Changi Airport

Singapore Changi Airport, commonly known as Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS), is a major civilian airport that serves Singapore, and is one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia. As one of the world's busiest airports by international passenger and cargo traffic, it is currently rated the World's Best Airport by Skytrax, the first airport in the world to do so for eight consecutive years.[8][9] It has also been rated as one of the world's cleanest airports and highly rated international transit airports.[10][11]

"Singapore Airport" redirects here. For the formerly used commercial airport in Singapore, see Paya Lebar Air Base. For another operational commercial airport in Singapore, see Seletar Airport. For the mixed-use development that includes the world's tallest indoor waterfall, see Jewel Changi Airport.

Singapore Changi Airport

Lapangan Terbang Changi Singapura

新加坡樟宜机场

சிங்கப்பூர் சாங்கி விமான நிலையம்
Summary
Airport typePublic / Military
OwnerGovernment of Singapore[1]
Operator
ServesSingapore
LocationChangi, East Region, Singapore
Opened29 December 1981 (1981-12-29)
Hub for
Focus city for
Time zoneSST (UTC+08:00)
Elevation AMSL6.66 m / 22 ft
Coordinates1°21′33″N 103°59′22″E
Websitechangiairport.com
Map
SIN /WSSS
Location in Singapore
SIN /WSSS
SIN /WSSS (Southeast Asia)
SIN /WSSS
SIN /WSSS (Asia)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
02L/20R[N 1] 4,000 13,123 Grooved asphalt concrete
02C/20C[N 2] 4,000 13,123 Asphalt concrete
02R/20L 4,000 13,123 Grooved asphalt concrete
Statistics (2020)
Passenger movements 11,800,000
Air freight movements (tons) 1,540,000
Aircraft movements 125,000
Economic impact (2017)US$13.3 billion[5]
Social impact (2017)119,000[5]

The airport is located in Changi, at the eastern end of Singapore, approximately 20 km (12 mi)[12] from Marina Bay (Singapore's Downtown Core), on a 13-square-kilometre (5.0 sq mi) site. The airport is operated by Changi Airport Group and it is the home base of Singapore Airlines,[13] Singapore Airlines Cargo,[13] Scoot, Jetstar Asia Airways and BOC Aviation.[13]

In 2019, Changi served 68.3 million passengers, making it the 18th busiest airport in the world.[14]

Overview
See also: History of Changi Airport and Infrastructure of Changi Airport
Map of Changi Airport

Changi Airport serves more than 100 airlines flying to 400 cities in around 100 countries and territories worldwide, as of 20 November 2020. About 7,400 flights arrive or depart at Changi each week – about one every 80 seconds.

For the 2019 full-year figures published by the airport, the airport handled 68,300,000 passengers (a 4.0% increase over the previous year), the most in its 38-year history.[15] This made it the seventh busiest airport by international passenger traffic in the world and the third busiest in Asia. In December 2019, Changi Airport registered a total of 6.41 million passenger movements, the highest the airport has ever achieved in a month since it opened in 1981. Its daily traffic movement record was also broken on 20 December 2019, with 226,692 passengers passing through during that day. In addition to being an important passenger hub, the airport is also one of the busiest cargo airports in t he world, handling 2.01 million tonnes of cargo in 2019. The total number of commercial aircraft movements decreased by 1.0% from the previous year to 382,000 in 2019.[15]

The airport has won over 620 awards since its opening, including 28 "Best Airport" awards in 2019 alone.[16] Changi Airport's efforts to mitigate the effects of ageing infrastructure include continual physical upgrades to its existing terminals and building new facilities to maintain its high standards in airport service quality.[17]

Passenger terminals

Changi Airport has five main passenger terminals arranged in an elongated inverted 'U' shape with Jewel in the centre of the ‘U’ shape. Currently, the airport has a designed total annual handling capacity of 85 million passengers.[18]

  • Terminal 1 began operations on 1 July 1981,[19] is located at the northern end, and was renovated in 2019.[20]
  • Terminal 2 began operations on 22 November 1990,[21] and is located at the eastern end. (Operations have been suspended from 1 May 2020 for 18 months.)[22]
  • Terminal 3 began operations on 9 January 2008,[23] officially opened on 25 July 2008,[24] and is located at the western end.
  • Terminal 4 began operations on 31 October 2017[25] and is located on the southern side, at the site of the former budget terminal. (Operations have been suspended indefinitely from 16 May 2020 due to weak demand as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore.)[26]

