Azerbaijan’s renewed aggression against Artsakh (Nagorno Karabakh) and the rising possibility of a wider conflict with Armenia. We ask that the Administration use all available diplomatic tools to reduce tensions, end the fighting, and restrain Azerbaijan from further offensive actions."[87] Schiff called for U.S. recognition of the separatist, self-declared Republic of Artsakh, which is officially part of Azerbaijan, but has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces backed by Armenia since the end of a separatist war in 1994.[88]

Committee and caucuses

Committee assignments

Caucuses
  • Co-chair of the Congressional International Anti-Piracy Caucus
  • Co-founded the Democratic Study Group on National Security
  • Co-founded the Congressional Caucus for Freedom of the Press
  • Vice Chairman of the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus[89]

Caucus memberships

Congressional campaigns
Schiff speaking to the California Democratic Party in June 2019.

In 2000, Schiff challenged Republican incumbent Jim Rogan in what was then the 27th district. The district had once been a Republican stronghold, but had been trending Democratic since the early 1990s. In what was the most expensive House race ever at the time[95] (several elections in 2006[96] and 2008[97] later eclipsed it), Schiff unseated Rogan, taking 53 percent of the vote to Rogan's 44 percent. He became only the second Democrat to represent this district since its creation in 1913.

After the 2000 census, the district was renumbered as the 29th and made significantly more Democratic. As a result, Schiff has never faced another contest nearly as close as his 2000 bid, and has been reelected nine times. His district became even more Democratic after the 2010 census, when it was renumbered as the 28th and pushed into Los Angeles itself. Even before then, none of his Republican challengers had cleared 35 percent of the vote.

In 2010, Schiff defeated Tea Party–backed Republican John Colbert for a sixth term.[98] In 2012, he defeated Republican Phil Jennerjahn.[99] In 2014, he defeated independent candidate Steve Stokes.[100] In 2016, he defeated Republican candidate Lenore Solis.

In 2018, Schiff initially competed in the primary with Democratic challenger Kim Gruenenfelder. After Gruenenfelder dropped out of the race, Schiff went on to defeat Republican candidate Johnny Nalbandian.

In 2020, Schiff faced a crowded primary, which included Republican attorney Eric Early and Democratic drag queen Maebe A. Girl.[101][102] Schiff easily advanced past the primary with the majority of the vote, with Maebe A. Girl and Eric Early in a close race for second. Early was finally determined to have advanced to the general election on March 27, 2020.[103] Schiff easily won in the general election.

