Green Party of the United States

The Green Party of the United States (GPUS) is a federation of Green state political parties in the United States.[9] The party promotes green politics, specifically environmentalism; nonviolence; social justice; participatory, grassroots democracy; gender equality; LGBT rights; anti-war; anti-racism and eco-socialism. On the political spectrum, the party is generally seen as left-wing.[3]

Green Party of the United States
Governing bodyGreen National Committee
Steering Committee
FoundedApril 2001 (2001-04)
Split fromGreens/Green Party USA
Preceded byAssociation of State Green Parties
Headquarters6411 Orchard Avenue, Suite 101, Takoma Park, Maryland 20912
NewspaperGreen Pages
Youth wingYoung Ecosocialists
Women's wingNational Women's Caucus
LGBT wingLavender Greens
Latino wingLatino Caucus
Black wingBlack Caucus
Membership (February 2020) 240,222[1]
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[4][5]
International affiliationGlobal Greens
Regional affiliationFPVA
FSP[6]
Colors  Green
Senate
0 / 100
House of Representatives
0 / 435
State governorships
0 / 50
State upper chambers
0 / 1,972
State lower chambers
0 / 5,411
Territorial governorships
0 / 6
Territorial upper chambers
0 / 97
Territorial lower chambers
0 / 91
Other elected offices110 (Jan. 2021)[7]
Appointed offices6 (Nov. 2019)[8]
Election symbol
Website
gp.org
United States
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politics and government of
the United States
Federal government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
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 United States portal

The GPUS was founded in the year 2001 as the Association of State Green Parties (ASGP) split from the Greens/Green Party USA (G/GPUSA). After its founding, the GPUS soon became the primary national green organization in the country, surpassing the G/GPUSA, which was formed in 1991 out of the Green Committees of Correspondence (CoC), a collection of local green groups active since the year 1984.[10] The ASGP, which formed in 1996,[11] had increasingly distanced itself from the G/GPUSA in the late 1990s.[12]

The Greens gained widespread public attention during the 2000 presidential election, when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke won 2.7% of the popular vote. Nader was accused by Democrats of spoiling the election for Al Gore, the Democratic candidate.[13] Nader maintains that he was not a spoiler in the 2000 election.[14]

History
Main article: History of the Green Party of the United States

Early years

The political movement that began in 1985 as the decentralized Committees of Correspondence[15] evolved into a more centralized structure by 1990, opening a national clearinghouse and forming governing bodies, bylaws and a platform as the Green Committees of Correspondence (GCoC) and by 1990 simply The Greens. The organization conducted grassroots organizing efforts, educational activities and electoral campaigns.

Internal divisions arose between members who saw electoral politics as ultimately corrupting and supported the notion of an "anti-party party" formed by Petra Kelly and other leaders of the Greens in Germany[16] vs. those who saw electoral strategies as a crucial engine of social change. A struggle for the direction of the organization culminated a "compromise agreement", ratified in 1990 at the Greens National Congress in Elkins, West Virginia and in which both strategies would be accommodated within the same 527 political organization renamed the Greens/Green Party USA (G/GPUSA). It was recognized by the FEC as a national political party in 1991.

The compromise agreement subsequently collapsed and two Green party organizations have co-existed in the United States since then. The Green Politics Network was organized in 1990 and the National Association of Statewide Green Parties formed by 1994. Divisions between those pressing to break onto the national political stage and those aiming to grow roots at the local level continued to widen during the 1990s. The Association of State Green Parties (ASGP) encouraged and backed Nader's presidential runs in 1996 and 2000. By 2001, the push to separate electoral activity from the G/GPUSA issue-based organizing led to the Boston Proposal and subsequent rise of the Green Party of the United States. The G/GPUSA lost most of its affiliates in the next few months and dropped its FEC national party status in the year 2005.