There is also a privately run luxury terminal called the JetQuay CIP Terminal. It is similar to the Lufthansa First Class Terminal at Frankfurt Airport, but is open to all passengers travelling in all classes on all airlines with an access fee.[27]

The short-lived Budget Terminal was opened on 26 March 2006 and closed on 25 September 2012 to make way for Terminal 4.[28]

Mixed-use development
Further information: Jewel Changi Airport
The Rain Vortex at Jewel Changi Airport

Jewel Changi Airport, which opened on 17 April 2019, is a multi-use structure, mainly a shopping mall, interconnecting Terminals 1, 2 and 3.[29] Announced in 2013, it was a new terminal structure that is intended to be a mixed-use complex.[30] It is situated on a 3.5-hectare site where the Terminal 1 car park used to reside. Jewel was developed by Jewel Changi Airport Trustee Pte Ltd, a joint venture between Changi Airport Group and CapitaLand, through its wholly owned shopping mall business, CapitaLand Mall Asia.[31] The project cost S$1.7 billion.[32] Part of this project was planned to help expand Terminal 1 to handle 24 million passengers per year by 2018.[33]

Future terminals and projects

Terminal 5 is set to be ready in the mid 2030s. It is expected to handle 50 million passenger movements per annum.[34] The airport terminal structure is projected to be larger than terminals 1, 2 and 3 combined. It will be built on reclaimed land to the east of the present terminals. It will be funded through the newly increased levy.[35] KPF Singapore with Heatherwick Studio, Architects 61, and DP Architects will provide architectural services. Arup Singapore, Mott MacDonald Singapore and Surbana Jurong Consultants will provide engineering services. Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan said on 16 June 2020 that the Changi Terminal 5 project could be delayed by at least 2 years as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36]

Operations
Terminal 2 check-in area
Terminal 3 airside area
Aerial view of Singapore Changi Airport. The forested area to the right of the airfield has since been cleared for Terminal 5.

Passenger operations

As the airport only handles international passenger traffic, all terminals in operation are equipped with immigration-processing facilities for international travel.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic, which hit the 30-million mark for the first time in 2004. In March 2008, prior to the full effect of the financial crisis of 2007–2010 on the global economy, the airport was predicted to handle 50 million passengers by 2012[37] due to the opening of casinos in Singapore and the phased liberalisation of the Asean aviation sector. As predicted, the airport surpassed the 50-million mark in 2012.[17]

On 18 December 2017, the airport surpassed the 60-million mark for the first time.[38][39]

The airport saw a record 65.6 million passenger movements in 2018 - beating 2017's record of 60 million passengers with a 5.5 per cent increase.[40]

In 2019, Firefly, the sole turboprop operator in Changi Airport, moved to Seletar Airport to make way for their jet operations.[41][42][43]

In 2020, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, passenger traffic fell 32.8% due to the weakened demand for February. For the next few months, it is estimated that the numbers would drop further.[44] The pandemic also resulted in a 18-month closure of Terminal 2, starting from 1 May 2020, as the reduced passenger traffic deemed the terminal unnecessary. The previously planned expansion of Terminal 2 would therefore benefit from the closure, as a side effect, where it is believed that the 18-month closure would accelerate the expansion works by a year.[22] Airlines previously utilising Terminal 2 would be reallocated to the remaining terminals.

Cargo

The Air Cargo Division of the Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the Changi Airfreight Centre[45] located in the north of the airport premises.[46] The airport handled 1.81 million tonnes of air cargo in 2012, making it the 7th busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia.[47] Due to Singapore's large electronics sector, electrical components constitute a significant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport. Changi airport has initiated attempts to expand into the perishable air cargo market. In 2015, Changi Airport handled 1,853,087 tonnes of air freight. Air Cargo World awarded the 2013 Air Cargo Excellence Award to Changi Airport for handling more than 1,000,000 tonnes of cargo in Asia.[48]

The airport handled 2,006,300 tonnes of cargo in 2016, making it the 13th top cargo airport in the world and the sixth in the Asia Pacific region.[49]