Electoral history
California 21st State Senate District General Election, 1996[104]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff 125,649 51.78
Republican Paula L Boland 107,039 44.12
Libertarian Bob New 9,981 4.11
Total votes 242,669 100.0
California 27th Congressional District General Election, 2000[105]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff 113,708 52.70
Republican James E. Rogan (incumbent) 94,518 43.80
Natural Law Miriam R. Hospodar 3,873 1.79
Libertarian Ted Brown 3,675 1.70
Total votes 215,774 100.0
California 29th Congressional District General Election, 2002[106]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff 76,036 62.56
Republican Jim Scileppi 40,616 33.42
Libertarian Ted Brown 4,889 4.02
Total votes 121,541 100.0
California 29th Congressional District General Election, 2004[107]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 133,670 64.63
Republican Harry Frank Scolinos 62,871 30.40
Green Philip Koebel 5,715 2.76
Libertarian Ted Brown 4,570 2.21
Write-in votes John Christopher Burton 6 0.00
Total votes 206,832 100.0
California 29th Congressional District Democratic Primary, 2006[108]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff (incumbent) 33,750 82.62
Democratic Bob McCloskey 7,102 17.38
Total votes 40,852 100.0
California 29th Congressional District General Election, 2006[109]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff (incumbent) 91,014 63.47
Republican William J. Bodell 39,321 27.42
Green William M. Paparian 8,197 5.72
Peace and Freedom Lynda L. Llamas 2,599 1.81
Libertarian Jim Keller 2,258 1.57
Write-in votes John Burton 15 0.01
Total votes 143,404 100.0
California 29th Congressional District General Election, 2008[110]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 146,198 68.91
Republican Charles Hahn 56,727 26.74
Libertarian Alan Pyeatt 9,219 4.35
Total votes 212,144 100.0
California 29th Congressional District General Election, 2010[111]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 104,374 64.78
Republican John P. Cobert 51,534 31.98
Libertarian William P. Cushing 5,218 3.24
Total votes 161,126 100.0
California 28th Congressional District Top-Two Primary, 2012[112]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff 42,797 59.00
Republican Phil Jennerjahn 12,633 17.41
Republican Jenny Worman 5,978 8.24
Republican Garen Mailyan 3,749 5.17
Democratic Sal Genovese 2,829 3.90
Democratic Massie Munroe 2,437 3.36
Democratic Jonathan Ryan Kalbfeld 2,119 2.92
Total votes 72,542 100.0
California 28th Congressional District General Election, 2012[113]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff 188,703 76.49
Republican Phil Jennerjahn 58,008 23.51
Total votes 246,711 100.0
California 28th Congressional District Top-Two Primary, 2014[114]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 46,004 74.48
Independent Steve Stokes 11,078 17.94
Democratic Sal Genovese 4,643 7.52
Write-in votes (Republican Party) Sam Yousuf 38 0.06
Total votes 61,763 100.0
California 28th Congressional District General Election, 2014[115]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 91,996 76.50
Independent Steve Stokes 28,268 23.50
Total votes 120,264 100.0
California 28th Congressional District Top-Two Primary, 2016[116]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 111,766 70.24
Republican Lenore Solis 29,336 18.44
Democratic Sal Genovese 18,026 11.33
Total votes 159,128 100.0
California 28th Congressional District General Election, 2016[117]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 210,883 77.99
Republican Lenore Solis 59,526 22.01
Total votes 270,409 100.0
California 28th Congressional District Top-Two Primary, 2018[118]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 94,249 73.51
Republican Johnny J. Nalbandian 26,566 20.72
Democratic Sal Genovese 7,406 5.78
Total votes 128,221 100.0
California 28th Congressional District General Election, 2018[119]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam B. Schiff (incumbent) 196,662 78.37
Republican Johnny J. Nalbandian 54,272 21.63
Total votes 250,934 100.0
2020 United States House of Representatives elections in California[120]
Primary election
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Adam Schiff (incumbent) 110,251 59.57%
Republican Eric Early 23,243 12.56%
Democratic Maebe A. Girl 22,129 11.96%
Independent Jennifer Barbosa 10,421 5.63%
Republican William Bodell 7,093 3.83%
Democratic Sal Genovese 6,294 3.40%
Democratic Ara Khachig Manoogian 3,920 1.78%
Democratic Chad D. Anderson 2,359 1.27%
Total votes 185,080 100%

Personal life

Schiff and his wife Eve have two children, Alexa and Elijah.[121]

Schiff has participated in multiple endurance challenges, including triathlons and marathons. Schiff was the only Congressman to participate in the inaugural Washington, D.C. triathlon in 2010[122] and has since participated in other races in Philadelphia, New York City, and Malibu.[123] In 2014, Schiff was the first member of Congress to participate in the AIDS/LifeCycle, a seven-day charity bike ride from San Francisco to Los Angeles to raise awareness and funding to fight HIV and AIDS.[124]

The New Yorker reported in 2018 that "Schiff has been writing screenplays on the side for years", including a murder mystery, a post-Holocaust story, and a spy drama.[125]

Schiff is vegan.[126]