Ideology
Part of a series on
Green politics
Core topics
Four pillars
Perspectives
Organizations
Related topics

Values

The Green Party of the United States follows the ideals of green politics, which are based on the Four Pillars, namely:

  1. Ecological wisdom,
  2. Social justice,
  3. Grassroots democracy, and
  4. Nonviolence.[17]

The Ten Key Values, which expand upon the Four Pillars, are as follows:[2]

  1. Grassroots democracy,
  2. Social justice and equal opportunity,
  3. Ecological wisdom,
  4. Nonviolence,
  5. Decentralization,
  6. Community-based economics,
  7. Feminism and gender equality,
  8. Respect for diversity,
  9. Personal and global responsibility, and
  10. Future focus and sustainability.

The Green Party doesn't accept donations from corporations, political action committees (PACs), 527(c) organizations or soft money. The party's platforms and rhetoric harshly criticize corporate influence and control over government, media, and society at large.[18]

Eco-socialism

In 2016, the Green Party passed a motion in favor of rejecting both capitalism and state socialism, supporting instead an "alternative economic system based on ecology and decentralization of power".[2] The motion states the change that the party says could be described as promoting "ecological socialism", "communalism", or perhaps the "cooperative commonwealth".[2]

Political positions

Healthcare

The Green Party supports the implementation of a single-payer healthcare system. They have also called for contraception and abortion procedures to be available on demand.[19]

Education

The Green Party calls for providing tuition-free college at public universities and vocational schools, increasing funding for after-school and daycare programs, cancelling all student loan debt, and repealing the No Child Left Behind Act. They are strongly against the dissolution of public schools and the privatization of education.[20]

Green New Deal

In 2006, the Green Party developed a Green New Deal that would ultimately serve as a transitional plan to a 100% clean, renewable energy by the year 2030 utilizing a carbon tax, jobs guarantee, tuition-free college, single-payer healthcare and a focus on using public programs.[21][22][23]

Criminal justice

The Green Party favors the abolition of the death penalty, repeal of Three-strikes laws, banning of private prisons, legalization of marijuana, and decriminalization of other drugs.[24]

Racial justice

The Green Party advocates for "complete and full" reparations to the African American community, as well the removal of the Confederate flag from all government buildings.[25]

LGBT+ rights

The party supports same-sex marriage, the right of access to medical and surgical treatment for transgender and gender-nonconforming people, and withdrawing foreign aid to countries with poor LGBT+ rights records.[25]

Foreign policy

The Green Party calls on the United States to join the International Criminal Court, and sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and Non-Proliferation Treaty. Additionally, it supports cutting the defense budget in half, as well as prohibiting all arms sales to foreign countries.[26]

Iran

The Green Party supports the 2015 Iran nuclear deal to decrease sanctions while limiting Iran's capacity to make nuclear weapons.[27]

Israel/Palestine

The Green Party advocates for the Palestinian right of return and cutting all U.S. aid to Israel. It has also expressed support for the international Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.[28]

Structure and composition

Committees

The Green Party has two national committees recognized by the Federal Election Commission (FEC):

Green National Committee
Main article: Green National Committee

The GNC is composed of delegates elected by affiliated state parties. The state parties also appoint delegates to serve on the various standing committees of the GNC. The National Committee elects a steering committee of seven co-chairs, a secretary and a treasurer to oversee daily operations. The National Committee performs most of its business online, but it also holds an annual national meeting to conduct business in person.

Caucuses

Five Identity Caucuses have achieved representation on the GNC:

Other caucuses have worked toward formal recognition by the GNC:

Geographic distribution

The Green Party has its strongest popular support on the Pacific Coast, Upper Great Lakes, and Northeast, as reflected in the geographical distribution of Green candidates elected.[39] As of June 2007, Californians have elected 55 of the 226 office-holding Greens nationwide. Other states with high numbers of Green elected officials include Pennsylvania (31), Wisconsin (23), Massachusetts (18) and Maine (17). Maine has the highest per capita number of Green elected officials in the country and the largest Green registration percentage with more than 29,273 Greens comprising 2.95% of the electorate as of November 2006.[40] Madison, Wisconsin is the city with the most Green elected officials (8), followed by Portland, Maine (7).