In 2017, the airport handled 2,125,226 tonnes of cargo. The top five cargo markets for the airport were China, Australia, Hong Kong, United States and India.[50]

Key markets and destinations

In 2018, Indonesia was the largest market for the airport, followed by Malaysia, China, Thailand, Australia, India, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur was the top destination for travellers in the airport, followed by Bangkok, Jakarta, Hong Kong, Manila, Denpasar/Bali, Tokyo, Ho Chi Minh City, Taipei and Sydney.[51]

Safety and security
Singapore Airport Emergency Services Griffon 8000TD

The Changi Airport Group (CAG) manages the overall safety and security of the airport. The Airport Management Division of the CAG manages the customer aspects of the airport's security, while the Aviation Security Unit oversees the airport's compliance with aviation security (AVSEC) policies, and manages AVSEC-related projects.[46] The airport's emergency and fire-fighting services are handled by the Airport Emergency Service Division.[52] The Airport Emergency Services handles all instances of rescue and fire-fighting within the airport premises as well as in surrounding waters. It operates from two main fire stations (Station 1 by Runway 1 along West Perimeter Road and Station 2 by Runway 2), one sub-station (Domestic Fire Station), and one sea rescue base near the airport.[53]

The airport's security comes under the regulatory purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force (SPF). The day to day discharge of security functions at the airport is performed by auxiliary police forces including Aetos Security Management, Certis CISCO and SATS Security Services. Aetos and SATS Security Services are affiliated to the ground handling companies of Dnata and Singapore Changi Airport Terminal Services respectively.[54] On 29 April 2008, CAAS signed its then-biggest single security contract for all airport-related security services by engaging Certis CISCO to provide security services at Singapore Changi Airport, as well as Seletar Airport, Changi Airfreight Centre, and the Singapore Air Traffic Control Centre.[55] It involves the deployment of about 2,600 Certis Cisco personnel, including armed Auxiliary Police Officers and unarmed aviation security officers to perform tasks such as screening checked baggage, controlling access to restricted areas, and screening passengers before they board their aircraft.[56]

Since the 11 September 2001 attacks and the naming of the airport as a terrorist target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been tightened. Singapore Armed Forces and Singapore Police Force officers, armed with assault rifles or sub-machine guns, have been deployed to patrol the terminals at random intervals.[57] Officers from the Gurkha Contingent are also dispatched to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings. These measures come at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge", imposed since 2002.[58]

