December 13
December 13 is the 347th day of the year (348th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. 18 days remain until the end of the year.
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| 2021 | ||||||
| December 13 in recent years |
| 2020 (Sunday) |
| 2019 (Friday) |
| 2018 (Thursday) |
| 2017 (Wednesday) |
| 2016 (Tuesday) |
| 2015 (Sunday) |
| 2014 (Saturday) |
| 2013 (Friday) |
| 2012 (Thursday) |
| 2011 (Tuesday) |
Events
pre-20th century
- 1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit.
- 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.[1]
- 1577 – Sir Francis Drake sets sail from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage.
- 1636 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the National Guard of the United States.
- 1642 – Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand.
- 1643 – English Civil War: The Battle of Alton takes place in Hampshire.
- 1758 – The English transport ship Duke William sinks in the North Atlantic, killing over 360 people.
- 1769 – Dartmouth College is founded by the Reverend Eleazar Wheelock, with a royal charter from King George III, on land donated by Royal governor John Wentworth.
- 1818 – Cyril VI of Constantinople resigns from his position as Ecumenical Patriarch.
- 1862 – American Civil War: At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats Union Major General Ambrose Burnside.
- 1867 – A Fenian bomb explodes in Clerkenwell, London, killing six.
20th century
- 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanking: The city of Nanjing, defended by the National Revolutionary Army under the command of General Tang Shengzhi, falls to the Japanese. This is followed by the Nanking Massacre, in which Japanese troops rape and slaughter hundreds of thousands of civilians.
- 1938 – The Holocaust: The Neuengamme concentration camp opens in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, Germany.
- 1939 – The Battle of the River Plate is fought off the coast of Uruguay; the first naval battle of World War II. The Kriegsmarine's Deutschland-class cruiser (pocket battleship) Admiral Graf Spee engages with three Royal Navy cruisers: HMS Ajax, HMNZS Achilles and HMS Exeter.[2][3]
- 1943 – World War II: The Massacre of Kalavryta by German occupying forces in Greece.
- 1949 – The Knesset votes to move the capital of Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
- 1959 – Archbishop Makarios III becomes the first President of Cyprus.
- 1960 – While Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visits Brazil, his Imperial Bodyguard seizes the capital and proclaims him deposed and his son, Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, Emperor.
- 1962 – NASA launches Relay 1, the first active repeater communications satellite in orbit.
- 1967 – Constantine II of Greece attempts an unsuccessful counter-coup against the Regime of the Colonels.
- 1968 – Brazilian President Artur da Costa e Silva issues AI-5 (Institutional Act No. 5), enabling government by decree and suspending habeas corpus.
- 1972 – Apollo program: Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt begin the third and final extra-vehicular activity (EVA) or "Moonwalk" of Apollo 17. To date they are the last humans to set foot on the Moon.
- 1974 – Malta becomes a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations.
- 1974 – In the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese forces launch their 1975 Spring Offensive (to 30 April 1975), which results in the final capitulation of South Vietnam.[4]
- 1977 – Air Indiana Flight 216 crashes near Evansville Regional Airport, killing 29, including the University of Evansville basketball team, support staff, and boosters of the team.
- 1981 – General Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland, largely due to the actions by Solidarity.
- 1982 – The 6.0 Ms North Yemen earthquake shakes southwestern Yemen with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 2,800, and injuring 1,500.
- 1988 – PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat gives a speech at a UN General Assembly meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, after United States authorities refused to grant him a visa to visit UN headquarters in New York.
- 1989 – The Troubles: Attack on Derryard checkpoint: The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches an attack on a British Army temporary vehicle checkpoint near Rosslea, Northern Ireland. Two British soldiers are killed and two others are wounded.
21st century
- 2001 – Sansad Bhavan, the building housing the Indian Parliament, is attacked by terrorists. Twelve people are killed, including the terrorists.
- 2002 – European Union enlargement: The EU announces that Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia will become members on May 1, 2004.
- 2003 – Iraq War: Operation Red Dawn: Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his home town of Tikrit.