See also

References
  1. Stone, Kurt F. (2011). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 564. ISBN 978-0-8108-5731-5 – via Google Books.
  2. The Jews of Capitol Hill, p. 564.
  3. Peschiutta, Claudia (July 22, 2000). "Meet Adam Schiff". Glendale News-Press. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  4. Herhold, Scott (March 26, 2017). "Adam Schiff: Democratic star with S.J. ties". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  5. Wire, Sarah D.; Rainey, James (January 17, 2020). "Adam Schiff takes on Trump, calling him an 'erratic hothead.' Now he's feeling the heat". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA.
  6. Garofoli, Joe (March 24, 2017). "California Rep. Adam Schiff becomes leading voice of opposition". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, CA.
  7. Levy, Gabrielle (April 10, 2017). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Adam Schiff". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  8. Torok, Ryan (April 12, 2017). "The making of Adam Schiff: Why is this man taking on the president?". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  9. "Biography, Adam B. Schiff". Jewish Virtual Library. Chevy Chase, MD. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  10. Soble, Ronald (October 10, 1990). "Ex-FBI Agent Miller Guilty of Espionage". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  11. Fleeman, Michael (August 22, 1990). "Third Espionage Trial Begins For Former FBI Agent". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  12. Weinstein, Henry (December 8, 1989). "Gave Soviets Nothing, Miller Says: Espionage; The former FBI agent says his relationship with a Russian woman spy was 'the dumbest thing I did in my whole life.'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  13. "Judge Elected to Replace Nolan in Assembly". The Press Democrat. Santa Rosa, CA. Associated Press. May 5, 1994. p. B5 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. Lacey, Marc (November 10, 1994). "Rogan Leaves Campaigning Behind". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. p. A26 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. Mills, James (August 30, 2012). "Adam Schiff Enjoying Getting to Know West Hollywood". Patch-AOL. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  16. The Jews of Capitol Hill, p. 465.
  17. Coleman, Andre (January 29, 2015). "Schiff Eyes Senate". Pasadena Weekly. Pasadena, CA.
  18. Scauzillo, Steve (January 30, 2020). "Bill would create agency to build Gold Line to Ontario International Airport". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, CA.
  19. "Roll Call Vote in House on Iraq Resolution Archived October 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". The New York Times. October 10, 2002.
  20. U.S. Deputy: We do not want a second invasion of Iraq and Arabs must end their wars themselves Archived October 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. SHAFAQ. February 13, 2015.
  21. "Obama Asks Congress for War Powers; Interview with Representative Adam Schiff". CNN. February 11, 2015. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  22. Washington Post: "Worse than irrelevant: A congressional resolution about massacres in Turkey 90 years ago endangers present-day U.S. security", p. A16, October 10, 2007
  23. Wall Street Journal: "Political History", Review & Outlook, October 2, 2007
  24. "U.S. House Speaker: Armenian Genocide Measure Will Go Forward". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
  25. "Turkey's PM says U.S. relations in danger". Reuters. October 12, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  26. Simon, Richard; Watanabe, Teresa (March 5, 2010). "House panel narrowly passes recognition of Armenian genocide". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
  27. Simon, Richard (October 17, 2007). "Genocide resolution's support starts to fade". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  28. Wire, Sarah D. (October 29, 2019). "House overwhelmingly approves resolution recognizing Armenian genocide". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
  29. Aguilar, Erika (December 7, 2012). "Congressman Schiff says he will reintroduce helicopter noise bill". Southern California Public Radio. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  30. Simon, Richard (January 14, 2014). "Spending bill to likely give L.A. $130 million for key rail projects". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  31. "FAA To Create Public Complaint System For Helicopter Noise". CBS Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  32. Weikel, Dan (April 1, 2015). "Complaint system for helicopter noise begins operations countywide". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  33. Holman, Kwame (July 2, 2013). "Crusader for More Transparency on Intelligence Sees Risk and Reward From Snowden Leaks". PBS. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  34. Anderson, Nate. "House reaffirms FISA as "exclusive means by which electronic surveillance may be conducted"". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  35. Shabad, Rebecca (January 14, 2014). "Schiff unveils NSA metadata reform bill". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
  36. Sledge, Matt. "Adam Schiff Prepares FISA Court Bill To Create Special Privacy Advocate". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  37. Weisman, Jonathan (May 22, 2014). "Pelosi Picks 5 Democrats for Panel on Benghazi". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  38. Walsh, Dierdre (August 6, 2014). "Benghazi probe presses ahead despite new report". Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  39. Hicks, Josh (May 4, 2014). "Schiff: Benghazi select committee a 'colossal waste of time'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  40. Mikailian, Arin (May 24, 2014). "House appoints Schiff to Benghazi investigation committee". Burbank Leader. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  41. "The Congressional Caucus for Freedom of the Press Calls on Secretary of State Rice to Urge Russia to Protect Journalist Rights". Schiff Congressional Website. Archived from the original on December 7, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  42. "President Obama Signs the Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act". The Cypress Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  43. Meckler, Laura (May 17, 2010). "Obama Signs Pearl Press-Freedom Act". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  44. "U.S. to Promote Press Freedom". The New York Times. New York.