In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed doors, as opposed to them being done before check-in within public view. The screening of carry-on luggage and travellers are mostly conducted at individual departure gates, while check-in luggage is screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. A perimeter intrusion detection system for Changi Airport's perimeter fence has also been put in place to further strengthen the security of the airfield, while a biometric access control system for staff movement has been put in place since 2006.[58]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
Air China Beijing–Capital, Chengdu, Hangzhou[59]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air India Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai
Air India Express Bengaluru,[60] Chennai, Coimbatore, Kochi, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli
Air Mauritius Kuala Lumpur–International, Mauritius
Air New Zealand Auckland
Seasonal: Christchurch[61]
Air Niugini Port Moresby
Air Timor Dili[62]
AirAsia Ipoh,[63] Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching, Langkawi, Miri, Penang
AirAsia X Kuala Lumpur–International[64][65]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Bangkok Airways Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Koh Samui
Batik Air Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka
British Airways London–Heathrow, Sydney
Cathay Pacific Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Hong Kong
Cebu Pacific Cebu, Clark, Davao, Iloilo, Manila
China Airlines Kaohsiung, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Changsha,[66] Kunming, Nanjing, Quanzhou, Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou
Chongqing Airlines Chongqing[67]
Druk Air Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[68] Guwahati, Paro
Emirates Dubai–International, Melbourne
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta,[69] Kuala Lumpur–International
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Fiji Airways Nadi
Finnair Helsinki
Garuda Indonesia Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Surabaya
GX Airlines Nanning
Hainan Airlines Haikou[70]
Hebei Airlines Hangzhou[71]
IndiGo Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Tiruchirappalli
Indonesia AirAsia Bandung, Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Semarang, Yogyakarta–International[72]
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita
Jetstar Denpasar/Bali, Perth
Jetstar Asia Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[73] Clark, Colombo–Bandaranaike,[74] Da Nang, Darwin, Denpasar/Bali, Haikou, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Jieyang, Kuala Lumpur–International,[73] Manila,[73] Medan, Naha, Osaka–Kansai, Penang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Sanya, Siem Reap, Surabaya, Taipei–Taoyuan, Yangon
Jeju Air Busan[75]
Juneyao Airlines Shanghai–Pudong[76]
KLM Amsterdam, Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta[77]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Lion Air Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin[78][79]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuching
Malindo Air Kuala Lumpur–International
Myanmar Airways International Yangon
Myanmar National Airlines Yangon
Pacific Airlines Ho Chi Minh City
Philippine Airlines Manila
Philippines AirAsia Cebu
Qantas[80] Brisbane, London–Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
Qatar Airways Doha
Regent Airways Dhaka
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan
Saudia Jeddah
Scoot[81][82] Amritsar, Balikpapan,[83] Bangkok–Don Mueang, Cebu, Changsha,[83][84] Chiang Mai,[83] Clark, Coimbatore,[83] Denpasar/Bali, Fuzhou,[83][85] Gold Coast, Guangzhou, Haikou, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Harbin, Hat Yai, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Ipoh, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Jeddah, Jinan, Kaohsiung, Kota Bharu,[86] Kota Kinabalu,[83] Krabi, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuantan, Kuching, Kunming,[83][87] Langkawi, Luang Prabang,[83] Macau, Makassar,[83] Manado,[88] Manila, Mataram–Lombok,[83] Melbourne, Nanchang, Nanjing, Nanning, Ningbo, Osaka–Kansai, Palembang, Pekanbaru, Penang, Perth, Phuket, Qingdao, Sapporo–Chitose, Semarang,[89] Seoul–Incheon, Shenyang, Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Thiruvananthapuram,[83] Tianjin, Tiruchirappalli, Tokyo–Narita, Vientiane,[83] Visakhapatnam,[90][83] Wuhan,[91][83] Wuxi, Xi'an, Yogyakarta–International,[92] Zhengzhou
Shandong Airlines Jinan
Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu
Singapore Airlines Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amsterdam, Auckland, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing–Capital, Bengaluru, Brisbane, Busan,[93] Cape Town, Chennai, Christchurch, Colombo–Bandaranaike, Copenhagen, Delhi, Denpasar/Bali, Dhaka, Dubai–International, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Istanbul, Jakarta–Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo,[94] Kolkata,[95] Kuala Lumpur–International, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Malé, Manchester, Manila, Melbourne, Milan–Malpensa, Moscow–Domodedovo, Mumbai, Munich, Nagoya–Centrair, Newark, New York–JFK, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Perth, Phuket, Rome–Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Shenzhen,[96] Surabaya, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Yangon, Zürich
Seasonal: Sapporo–Chitose
Spring Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
SriLankan Airlines Colombo–Bandaranaike
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Thai AirAsia Bangkok–Don Mueang, Krabi, Phuket
Thai Airways Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Thai Lion Air Bangkok–Don Mueang
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
United Airlines San Francisco
Urumqi Air Wuhan[97]
US-Bangla Airlines Dhaka
VietJet Air Da Nang,[98] Hanoi,[99] Ho Chi Minh City[100]
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City
Vistara Delhi,[101] Mumbai[101]
XiamenAir Fuzhou, Xiamen

