Third-party and independent members of the United States House of Representatives

Third-party and independent members of the United States House of Representatives are generally rare. Although the Republican Party and Democratic Party have dominated U.S. politics in a two-party system since 1856, some independents and members of other political parties have also been elected to Congress or changed their party affiliation to such during their term in office.

This article lists all U.S. representatives since the 45th United States Congress (1877-1879) who were third-party affiliated or independent while they were in office. Since 1877, there have been 119 third-party U.S. Representatives: Six from the Modern era, 41 from the Progressive era, 43 from the Populist era, and 29 from the Greenback era.

1961–present: Modern era

U.S. Congressman
Paul Mitchell
of Michigan's 10th
First elected as a Republican, switched to independent in 2020.
(2017–2021)
U.S. Congressman
Justin Amash
of Michigan's 3rd
First elected as a Republican, switched to independent in 2019 and then to Libertarian in 2020.
(2011–2021)
U.S. Congressman
Virgil Goode
of Virginia 5th
Switched from Democratic to independent in 2000, then to Republican in 2002
(1997–2009)
U.S. Congresswoman
Jo Ann Emerson
of Missouri 8th
First elected as a Republican, re-elected as an independent due to state law, then rejoined the Republicans shortly thereafter
(1996–2013)
U.S. Congressman
Bernie Sanders
of Vermont at-large
Elected as an independent
(1991–2007)
U.S. Congressman
William Carney of New York 1st
Elected as a Conservative and later sat with Republicans, switched to Republican in 1985
(1979–1987)

1911–1960: Progressive era

U.S. Congressman
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
of New York 20th
Elected as a Liberal, re-elected as Democratic
(1949–1955)
U.S. Congressman (1948–1949) Leo Isacson – Elected from the American Labor Party ticket
U.S. Congressman (1943–1955) Harold Hagen – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1942
U.S. Congressman (1939–1945) Vito Marcantonio – Elected from the American Labor Party ticket
U.S. Congressman (1937–1939) John Bernard – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936
U.S. Congressman (1937–1939) Dewey Johnson – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936
U.S. Congressman (1937–1953) Franck R. Havenner – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1937–1939) Henry Teigan – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1936
U.S. Congressman (1935–1939) Thomas Ryum Amlie – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1935–1939) Gerald J. Boileau – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1935–1943) Rich T. Buckler – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1934
U.S. Congressman (1935–1943) Bernard J. Gehrmann – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1935–1945) Harry Sauthoff – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1935–1939) George J. Schneider – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1935–1944) Merlin Hull – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1935–1939) Gardner R. Withrow – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1933–1935) Henry M. Arens – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
U.S. Congressman (1933–1935) Magnus Johnson – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
U.S. Congressman (1933–1937) Ernest Lundeen – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
U.S. Congressman (1933–1935) Francis Shoemaker – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1932
U.S. Congressman (1929–1939) Paul John Kvale – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1928
U.S. Congressman (1923–1927) Knud Wefald – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1922
U.S. Congressman (1923–1929) Ole J. Kvale – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1922
U.S. Congressman (1919–1929) William Leighton Carss – Elected as a member of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1918
U.S. Congressman (1915–1921) Charles Hiram Randall – Elected as a Prohibitionist
U.S. Congressman (1915–1923) Meyer London – Elected as a Socialist
U.S. Congressman (1915–1929) Whitmell P. Martin – Elected as a Progressive
U.S. Congressman (1915–1921) John A. Elston – Elected a Progressive in 1915
U.S. Congressman (1911–1923) Ira C. Copley – Switched from a Republican to a Progressive in 1915
U.S. Congressman (1913–1919) Walter M. Chandler – Elected as a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) James W. Bryan – Elected a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) Jacob Falconer – Elected a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) William H. Hinebaugh – Elected as a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) Willis James Hulings – Elected as a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) William Josiah MacDonald – Elected as a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) Henry Wilson Temple – Elected a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) Charles M. Thomson – Elected a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1911–1917) William Stephens – Switched parties from a Republican to a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1915) Roy O. Woodruff – Elected a Progressive in 1913
U.S. Congressman (1913–1917) Bill Kent – Elected as an independent
U.S. Congressman (1911–1929) Victor L. Berger – Elected as a Socialist

