Bellows Falls, Vermont

Great Falls[7] was once an important fishing place on the Connecticut River for the nomadic Abenaki tribes, who were part of the Algonquian language family. They caught plentiful salmon and shad. Indigenous peoples had fished at the falls and inhabited the area for thousands of years before European arrival. They carved two sets of faces in the rocks just below the falls (see Bellows Falls Petroglyph Site (VT-WD-8)).

Rockingham Town Hall, which holds the Opera House, was built in 1926 on The Square, and is part of the Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District, designated in 1982.

The community was settled in 1753 by colonists of English descent, who called it Great Falls. Later the settlers renamed the town for Colonel Benjamin Bellows, a landowner.,[8][9] but they kept the name Great Falls for the waterfall, a translation of their Abenaki name, "Kitchee pontegu."[7] In 1785, Colonel Enoch Hale built at the falls the first bridge over the Connecticut River. It was the only bridge across the river until 1796, when another was built at Springfield, Massachusetts.[10] The bridge was later replaced. Two bridges currently link Bellows Falls to New Hampshire: the New Arch Bridge (also called the Church Street Bridge), which replaced the Arch Bridge in 1982, and the Vilas Bridge,[11] which was closed due to safety concerns in 2009.

The Bellows Falls Canal, one of the first canals built in the United States, was dug by a British-owned company from 1791-1802. The original canal was 22 feet wide and four feet deep, and had 9 locks, each 75 feet long and 20 feet wide, which allowed shipping to go around Great Falls by being lifted 52 feet (16 m) around the gorge. River traffic declined after railroads were built to the Connecticut Valley in 1849, and by 1858 the canal had become used exclusively for water power to run the paper mills which became established there. In 1874 the canal was enlarged to 75 feet wide and 17 feet deep. By 1908 it was delivering 15,000 horsepower to the mills. When the mills replaced water power with electrical power, the canal was widened again in 1927-28 to 100 feet, and the water was used to power turbines to generate electricity. The canal's bottom was lined with concrete, and the sides secured with rip-rap set in concrete. A fish ladder allows salmon to continue upstream at times when the bulk of the river's flow is diverted to the canal. The canal is now part of the Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District.[12][13][14]

In 1802, entrepreneurs built the first paper mill in Windham County. Two railroads converged in 1849 at Bellows Falls, helping it develop into a major mill town. By 1859, a woolen textile mill was operating, in addition to factories that produced furniture, marble, sashes and blinds, iron castings, carriages, cabinetware, rifles, harness, shoe pegs and organs.[15] The principal products, however, were paper and farm machinery. Bellows Falls was incorporated as a village in 1909.

The years of industry created wealth in the town, and substantial Victorian houses and mercantile buildings were constructed. Bellows Falls today attracts visitors through heritage tourism based on its historic Victorian architecture. The commercial town center, along with the canal, the bridges spanning it, and several neighborhoods of houses, were listed as historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places, as were individual landmarks such as the historic railroad station and the Adams Gristmill Warehouse.[16][17]

The village is located within the town of Rockingham. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km²), all land. Bellows Falls is bounded on the east by the Connecticut River.

As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 3,165 people, 1,329 households, and 782 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,286.1 people per square mile (885.5/km²). There were 1,443 housing units at an average density of 1,042.3/sq mi (403.7/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.28% White, 0.35% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.

There were 1,329 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were couples living together and joined in either marriage or civil union, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $29,608, and the median income for a family was $45,688. Males had a median income of $29,137 versus $22,340 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,276. About 5.6% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

Historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places are:

• Bellows Falls Neighborhood Historic District – a neighborhood on streets adjacent to downtown. (added February 17, 2002)
• Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District – Depot, Canal, Rockingham, Bridge, Mill and Westminster Sts. (added September 16, 1982)
• George–Pine–Henry Street Historic District, a historic residential area
• Westminster Terrace Historic District – Westminster Terrace (added July 13, 2010)

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides daily service through Bellows Falls, operating its Vermonter between Washington, D.C. and St. Albans, Vermont. The Bellows Falls Station, on Depot Street, also serves as the headquarters for the Green Mountain Railroad. Greyhound, the nationwide intercity bus service, also serves Bellows Falls from this same rail station.

Connecticut River Transit, a private, non-profit personal mobility specialist, provides scheduled bus service with local and direct buses linking Bellows Falls, Brattleboro, Springfield, Ludlow, the White River Junction and Lebanon, New Hampshire areas and other local communities as needed by private arrangement.