  45. Liberman, Rachel (May 18, 2010). "The Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act: A positive step in an ambiguous direction Archived August 4, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". Sociology Lens. sociology.net. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  46. Meckler, Laura (May 17, 2010). "Obama Signs Daniel Pearl Press Freedom Act". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  47. Pecquet, Julian (March 27, 2015). "Saudi Arabia Gets Bipartisan Backing for Yemen Airstrikes". U.S. News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015.
  48. "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 153". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. April 4, 2019. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020.
  49. Edmondson, Catie (April 4, 2019). "U.S. Role in Yemen War Will End Unless Trump Issues Second Veto". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020.
  50. Edmondson, Catie (July 29, 2019). "Senate Fails to Override Trump's Veto on Saudi Arms Sales". The New York Times.
  51. Ackerman, Spencer. "Congressman Preps Bill to End Terror War Authority". Wired. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  52. Schiff, Adam (November 17, 2014). "Congress must exercise its war powers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  53. "Adam Schiff Voting Record". VoteSmart. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  54. Conway, Madeline (March 22, 2017). "Schiff: There is now 'more than circumstantial evidence' of Trump-Russia collusion". Politico. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  55. Parker, Ashley (April 2, 2017). "Top Democrat accuses White House of trying to distract from Russia probe". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  56. "Schiff: Still no 'definitive' link between Russia, Trump campaign Archived April 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine". Fox News. April 2, 2017.
  57. "Interview With California Congressman Adam Schiff". CNN. April 2, 2017. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  58. Berman, Russell (April 6, 2017). "The Swift Fall of Devin Nunes". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  59. Huetteman, Emmarie (April 6, 2017). "Devin Nunes to Step Aside From House Investigation on Russia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  60. "Transcript: Rep. Adam Schiff on "Face the Nation," July 23, 2017". Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  61. Wire, Sarah D. (July 24, 2017). "California's Rep. Adam Schiff gets a Trump nickname: 'Sleazy'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  62. @RepAdamSchiff (July 24, 2017). "With respect Mr. President, the problem is how often you watch TV" (Tweet). Retrieved October 5, 2017 – via Twitter.
  63. Balsamo, Michael (December 2, 2018). "Rep. Schiff suggests Roger Stone may have lied to Congress". Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  64. Giaritelli, Anna (December 6, 2018). "Roger Stone hits back at Adam Schiff: He's 'full of Schiff'". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  65. "Roger Stone guilty on all counts: lying to Congress, obstruction, witness tampering". The Washington Post. November 15, 2019. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  66. Samuelsohn, Darren (February 17, 2019). "Trump-Russia Collusion Adam Schiff". Politico. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  67. "Democratic Rep. Adam Schiff hesitates when asked if he'll accept Robert Mueller's findings". The Week. February 17, 2019. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  68. "Rep. Adam Schiff, Republicans clash at Intelligence Committee hearing". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019. Republicans on the House Intelligence Committee demanded that Chairman Adam Schiff step down over his allegations that President Trump’s campaign colluded with Russians in the 2016 election.
  69. Santiago, Sharon (March 29, 2019). "I Don't Think It's Ok". Feminine Perspective Magazine. The RINJ Foundation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019. I don’t think it’s OK. I think it’s immoral, I think it’s unethical, I think it’s unpatriotic and, yes, I think it’s corrupt, and evidence of collusion.
  70. Fandos, Nicholas (March 28, 2019). "Demands for Adam Schiff's Head Highlight Chasm That Only Widened With Mueller's Conclusion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  71. Shesgreen, Deirdre (June 20, 2017). "After Otto Warmbier's death, top senators say U.S. should consider banning North Korea travel". USA Today.
  72. Sinclair, Harriet (April 29, 2018). "Trump's 'Unpredictability' Helped North Korea Peace Talks, Adam Schiff Says". Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
  73. Torok, Ryan (March 20, 2019). "Rep. Adam Schiff Discusses Israel at Temple Emanuel". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  74. "Call for veto of UN anti-settlement resolution grows stronger". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  75. Zanona, Melanie; Caygle, Heather (February 11, 2019). "Ilhan Omar apologizes after Pelosi denounces tweet as anti-Semitic". Politico. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  76. Harris, Shane; Miller, Greg; Dawsey, Josh (November 16, 2018). "CIA concludes Saudi crown prince ordered Jamal Khashoggi's assassination". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  77. Swaine, Jon (November 25, 2018). "Top Democrats accuse Trump of lying about CIA's Jamal Khashoggi report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 26, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  78. "The Latest: Schiff says he'll release interview transcripts". AP News. October 17, 2019. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  79. "Historic Trump impeachment case heads to Senate". January 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  80. "Pelosi names Schiff, Nadler as prosecutors for Trump trial". AP NEWS. January 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  81. Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (January 15, 2020). "Adam Schiff: Impeachment Manager Brings Experience and Controversy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  82. "List of Individuals Impeached by the House of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  83. "ANCA Condemns Azerbaijan's Full-Scale Invasion of Nagorno-Karabakh". Associated Press. September 29, 2020.