Membership in the Green Party of the United States by year

The 2016 presidential campaign of Jill Stein got substantive support from counties and precincts with a high percentage of Native American population. For instance, in Sioux County (North Dakota, 84,1% Native American), Stein gained her best county-wide result: 10.4% of the votes. In Rolette County (also North Dakota, 77% Native American), she got 4.7% of the votes. Other majority Native American counties where Stein did above state average are Menominee (WI), Roosevelt (MT) and several precincts in Alaska.[41][42]

At its peak in 2004, the Green Party had 319,000 registered members in states allowing party registration and tens of thousands of members and contributors in the rest of the country.[43][44] As of 2020, this has dropped to 251,000. One challenge that the Green Party (as well as other third parties) faces is the difficulty of overcoming ballot access laws in many states, yet the Green Party has active state parties in all but a few states.

Office holders
Main article: List of Green politicians who have held office in the United States
Musician Jello Biafra ran for several offices with the Green Party, including for president in 2000
Malik Rahim, former Black Panther Party activist, ran for Congress in 2008 with the Green Party
Psychoanalyst Joel Kovel ran for the Green Party's presidential nomination in 2000
2012 and 2016 Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein

As of October 2016, 143 officeholders in the United States were affiliated with the Green Party, the majority of them in California, several in Illinois, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, with five or fewer in ten other states.[45] These included one mayor and one deputy mayor and fourteen county or city commissioners (or equivalent). The remainder were members of school boards, clerks and other local administrative bodies and positions.[45]

Several Green Party members have been elected to state-level office, though not always as affiliates of the party. John Eder was elected to the Maine House of Representatives, re-elected in 2004, but defeated in 2006. Audie Bock was elected to the California State Assembly in 1999, but switched her registration to independent seven months later[46] running as such in the 2000 election.[47] Richard Carroll was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 2008, but switched parties to become a Democrat five months after his election.[48] Fred Smith was elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 2012,[49] but re-registered as a Democrat in 2014.[50] In 2010, former Green Party leader Ben Chipman was elected to the Maine House of Representatives as an unenrolled candidate and was re-elected in 2012 and 2014. He has since registered as a Democrat, and is serving in the Maine Senate.[51][52]

Gayle McLaughlin was twice elected mayor of Richmond, California, defeating two Democrats in 2006[53] and then reelected in 2010; and elected to City Council in 2014 after completing her second term as mayor.[54] With a population of over 100,000 people, it was the largest American city with a Green mayor. Fairfax, California; Arcata, California; Sebastopol, California; and New Paltz, New York are the only towns in the United States to have had a Green Party majority in their town councils. Twin Ridges Elementary in Nevada County, California held the first Green Party majority school board in the United States.[55]

On September 21, 2017, Ralph Chapman, a member of the Maine House of Representatives, switched his party registration from unaffiliated to Green, providing the Green Party with their first state-level representative since 2014.[56] Henry John Bear became a member of the Green Party in the same year as Chapman, giving the Maine Green Independent Party and GPUS its second currently-serving state representative, though Bear is a nonvoting tribal member of the Maine House of Representatives.

Though several Green congressional candidates have topped 20%, no nominee of the Green Party has been elected to office in the federal government. In 2016, Mark Salazar set a new record for a Green Party nominee for Congress. Running in the Arizona 8th district against incumbent Republican Congressman Trent Franks, Salazar received 93,954 votes or 31.43%.[57]

List of national conventions and annual meetings

The Green National Convention is scheduled in presidential election years and the Annual National Meeting is scheduled in other years. The Green National Committee conducts business online between these in-person meetings.

