Avian adenovirus

No evidence of transmission from birds to humans has been identified. The virus is mainly spread horizontally by the oro-fecal route, but vertical transmission can occur in serogroup 1. Once it has infected the bird the virus may remain latent until a period of stress, when it may then cause clinical disease.

Infections are normally subclinical, however clinical disease can occur—especially in young birds as maternal antibody levels begin to wane.

Clinical signs are related to the organ affected.

Signs of gastrointestinal disease (Haemorrhagic Enteritis) include diarrhea, anorexia, melena and hematochezia. Anaemia and dehydration may develop secondary to this haemorrhagic enteritis. Signs of reproductive disease (Egg Drop Syndrome) include low egg production/hatching and the laying of abnormal eggs (size, shape, colour, texture). Adenovirus infection may infect other organs, causing a splenitis, inclusion body hepatitis, bronchitis, pulmonary congestion ventriculitis, pancreatitis, or oedema, depending on the species of bird infected.

Diagnosis of aviadenovirus is by histopathology, electron microscopy, viral isolation, ELISA and PCR. In addition, virus antigen can be detected double immunodiffusion. Postmortem examination may reveal a variety of clinical signs relating directly to the organ affected. Specifically, Egg Drop Syndrome can be diagnosed by hemagglutinin inhibition and the virus causes haemagglutination in chickens and ducks.

Vaccines for HE and EDS are available (ATCvet codes: QI01AA05 (WHO) for the inactivated vaccine, QI01AD05 (WHO) for the live vaccine, plus various combinations). Disease incidence may be reduced by minimising stress levels, using appropriate hygiene measures and providing adequate nutrition.

The following species are recognized:

• Duck aviadenovirus B
• Falcon aviadenovirus A
• Fowl aviadenovirus A
• Fowl aviadenovirus B
• Fowl aviadenovirus C
• Fowl aviadenovirus D
• Fowl aviadenovirus E
• Goose aviadenovirus A
• Pigeon aviadenovirus A
• Pigeon aviadenovirus B
• Psittacine aviadenovirus B
• Psittacine aviadenovirus C
• Turkey aviadenovirus B
• Turkey aviadenovirus C
• Turkey aviadenovirus D

Viruses in Aviadenovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=25 symmetry. The diameter is around 90 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 35–36kb in length and have a guanine/cytosine content of 53–59%. The genome codes for 40 proteins. [1]

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral fiber glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown, viroporins, and lysis. Birds serve as the natural host.[1]

• Avian Adenoviruses, reviewed and published by WikiVet at http://en.wikivet.net/Avian_Adenoviruses, accessed 18/08/2011.

• Adenovirus Taxonomy 2005
• Diagnosis of Adenovirus Infections in Psittacine Birds by DNA in situ Hybridization
• Viralzone: Aviadenovirus
• ICTV