Green Mountain Railroad, a part of the Vermont Rail System, operates seasonal and holiday scenic train excursions between Bellows Falls and Chester. The New England Central Railroad also serves Bellows Falls.

The village is crossed by Interstate 91, U.S. Route 5, and Vermont Route 121.

Radio

• WOOL 91.5 (Freeform, "Black Sheep Radio")
• WZLF 107.1 (Country, "95.3 and 107.1 The Wolf") a simulcast of WXLF from Hartford, Vermont

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  Bellows Falls (Great Falls) at high flow
  (ndg)
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  Island House Hotel
  (c.1850s)
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  Robertson Paper Company Complex, built c.1890-c.1960
  (2013)
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  Arch bridge to North Walpole, New Hampshire
  (1905)
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  Westminster High Bridge over Saxton's River
  (1906)
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  Paper mills
  (1907)
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  The Square has been the commercial center of Bellows Falls practically since the first residents settled there.[20]
  (c.1908)
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  The Gas Station at Bridge and Island Streets was built c.1935 in the Colonial Revival style and was added to the NRHP in 1990
  (2017)
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  A house on Westminster Terrace, part of the Westminster Terrace Historic District, designated in 2010
  (2013)
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  The falls under the Vilas Bridge at medium flow in 2014; taken looking north

• Bellows Falls Downtown Historic District
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  The Depot Street Bridge over the Bellows Falls Canal
  (2016)
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  The Frank Adams Grist Mill was founded in 1831 and ran continuously until the early 1960s[12]
  (2017)
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  The Brown Block at 1-5 Canal Street, built in 1890 in the Queen Anne style[12]
  (2017)
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  Looking south down Canal Street towards The Square; the Brown Block can be seen in the background
  (2016)
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  The Edward Arms Block was built in 1890 and had an additional floor added in 1910[12]
  (2017)
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  The Bellows Falls Railroad Tunnel under Bridge Street and The Square dates from the 1840s. The bottom was excavated in the 1970s and in 2007, to allow taller trains to pass through[12][21]
  (2017)
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  The Centennial Block, built by the National Bank of Bellows Falls in 1875[22]
  (2016)
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  The commercial block at 20 Square was built in 1912[12]
  (2017)
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  United States Post Office, built in 1930 in the Georgian Revival style with Spanish Colonial Revival style elements[12]
  (2017)
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  The Windham Hotel, built in 1932.[12] From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s it housed one of Vermont's only gay bars, Andrews Inn[23]
  (2017)

• Bellows Falls Neighborhood Historic District
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  The Bellows Falls Masonic Temple, formerly the Wyman & Almira Flint House, was built c.1870 in the Second Empire style[24]
  (2017)
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  A Victorian house at 6 Temple Street
  (2017)
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  The William A. Hall House was built in 1890-92 in the Colonial Revival stye. It is now the Readmore Inn.
  (2013)
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  The Rockingham Free Public Library, built in 1909, is a Carnegie library[24]
  (2017)
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  The former armory of Company E of the First Infantry of the Vermont National Guard was built in 1915. It is now low-income housing.[24]
  (2017)

• Donald H. Balch, general in the United States Air Force
• Colleen Barrett, president of Southwest Airlines
• Sean O. Cota, businessman and financial commentator
• Nicholas P. Massucco, Automotive entrepreneur
• Carlton Fisk, catcher with the Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox baseball teams
• Jay H. Gordon, Vermont Auditor of Accounts
• Warner A. Graham, Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court[25]
• Hetty Green, businesswoman, known as the richest woman in America during the Gilded Age, and called the world's greatest miser by Guinness World Records
• Henry Alfred Hosking, member of the House of Commons of Canada
• James F. Howard, Jr., professor of neurology and medicine
• Michael Palma, poet and translator
• Charles Henry Robb, federal judge
• Roger Robb, federal judge
• Thomas M. Salmon, Vermont Auditor of Accounts
• Thomas P. Salmon, 75th Governor of Vermont
• Jennie Maria Arms Sheldon, entomologist, science educator, historian, author, and museum curator, born in Bellows Falls
• Gary Smith, record producer
• Ernest Thompson, playwright (On Golden Pond) and actor
• Todd T. Semonite, Chief of Engineers for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

• Arch Bridge
• Steamtown, USA
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Vermont

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bellows Falls, Vermont (category)

• Town of Rockingham and Village of Bellows Falls, Vermont