Presidential ballot access
History of Green Party ballot access by state or territory
ASGP GPUS
1996[lower-alpha 1][58][59] 2000[60][61] 2004[62][63] 2008[64][65] 2012[66][67] 2016[68][69] 2020[70][71]
#States + D.C. (#write-in) 22 (14) 44 (4) 28 (14) 33 (10) 37 (6) 45 (3) 30 (17)
#Pos. Elect. Votes (#Pos. w-i E.V.) 239 (200)[lower-alpha 2] 481 (32) 294 (201)[lower-alpha 3] 413 (68) 439 (47)[lower-alpha 4] 480 (42) 381 (133)
Alabama Not on ballot On ballot Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Alaska On ballot Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Arizona (write-in) On ballot (write-in) On ballot (write-in)
Arkansas On ballot
California On ballot
Colorado On ballot
Connecticut On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Delaware (write-in) On ballot
District of Columbia On ballot
Florida On ballot
Georgia Not on ballot (write-in)
Hawaii On ballot
Idaho Not on ballot (write-in) On ballot (write-in)
Illinois (write-in) On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Indiana (write-in)
Iowa On ballot
Kansas (write-in) On ballot (write-in) On ballot[75] (write-in)
Kentucky (write-in) On ballot Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Louisiana On ballot Not on ballot
Maine On ballot
Maryland (write-in) On ballot
Massachusetts (write-in) On ballot
Michigan (write-in) On ballot
Minnesota On ballot
Mississippi Not on ballot On ballot
Missouri (write-in) On ballot Not on ballot (write-in) Not on ballot On ballot
Montana Not on ballot On ballot (write-in) Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Nebraska Not on ballot On ballot Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Nevada On ballot Not on ballot
New Hampshire Not on ballot On ballot Not on ballot (write-in) On ballot (write-in)
New Jersey On ballot
New Mexico On ballot
New York On ballot (write-in) On ballot
North Carolina (write-in) Not on ballot (write-in) Not on ballot (write-in) On ballot
North Dakota Not on ballot On ballot Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Ohio (write-in) On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Oklahoma Not on ballot
Oregon On ballot
Pennsylvania (write-in) On ballot Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
Rhode Island On ballot[76] (write-in)
South Carolina Not on ballot On ballot
South Dakota Not on ballot
Tennessee Not on ballot On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Texas (write-in) On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Utah On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Vermont On ballot Not on ballot (write-in) On ballot
Virginia Not on ballot On ballot (write-in) On ballot (write-in)
Washington On ballot
West Virginia Not on ballot On ballot (write-in) On ballot
Wisconsin On ballot (write-in)
Wyoming Not on ballot (write-in) Not on ballot On ballot (write-in)
  1. 1996 and 2000 presidential campaigns were prior to formation of GPUS but campaign was endorsed by existing state Green Parties and predecessors ASGP and G/GPUSA.
  2. Electoral vote allocation for 1996 and 2000 based on 1990 census.[72]
  3. Electoral vote allocation for 2004 and 2008 based on 2000 census.[73]
  4. Electoral vote allocation for 2012, 2016 and 2020 based on 2010 census.[74]

Electoral results

President and Vice President
Year Presidential/Vice presidential candidate Popular votes Percentage Electoral votes Image
2020 Howie Hawkins/Angela Walker
(campaign)		 405,034 0.3% 0 EV
2016 Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka
(campaign)		 1,457,216 1.1% 0 EV[lower-alpha 1]
2012 Jill Stein/Cheri Honkala
(campaign)		 469,627 0.4% 0 EV
2008 Cynthia McKinney/Rosa Clemente
(campaign)[lower-alpha 2]		 161,797 0.1% 0 EV
2004 David Cobb/Pat LaMarche
(campaign)[lower-alpha 3]		 119,859 0.1% 0 EV
2000 Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke
(campaign)		 2,882,955 2.7% 0 EV
1996 Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke
(campaign)[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]		 685,297 0.7% 0 EV
  1. While Stein and Baraka did not receive any electoral votes, Green Winona LaDuke received one vote for Vice President from a Washington faithless elector; the presidential vote went to Faith Spotted Eagle, a Democrat.
  2. Ralph Nader and Matt Gonzalez, a Green, ran an independent campaign and received 0.6% of the vote, but they were not affiliated with the Green Party.
  3. Ralph Nader and Peter Camejo, a Green, ran an independent campaign and received 0.4% of the vote; however, they were not affiliated with the Green Party.
  4. Nader was not formally nominated by the party itself, but he did receive the endorsement of a large number of state parties and is considered as the de facto Green Party candidate.
  5. In Iowa and Vermont, Anne Goeke was Nader's running mate, in New Jersey it was Madelyn Hoffman and in New York it was Muriel Tillinghast.