    Cargo
    AirlinesDestinations
    AeroLogic Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Hong Kong, Leipzig/Halle
    AirBridgeCargo Hong Kong, Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Phnom Penh[102][103]
    Air Hong Kong Hong Kong[104]
    ANA Cargo Hong Kong, Naha[105]
    Asiana Cargo Ho Chi Minh City, Seoul–Incheon[106]
    Asialink Cargo Express Batam
    ASL Airlines Belgium Liège, Shanghai–Pudong
    Cardig Air Balikpapan, Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta[107]
    Cargolux Anchorage, Baku, Chicago–O'Hare, Doha, Dubai-Al Maktoum, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur–International, Luxembourg, Taipei–Taoyuan
    Cathay Pacific Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Hanoi, Hong Kong, Penang
    China Airlines Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Manila, Penang, Taipei–Taoyuan
    China Cargo Airlines Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Chengdu, Shanghai–Pudong
    DHL Aviation Anchorage, Bengaluru,[108] Cincinnati, Hong Kong, Leipzig/Halle,[109] Seoul–Incheon,[110] Sydney
    Emirates SkyCargo Auckland, Dubai–Al Maktoum,[111] Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
    Etihad Cargo[112][113] Abu Dhabi, Brisbane, Sydney
    EVA Air Cargo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Hanoi, Hong Kong,[114] Penang, Taipei–Taoyuan[115]
    FedEx Express Anchorage, Dubai–International, Guangzhou, Ho Chi Minh City, Honolulu, Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta, Memphis, Osaka–Kansai, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Shanghai–Pudong, Sydney,[116] Taipei–Taoyuan, Tokyo–Narita
    Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong[117]
    Kalitta Air Cincinnati, Hong Kong,[118][119] Los Angeles,[120] Sydney[120]
    K-Mile Air Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta
    Korean Air Cargo Hanoi, Penang, Seoul–Incheon
    LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin[121]
    My Indo Airlines Balikpapan, Bandar Seri Begawan, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta–Halim Perdanakusuma, Manila, Semarang, Surabaya[122]
    My Jet Xpress Airlines Kuala Lumpur–Subang,[123] Penang
    Nippon Cargo Airlines Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Osaka–Kansai, Tokyo–Narita
    Polar Air Cargo Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon
    Qatar Airways Cargo Doha, Macau[124]
    Raya Airways Kuala Lumpur–Subang
    SF Airlines Hangzhou,[125][126] Shenzhen
    Sichuan Airlines Chengdu[118][119]
    Silk Way West Airlines Baku,[127] Dubai–Al Maktoum,[128] Kuala Lumpur–International[129]
    Singapore Airlines Cargo Adelaide, Amsterdam, Auckland, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Bengaluru, Brussels, Chennai, Coimbatore, Chicago–O'Hare, Copenhagen, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Frankfurt, Guangzhou, Hanoi,[130] Hong Kong, Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta, Johannesburg–OR Tambo, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Medan, Melbourne, Mumbai, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Nanjing, Perth, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharjah, Sydney
    Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines Balikpapan, Batam, Ho Chi Minh City,[131] Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta
    Turkish Airlines Cargo Hyderabad, Istanbul–Atatürk, Karachi
    United Airlines Guam[132]
    UPS Airlines Dubai–International, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Sydney, Taipei–Taoyuan
    YTO Cargo Airlines Hangzhou[133]