  84. "Garcetti, Schiff declare support for Armenia as protests held across LA". ABC7 News. October 6, 2020.
  85. "Lawmakers introduce resolution condemning Azerbaijan, Turkey for conflict with Armenia". The Hill. October 1, 2020.
  86. "The US must reexamine its relationship with Azerbaijan and Turkey – Rep. Adam Schiff (video)". Public Radio of Armenia. October 6, 2020.
  87. "Senate and House Leaders to Secretary of State Pompeo: Cut Military Aid to Azerbaijan; Sanction Turkey for Ongoing Attacks Against Armenia and Artsakh". The Armenian Weekly. October 2, 2020.
  88. "Rep. Adam Schiff formally calls for U.S. recognition of the Republic of Artsakh". Public Radio of Armenia. October 23, 2020.
  89. "Members". Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
  90. "Members". New Democrat Coalition. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  91. "Members". House Baltic Caucus. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  92. "Membership". Congressional Arts Caucus. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  93. "Members". Afterschool Alliance. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  94. "Members". Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  95. Center for Responsive Politics. "Most Expensive Races 2000". Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  96. Center for Responsive Politics. "Most Expensive Races 2006". Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  97. Center for Responsive Politics. "Most Expensive Races 2008". Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  98. "Schiff wins big in bid to return to Congress". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012.
  99. Wells, Jason; Kellam, Mark (November 7, 2012). "Gatto, Liu, Schiff handily hold on to their seats". Glendale News-Press. Glendale, California. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  100. Kellam, Mark. "Schiff, Gatto easily win their political races". Glendale News-Press. Archived from the original on November 20, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  101. "Republican Eric Early's Anti-Schiff Bid for Congress". December 4, 2019.
  102. "She Could Be the First Drag Queen Elected to Congress: 'People Can't Ignore You,' Says Maebe A. Girl". www.yahoo.com.
  103. Emami, Chris (March 18, 2020). "2020 Primary Analysis: 28th Congressional District".
  104. "1996 General Election State Senator" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  105. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 7, 2000" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  106. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 5, 2002" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  107. "Presidential General Election - Statement of Vote, November 2, 2004" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  108. "Gubernatorial Primary Election - Statement of Vote, June 6, 2006" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  109. "General Election -Statement of Vote, November 7, 2006" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  110. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 4, 2008" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  111. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 2, 2010" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  112. "Presidential Primary Election - Statement of Vote, June 5, 2012" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  113. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 6, 2012" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  114. "Statewide Direct Primary Election - Statement of Vote, June 3, 2014" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  115. "General Election - Statement of Vote - November 4, 2014" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  116. "Presidential Primary Election - Statement of Vote, June 7, 2016" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  117. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 8, 2016" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  118. "Statewide Direct Primary Election - Statement of the Vote, June 5, 2018" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  119. "General Election - Statement of Vote, November 6, 2018" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
  120. "Election Results". results.lavote.net.
  121. "About Adam Schiff for Congress". AdamSchiff.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  122. Wilkie, Christina (June 21, 2010). "Schiff completes inaugural D.C. Triathlon". Glendale News-Press. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  123. Rojas, Warren (May 30, 2014). "Adam Schiff Mounts Most Grueling Endurance Challenge Yet". Roll Call. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  124. St. John, Stevie (May 31, 2014). "Rep. Schiff Pedaling from SF to LA with HIV/AIDS Ride". WEHOville. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  125. Toobin, Jeffrey (December 14, 2018). "Adam Schiff's Plans to Obliterate Trump's Red Line". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  126. Stuart, Tessa (May 24, 2018). "How the House Intelligence Committee Collapsed on Adam Schiff". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018. But Schiff – mild-mannered, judicious, vegan – has ...
California Senate
Preceded by
Newton Russell		 Member of the California State Senate
from the 21st district
1996–2000		 Succeeded by
Jack Scott
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
James Rogan		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 27th congressional district
2001–2003		 Succeeded by
Brad Sherman
Preceded by
Henry Waxman		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 29th congressional district
2003–2013		 Succeeded by
Tony Cárdenas
Preceded by
Howard Berman		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California's 28th congressional district
2013–present		 Incumbent
Preceded by
Devin Nunes		 Chair of the House Intelligence Committee
2019–present
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Betty McCollum		 United States Representatives by seniority
57th		 Succeeded by
Stephen Lynch
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.