1891–1910: Populist era

U.S. Congressman (1901–1903) Caldwell Edwards – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1901–1903) Thomas L. Glenn – Elected as a Silver
U.S. Congressman (1899–1901) John Wilbur Atwater – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1899–1903) William Neville – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1899–1901) Edgar Wilson – Elected as a Silver Republican
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Charles A. Barlow – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Jeremiah D. Botkin – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Curtis H. Castle – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) John Edgar Fowler – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) William Laury Greene – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) James Gunn – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) William Carey Jones – Elected as a Silver Republican
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) John Edward Kelley – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Freeman Knowles – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Charles Martin – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Samuel Maxwell – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Nelson B. McCormick – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) Mason S. Peters – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1901) Edwin R. Ridgely – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1903) William Ledyard Stark – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1901) Roderick Dhu Sutherland – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1897–1899) William D. Vincent – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1896–1897) Albert Taylor Goodwyn – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1895–1904) John F. Shafroth – Switched from Republican to Silver Republican in 1897
U.S. Congressman (1895–1899) Milford W. Howard – Elected as a Populist in 1894
U.S. Congressman (1895–1899) Harry Skinner – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1895–1899) William Franklin Strowd – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1903) John Calhoun Bell – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1895) Marion Cannon – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1895) Lafe Pence – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1899) Alonzo C. Shuford – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1895) Thomas Jefferson Hudson – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1895) Haldor Boen – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1893–1895) Bill Harris – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1897) Bill Baker – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1893) Benjamin H. Clover – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1895) John Davis – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1893) Kittel Halvorson – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1897) Omer Madison Kem – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1895) William A. McKeighan – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1893) John G. Otis – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1895) Jerry Simpson – Elected as a Populist
U.S. Congressman (1891–1893) Thomas E. Watson – Elected as a Populist

1877–1890: Greenback era

U.S. Congressman (1889–1891) Lewis P. Featherstone – Elected as a member of the Labor Party
U.S. Congressman (1887–1889) Samuel I. Hopkins – Elected as a member of the Labor Party
U.S. Congressman (1887–1889) John Nichols – Elected as an independent
U.S. Congressman (1887–1889) Henry Smith – Elected as a member of the Labor Party
U.S. Congressman (1884–1885) Benjamin F. Shively – Elected as an Anti-Monopolist
U.S. Congressman (1883–1885) James Ronald Chalmers – Elected as an Independent
U.S. Congressman (1883–1885) Ted Lyman – Elected as an Independent
U.S. Congressman (1883–1885) Thomas P. Ochiltree – Elected as an Independent
U.S. Congressman (1881–1909) Charles N. Brumm – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
U.S. Congressman (1881–1883) Joseph Henry Burrows – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
U.S. Congressman (1881–1883) Ira Sherwin Hazeltine – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
U.S. Congressman (1881–1883) James Mosgrove – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
U.S. Congressman (1881–1883) Theron Moses Rice – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1880
U.S. Congressman (1881–1883) J. Hyatt Smith – Elected as an independent
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Bradley Barlow – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1883) Nicholas Ford – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Albert P. Forsythe – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Edward H. Gillette – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1883) George Jones – Elected as a member of United States Greenback Party
U.S. Congressman (1879–1883) George W. Ladd – Elected as a member of United States Greenback Party
U.S. Congressman (1879–1882) William M. Lowe – Elected as a member United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Gilbert De La Matyr – Elected as a member United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1883) Thompson H. Murch – Elected as a member of the United States Greenback Party
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Henry Persons – Elected as an independent
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Daniel Lindsay Russell – Elected as a member of United States Greenback Party
U.S. Congressman (1879–1883) Emory Speer – Elected as an independent
U.S. Congressman (1879–1889) James Weaver – Elected as a member United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Hendrick Bradley Wright – Elected as a member United States Greenback Party in 1878
U.S. Congressman (1879–1881) Seth Hartman Yocum – Elected as a member United States Greenback Party in 1878