    Operational statistics
    Operational statistics (1980-1989)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    19807,294,549 0.0N/AN/A75,971 0.0
    19818,152,158 11.7%N/AN/A71,365 6.1%
    19828,611,812 5.6%N/AN/A68,159 4.5%
    19838,679,152 0.8%N/AN/A67,594 0.8%
    19849,465,651 9.1%N/AN/A70,674 4.5%
    19859,856,830 4.1%N/AN/A73,223 3.6%
    198610,067,719 2.1%352,806 0.073,022 0.3%
    198711,203,793 11.3%419,099 18.8%76,276 4.5%
    198812,595,286 12.4%512,509 22.3%82,930 8.7%
    198914,136,367 12.3%577,610 12.7%87,421 5.4%
    Sources:[134][135][136]
    Operational statistics (1990-1999)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    199015,620,758 10.5%623,841 8.0%97,675 11.7%
    199116,285,039 4.3%643,209 3.1%108,728 11.3%
    199218,100,155 11.1%719,004 11.7%125,526 15.4%
    199319,987,214 10.4%838,416 16.6%136,762 8.9%
    199421,644,677 8.3%1,009,764 20.4%145,334 6.3%
    199523,196,240 7.2%1,105,773 9.5%156,334 7.6%
    199624,514,248 5.7%1,190,457 7.6%166,749 6.7%
    199725,174,344 2.7%1,336,254 12.2%172,672 3.5%
    199823,803,180 5.4%1,283,660 4.0%165,242 4.3%1997 Asian financial crisis
    199926,064,645 9.51,500,393 16.8165,961 0.4
    Sources:[137][135][136]
    Operational statistics (2000-2009)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    200028,618,200 9.81,682,489 12.1173,947 4.8
    200128,093,759 1.831,507,062 11.6179,359 3.1September 11 attacks
    200228,979,344 3.21,637,797 8.7174,820 2.5
    200324,664,137 14.91,611,407 1.6154,346 11.72002–2004 SARS outbreak
    200430,353,565 23.01,775,092 10.1184,932 19.8
    200532,430,856 6.81,833,721 3.3204,138 10.3
    200635,033,083 8.01,931,881 5.4214,000 4.8
    200736,701,556 4.81,918,159 0.7221,000 3.3
    200837,694,824 2.71,883,894 1.8232,000 5.0
    200937,203,978 1.31,633,791 15.3240,360 3.6Financial crisis of 2007–2008
    Sources:[138][139][140]
    Operational statistics (2010-2019)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    201042,038,777 13.01,813,809 11.0263,593 9.7
    201146,543,845 10.71,865,252 2.8301,711 14.5
    201251,181,804 10.01,806,225 3.2324,722 7.6
    201353,726,087 5.01,850,233 2.4343,800 5.9
    201454,093,070 0.81,843,799 0.3341,386 0.7
    201555,448,964 2.51,853,087 0.5346,334 1.5
    201658,698,039 5.91,969,434 6.3360,490 4.1
    201762,219,573 6.02,125,226 7.9373,201 3.5
    201865,600,000 5.52,150,000 1.4386,000 3.4
    201968,300,000 4.02,010,000 6.5382,000 1.0
    Sources:[141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150]
    Operational statistics (2020)
    Year Passenger
    movements    		 Passenger %
    change over
    previous year    		 Airfreight
    movements
    (tonnes)    		 Airfreight %
    change over
    previous year    		 Aircraft
    movements    		 Aircraft %
    change over
    previous year    		 Notes
    202011,800,000 82.81,540,000 23.3125,000 67.2COVID-19 pandemic
    Sources:[6]

    See source Wikidata query.

    Accidents and incidents
    • On 26 March 1991, Singapore Airlines Flight 117, operated by an Airbus A310, was hijacked by four Pakistani terrorists. The flight landed in Changi Airport at 22:15. The Singapore Special Operations Force stormed the plane, on the morning of 27 March. All four hijackers were killed, with no fatalities among the 123 passengers and crew that were held hostage for more than eight hours.
    • On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32, operated by an Airbus A380-800, suffered an uncontained engine failure and made an emergency landing in Changi Airport. Upon landing, one of the engines could not be shut down due to ruptured control cables and had to be doused for three hours by airport firefighters to forcefully shut it down. There were no crew or passenger injuries, and all 469 people on board survived this incident.
    • On 27 June 2016, Singapore Airlines Flight 368, operated by a Boeing 777-300ER, suffered an engine problem while flying from Singapore to Milan. During the diversionary landing in Singapore, the right engine and wing caught fire. The fire was quickly extinguished by airport fire services. There were no injuries among the 241 people on board.
    • On 16 May 2017, a fire broke out at the departure hall in Terminal 2.[151] The fire caused 40 flights at Terminal 2 to be delayed and diverted to Terminal 3.[152] Terminal 2 was closed from 17:30 to 22:45.
    • On 6 February 2018, a KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, part of the Black Eagles aerobatic team taking part in Singapore Airshow 2018, veered off the runway during takeoff and crashed. The resulting fire was put out by emergency services and the pilot was treated for minor injuries. Runway 1 was closed as a result and caused delays at the airport.[153]
    • On 19 June 2019, unauthorised drones were spotted around Changi Airport, causing 37 flights to be delayed and a runway to be shut intermittently.[154] Another such incident took place on 24 June 2019, causing 18 flights to be delayed and 7 more diverted. The disruption was made worse by bad weather.[155]

    Ground transportation

    Changi Airport was built with ground-transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway built and opened in tandem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city centre. At a distance of about 20 km (12 mi), the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's East Coast.

    Despite the four main passenger terminal buildings being relatively close to each other, the CAAS (Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore) decided to build the Changi Airport Skytrain people-mover system to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers between the terminals for travellers. The system was upgraded in 2007 with new technologies supplied by Mitsubishi, connecting to Terminal 3 and separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks.