House of Representatives
Election year No. of overall votes % of overall vote No. of overall seats won +/-
1992 134,072 0.14
0 / 435
1994 52,096 0.07
0 / 435
1996 42,510 0.05
0 / 435
1998 70,932 0.11
0 / 435
2000 260,087 0.26
0 / 435
2002 297,187 0.40
0 / 435
2004 344,549 0.30
0 / 435
2006 243,391 0.29
0 / 435
2008 580,263 0.47
0 / 435
2010 252,688 0.29
0 / 435
2012 372,996 0.30
0 / 435
2014 246,567 0.30
0 / 435
2016 515,263[77] 0.42?
0 / 435
2018 247,021 0.22
0 / 435

Senate
Election year No. of overall votes % of overall vote No. of overall seats won +/-
2000 685,289 0.90
0 / 34
2002 94,702 0.20
0 / 34
2004 157,671 0.20
0 / 34
2006 295,935 0.50
0 / 33
2008 427,427 0.70
0 / 33
2010 516,517 0.80
0 / 37
2012 212,103 0.20
0 / 33
2014 152,555 0.32
0 / 33
2016 695,604[78] 0.97?
0 / 33
2018 177,498 0.21
0 / 33

Best results in major races
Office Percent District Year Candidate
President 10.07% Alaska 2000 Ralph Nader
6.92% Vermont 2000
6.42% Massachusetts 2000
US Senate 20.5% Arkansas 2008 Rebekah Kennedy
15.4% District of Columbia 2018 Eleanor Ory
14.3% District of Columbia 2006 Joyce Robinson-Paul
US House 27.5% California District 34 2018 Kenneth Mejia
23.2% Arkansas District 2 2008 Deb McFarland
22.7% California District 40 2018 Rodolfo Cortes Barragan
Governor 10.4% Illinois 2006 Rich Whitney
10.3% New Mexico 1994 Roberto Mondragón
9.5% Maine 2006 Pat LaMarche
Other statewide 32.7% New Mexico State Treasurer 1994 Lorenzo Garcia
32.4% Arkansas State Treasurer 2010 Bobby Tullis
26.7% Arkansas Attorney General 2010 Rebekah Kennedy
State Legislature 67.1% Maine District 38 2002 John Eder
50.9% Maine District 118 2004
48.4% Maine District 118 2006

Fundraising and position on Super PACs

In the early decades of Green organizing in the United States, the prevailing American system of money-dominated elections was universally rejected by Greens, so that some Greens were reluctant to have Greens participate in the election system at all because they deemed the campaign finance system inherently corrupt. Other Greens felt strongly that the Green Party should develop in the electoral arena and many of these Greens felt that adopting an alternative model of campaign finance, emphasizing self-imposed contribution limits, would present a wholesome and attractive contrast to the odious campaign finance practices of the money-dominated major parties.

Over the years, some state Green parties have come to place less emphasis on the principle of self-imposed limits than they did in the past. Nevertheless, it is safe to say that Green Party fundraising (for candidates' campaigns and for the party itself) still tends to rely on relatively small contributions and that Greens generally decry not only the rise of the Super PACs, but also the big-money system, which some Greens criticize as plutocracy.

Some Greens feel that the Green Party's position should be simply to follow the laws and regulations of campaign finance.[79] Other Greens argue that it would injure the Green Party not to practice a principled stand against the anti-democratic influence of money in the political process. Candidates for office, like Jill Stein, the 2012 and 2016 Green Party nominee for the President of the United States, typically rely on smaller donations to fund their campaigns.[80]

State and territorial parties
Main article: List of state Green Parties in the United States

The following is a list of accredited state parties which comprise the Green Party of the United States.[81]

See also

References
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