References

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Notable third party performances in United States elections
* Third party is endorsed by a major party
Presidential (since 1832)	1832 1848 1856 1860 1872* 1892 1912 1924 1948 1960 1968 1980 1992 1996
Senatorial (since 1950)	Alabama 1950 New Hampshire 1950 California 1952 Maine 1952 New York 1952 North Dakota 1952 Virginia 1952 South Carolina 1954 (Democratic Write-In) Virginia 1954 Utah 1958 Vrginia 1958 Virginia 1960 Virginia 1964 Mississippi 1966 Virginia 1966 Virginia 1966 Alabama 1968 Alaska 1968 Maryland 1968 New York 1968 Connecticut 1970 Mississippi 1970 New York 1970 Virginia 1970 Louisiana 1972 Florida 1974 Hawaii 1974 New York 1974 Utah 1974 Minnesota 1976 Virginia 1976 Alabama 1978 Arkansas 1978 Maine 1978 Mississippi 1978 New York 1980 Washington 1982 Tennessee 1984 Virginia 1990 Alaska 1992 Arizona 1992 Hawaii 1992 Louisiana 1992 Ohio 1992 Arizona 1994 Minnesota 1994 Ohio 1994 Vermont 1994 Virginia 1994 Alaska 1996 Minnesota 1996 Arizona 2000 Massachusetts 2000 Minnesota 2000 Alaska 2002 Kansas 2002 Massachusetts 2002 Mississippi 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Virginia 2002 Oklahoma 2004 Connecticut 2006 Indiana 2006 Maine 2006 Vermont 2006* Arkansas 2008 Idaho 2008 Minnesota 2008 Oregon 2008 Alaska 2010 (Republican Write-In) Florida 2010 Indiana 2010 South Carolina 2010 Utah 2010 Indiana 2012 Maine 2012 Maryland 2012 Missouri 2012 Montana 2012 Vermont 2012* Kansas 2014 South Dakota 2014 Wyoming 2014 Alaska 2016 Arizona 2016 Idaho 2016 Indiana 2016 Kansas 2016 Maine 2018 New Mexico 2018 Vermont 2018* Alaska 2020* Arkansas 2020 Minnesota 2020 Nebraska 2020
Gubernatorial (since 1950)	Tennessee 1950 Maine 1952 Vermont 1952 Tennessee 1954 Nebraska 1956 Texas 1956 Utah 1956 Oklahoma 1958 Tennessee 1958 North Dakota 1960 Tennessee 1962 Virginia 1965 Alabama 1966 Georgia 1966 Idaho 1966 Maryland 1966 New York 1966 Tennessee 1966 Alabama 1970 Arkansas 1970 New Hampshire 1970 New York 1970 Mississippi 1971 New Hampshire 1972 Texas 1972 Washington 1972 Virginia 1973 Maine 1974 Nebraska 1974 Nevada 1974 Texas 1974 Vermont 1976 Alaska 1978 California 1978 Maine 1978 Rhode Island 1978 Alaska 1982 Arizona 1982 Hawaii 1982 Alaska 1986 Arizona 1986 Illinois 1986 Maine 1986 Oklahoma 1986 Vermont 1986 Utah 1988 Alaska 1990 Connecticut 1990 Kansas 1990 Maine 1990 New York 1990 Oklahoma 1990 Oregon 1990 Utah 1992 West Virginia 1992 Alaska 1994 Connecticut 1994 Hawaii 1994 Maine 1994 New Mexico 1994 Oklahoma 1994 Pennsylvania 1994 Rhode Island 1994 Vermont 1994 Alaska 1998 Maine 1998 Minnesota 1998 New York 1998 Pennsylvania 1998 Rhode Island 1998 Kentucky 1999 New Hampshire 2000 Vermont 2000 Arizona 2002 California 2002 Maine 2002 Minnesota 2002 New Mexico 2002 New York 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Vermont 2002 Wisconsin 2002 Alaska 2006 Illinois 2006 Maine 2006 Massachusetts 2006 Minnesota 2006 Texas 2006 Louisiana 2007 Vermont 2008 New Jersey 2009 Colorado 2010 Idaho 2010 Maine 2010 Massachusetts 2010 Minnesota 2010 Rhode Island 2010 Wyoming 2010 Kentucky 2011 Virginia 2013 Alaska 2014* Hawaii 2014 Maine 2014 Rhode Island 2014 Wyoming 2014 Maine 2018 Kansas 2018 Indiana 2020 Vermont 2020*
Portal:Politics Third party (United States) Third party officeholders in the United States Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives

Third party and independent members of the United States House of Representatives
Greenback Party	Bradley Barlow Charles N. Brumm Joseph Henry Burrows Nicholas Ford Albert P. Forsythe Edward H. Gillette Ira Sherwin Hazeltine George W. Jones George W. Ladd William M. Lowe Gilbert De La Matyr James Mosgrove Thompson H. Murch Theron Moses Rice Daniel Lindsay Russell James B. Weaver Luman Hamlin Weller Hendrick Bradley Wright Seth Hartman Yocum
Readjuster Party	Henry Bowen Benjamin Stephen Hooper Harry Libbey Robert Murphy Mayo John Paul John Sergeant Wise
Populist Party	John Wilbur Atwater William Baker Charles A. Barlow John Calhoun Bell Haldor Boen Jeremiah D. Botkin Marion Cannon Curtis H. Castle Benjamin H. Clover John Davis Caldwell Edwards John Edgar Fowler Albert Taylor Goodwyn William Laury Greene James Gunn Kittel Halvorson William Alexander Harris Milford W. Howard Thomas Jefferson Hudson John Edward Kelley Omer Madison Kem Freeman Knowles Charles H. Martin William A. McKeighan Samuel Maxwell Nelson B. McCormick William Neville John G. Otis Lafe Pence Mason S. Peters Edwin R. Ridgely Jerry Simpson Alonzo C. Shuford Harry Skinner William Ledyard Stark William Franklin Strowd Roderick Dhu Sutherland William D. Vincent Thomas E. Watson
Silver Republican Party	Thomas L. Glenn William Carey Jones John F. Shafroth Edgar Wilson
Progressive Parties	Thomas Ryum Amlie Gerald J. Boileau Walter M. Chandler Ira C. Copley Jacob Falconer Bernard J. Gehrmann Franck R. Havenner William H. Hinebaugh Willis James Hulings Merlin Hull Melville Clyde Kelly Fiorello H. La Guardia William Josiah MacDonald Whitmell P. Martin Harry Sauthoff George J. Schneider William Stephens Henry Wilson Temple Charles M. Thomson Gardner R. Withrow Roy O. Woodruff
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party	Henry M. Arens John Bernard Rich T. Buckler William Leighton Carss Harold Hagen Dewey Johnson Magnus Johnson Ole J. Kvale Paul John Kvale Ernest Lundeen Francis Shoemaker Henry Teigan Knud Wefald
Other parties	Justin Amash Victor L. Berger William Carney Henry Y. Cranston Irwin D. Davidson Lewis P. Featherstone Samuel I. Hopkins Leo Isacson Meyer London Vito Marcantonio Elisha R. Potter Charles Hiram Randall Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. Benjamin F. Shively Henry Smith
Independents	William B. Anderson Nathaniel P. Banks Alexander Campbell James Ronald Chalmers Jo Ann Emerson Thomas M. Foglietta Virgil Goode William Kent Caleb Lyon Paul Mitchell John Nichols Thomas P. Ochiltree Frazier Reams Bernie Sanders Julius Hawley Seelye J. Hyatt Smith Amos Tuck George Washington Wright
Portal:Politics Third party (United States) Third party officeholders in the United States Notable third party performances in United States elections

Third Party United States senators
Populist	William V. Allen (NE) Marion Butler (NC) William A. Harris (KS) Henry Heitfeld (ID) James H. Kyle (SD) William A. Peffer (KS)
Silver or Silver Republican	Frank J. Cannon (UT) Fred Dubois (ID) John P. Jones (NV) Lee Mantle (MT) Richard F. Pettigrew (SD) William M. Stewart (NV) Henry M. Teller (CO)
Other	Dean Barkley (Reform–MN) Elmer Austin Benson (Farmer–Labor—MN) James L. Buckley (Conservative–NY) Magnus Johnson (Farmer–Labor—MN) Robert M. La Follette Jr. (Progressive–WI) Ernest Lundeen (Farmer–Labor—MN) William Mahone (Readjuster–VA) Miles Poindexter (Progressive–WA) Harrison H. Riddleberger (Readjuster–VA) Henrik Shipstead (Farmer–Labor—MN)
Independents	Harry F. Byrd Jr. (VA) David Davis (IL) Jim Jeffords (VT) Angus King (ME) Joe Lieberman (CT) Wayne Morse (OR) George W. Norris (NE) Bernie Sanders (VT) Bob Smith (NH)
Portal:Politics Third party (United States) Third party officeholders in the United States Notable third party performances in United States elections

Third-party governors of U.S. states
Populist Party	William A. Poynter (NE) Andrew E. Lee (SD) John W. Leedy (KS) John Rankin Rogers (WA) Silas A. Holcomb (NE) Lorenzo D. Lewelling (KS) Davis Hanson Waite (CO)
Silver Party	Denver S. Dickerson (NV) John Sparks (NV) Reinhold Sadler (NV) John Jones (NV)
Other parties	Jesse Ventura (MN) Lowell Weicker (CT) Wally Hickel (AK) Elmer Austin Benson (MN) Hjalmar Petersen (MN) Philip La Follette (WI) Floyd B. Olson (MN) Sidney Johnston Catts (FL) John P. Buchanan (TN) William E. Cameron (VA)
Independents	Lincoln Chafee (RI) Charlie Crist (FL) Angus King (ME) James B. Longley (ME) Eli C. D. Shortridge (ND) Bill Walker (AK) Julius Meier (OR)
Portal:Politics Third party (United States) Third party officeholders in the United States Notable third party performances in United States elections