    Inter-terminal transportation
    Changi Airport Skytrain
    Changi Airport MRT station platforms
    Main article: Changi Airport Skytrain

    Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected by the free Skytrain service, which operates from 05:00 to 02:30. During non-operational hours, travellers in the transit areas may transfer within the terminals by foot via the inter-terminal travellators. For travellers in the public areas, a free shuttle bus service will connect the three terminals.[156]

    All Skytrain services have been suspended from 1 May 2020 until further notice.

    A complimentary 24-hour Airport Shuttle Bus service plies between Terminal 3 and Terminal 4 in both the public and transit areas. The journey takes approximately eight to 10 minutes.[157]

    Mass Rapid Transit

    The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network via a two-stop branch of the East West line from Tanah Merah MRT station, consisting of two stations: Expo, serving the nearby Singapore Expo site; and Changi Airport. Changi Airport MRT station is located underground between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Direct, one-train service to the downtown and western parts of Singapore was initially in operation when the station opened on 8 February 2002. This was replaced by the current shuttle service between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport via Expo on 22 July 2003,[158] when it was found that passenger demand for this route was low.

    Until Stage 3 of the Downtown line opened on 21 October 2017, passengers needed to transfer at Tanah Merah station for train service towards the city, Pasir Ris and Tuas Link. However, as of this date, passengers can now transfer at Expo for direct service to Bukit Timah and Bukit Panjang using an alternate route via the city.

    As announced in the LTA's Land Transport Masterplan 2040, the new Thomson–East Coast line will be extended to Changi Airport Terminal 5 and to the current Changi Airport station, with the current EWL Branch line being converted to be part of the TEL.[159]

    Bus

    There are seven bus services operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses and Go-Ahead Singapore, making a loop starting from Terminal 3 to Terminal 1, and Terminal 2. Only four bus services will continue to Terminal 4 – Services 24, 34, 36 and 110. Bus stops are located at the basement bus bays of Terminals 1, 2 and 3. For Terminal 4, the bus stop is located next to Car Park 4B.

    ServiceDestinationNotes
    Go-Ahead Singapore Services
    34Punggol Temporary Bus Interchange
    36Tomlinson Road (loop)
    SBS Transit Services
    24Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange
    27Hougang Central Bus Interchange
    53Bishan Bus Interchange
    SMRT Buses Services
    110Compassvale Bus Interchange
    858Woodlands Temporary Bus Interchange

    Coaches to and from Johor Bahru are also available. Operated by Transtar Travel, the service will start at coach stands at Terminals 1, 2, and 3, and end at Larkin Terminal.

    There is also a free shuttle bus service plying between Changi Airport (T3) and Changi Business Park. This service is a nine-stop route, running from Mondays to Fridays, except public holidays.[160]

    Taxi

    Taxis are available at taxi stands located in the arrival halls of each terminal. There is an additional airport surcharge for all trips originating from the airport.[161] Limousine and other transportation options are available at the Ground Transport Concierge.[162]

    Car and private transportation

    All pick-ups by private transportation occur at the arrival pick-up points of each terminal.[163][164] Car rental counters are located in the arrival halls of each terminal.[165]

    By foot or bicycle

    A 3.5 km (2.2 mi) Changi Airport Connector links the airport to East Coast Park. Bicycle rental services are available along with other facilities such as pay-per-use showers and bicycle lockers at HUB & SPOKE Changi Airport. Along the way is a 1 km (0.62 mi) long Changi Jurassic Mile where there is a permanent display of life-sized dinosaurs. Admission is free.[166][167][168]

    See also

    References

    Notes
    1. Runway 02L is 4,000 m (13,000 ft) and 20R is 3,260 m (10,700 ft) with a displaced threshold of 740 m (2,430 ft). Thus aircraft landing on 20R will have to avoid touching down on the displaced threshold but may use it for departures.
    2. To facilitate works for Terminal 5, Runway 02C/20C will be closed from 3 December 2020 to 19 May 2021.[4]

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    Bibliography
    • Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1938), "Singapore's great airport", Wonders of World Aviation, pp. 128–130, illustrated description of the newly opened Singapore Airport
    Library resources about
    Changi Airport

    Media related to Singapore Changi Airport at Wikimedia Commons

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