- 2007 – The Treaty of Lisbon is signed by the EU member states to amend both the Treaty of Rome and the Maastricht Treaty which together form the constitutional basis of the EU. The Treaty of Lisbon is effective from 1 December 2009.[5]
Births
pre-19th century
- 1272 – King Frederick III of Sicily (d. 1337)
- 1363 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (d. 1429)[6]
- 1476 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (d. 1544)[7]
- 1484 – Paul Speratus, German Lutheran (d. 1551)[8]
- 1491 – Martín de Azpilcueta, Spanish theologian and economist (d. 1586)
- 1499 – Justus Menius, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1558)
- 1521 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)
- 1533 – Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)[9]
- 1553 – Henry IV of France (d. 1610)
- 1560 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1641)
- 1585 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (d. 1649)
- 1640 – Robert Plot, English chemist and academic (d. 1696)
- 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian astronomer and philosopher (d. 1729)
- 1678 – Yongzheng Emperor of China (d. 1735)
- 1720 – Carlo Gozzi, Italian playwright (d. 1804)
- 1724 – Franz Aepinus, German astronomer and philosopher (d. 1802)
- 1769 – James Scarlett Abinger, English judge (d. 1844)
- 1780 – Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, German chemist, invented the Döbereiner's lamp (d. 1849)
- 1784 – Archduke Louis of Austria (d. 1864)
- 1797 – Heinrich Heine, German journalist, poet, and critic (d. 1856)
19th century
- 1804 – Joseph Howe, Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 1873)
- 1814 – Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse and philanthropist (d. 1880)
- 1816 – Werner von Siemens, German engineer and businessman, founded Siemens (d. 1892)
- 1818 – Mary Todd Lincoln, 16th First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)
- 1830 – Mathilde Fibiger, Danish feminist, novelist and telegraphist (d. 1892)
- 1836 – Franz von Lenbach, German painter and academic (d. 1904)
- 1854 – Herman Bavinck, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and academic (d. 1921)
- 1856 – Svetozar Boroević, Croatian-Austrian field marshal (d. 1920)
- 1860 – Lucien Guitry, French actor (d. 1925)
- 1864 – Emil Seidel, American woodcarver and politician, 36th Mayor of Milwaukee (d. 1947)
- 1867 – Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist and author (d. 1917)
- 1870 – Edward LeSaint, American actor and director (d. 1940)
- 1871 – Emily Carr, Canadian painter and author (d. 1945)
- 1874 – Josef Lhévinne, Russian pianist and educator (d. 1944)
- 1882 – Jane Edna Hunter, African-American social worker (d. 1971)[10]
- 1883 – Belle da Costa Greene, American librarian and bibliographer (d. 1950)[11]
- 1884 – Aimilios Veakis, Greek actor, director, and playwright (d. 1951)
- 1885 – Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, American mathematician (d. 1940)
- 1887 – George Pólya, Hungarian-American mathematician and academic (d. 1985)
- 1887 – Alvin C. York, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1964)
- 1897 – Albert Aalbers, Dutch architect, designed the Savoy Homann Bidakara Hotel (d. 1961)
- 1897 – Drew Pearson, American journalist and author (d. 1969)
- 1900 – Jonel Perlea, Romanian-American conductor and educator (d. 1970)
1901–1910
- 1901 – Olev Roomet, Estonian singer, violinist, and bagpipe player (d. 1987)
- 1902 – Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Greek philosopher and politician, 138th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1986)
- 1902 – Talcott Parsons, American sociologist and academic (d. 1979)
- 1903 – Ella Baker, American activist (d. 1986)
- 1903 – Carlos Montoya, Spanish guitarist and composer (d. 1993)
- 1905 – Ann Barzel, American writer and dance critic (d. 2007)[12]
- 1906 – Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (d. 1968)
- 1906 – Laurens van der Post, South African-English soldier and author (d. 1996)
- 1908 – Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, Brazilian historian and activist (d. 1995)
- 1908 – Van Heflin, American film actor (d. 1971)
- 1908 – Elizabeth Alexander, British geologist, academic, and physicist (d. 1958)
1911–1920
- 1911 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1911 – Kenneth Patchen, American poet and painter (d. 1972)
- 1912 – Luiz Gonzaga, Brazilian singer-songwriter and accordion player (d. 1989)
- 1913 – Arnold Brown, English-Canadian missionary, 11th General of The Salvation Army (d. 2002)
- 1914 – Alan Bullock, English historian and author (d. 2004)
- 1914 – Larry Noble, English comedian and actor (d. 1993)
- 1915 – B. J. Vorster, South African lawyer and politician, 4th State President of South Africa (d. 1983)
- 1916 – Archie Moore, American boxer and actor; world light-heavyweight champion (d. 1998)
- 1916 – Leonard Weisgard, American author and illustrator (d. 2000)
- 1918 – Bill Vukovich, Serbian-American race car driver (d. 1955)
- 1919 – Hans-Joachim Marseille, German captain and pilot (d. 1942)
- 1920 – George P. Shultz, American economist and politician, 60th United States Secretary of State
1921–1940
- 1921 – Turgut Demirağ, Turkish film producer, director and screenwriter (d. 1987)
- 1923 – Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
- 1925 – Dick Van Dyke, American actor, singer, and dancer[13]
- 1927 – James Wright, American poet and academic (d. 1980)
- 1929 – Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor and producer (d. 2021)[14][15]
- 1934 – Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (d. 2012)
- 1934 – Antoinette Rodez Schiesler, American chemist (d. 1996)
- 1935 – Türkan Saylan, Turkish physician and academic (d. 2009)
- 1936 – Prince Karim al-Husayn Shāh, Aga Khan IV,[16] Swiss humanitarian and religious leader
- 1937 – Rob Houwer, Dutch director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1937 – Ulf G. Lindén, Swedish businessman (d. 2009)
- 1938 – Gus Johnson, American basketball player (d. 1987)[17]
- 1940 – Sanjaya Lall, Indian economist and academic (d. 2005)
1941–2000
- 1942 – Howard Brenton, English playwright and screenwriter
- 1945 – Herman Cain, American businessman and political activist (d. 2020)
- 1948 – Jeff Baxter, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer[18]
- 1948 – Lillian Board, British athlete; European champion at 400m and 800m (d. 1970)[19]
- 1960 – Richard Dent, American pro football player (NFL); MVP of Super Bowl XX; elected to Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011[20]
- 1967 – Jamie Foxx, American actor, singer, songwriter, producer, and comedian[21]
- 1984 – Santi Cazorla, Spanish international footballer with 81 caps[22]
- 1984 – Hanna-Maria Seppälä, Finnish freestyle swimmer; 2003 world champion in the 100 m freestyle[23]
- 1988 – Rickie Fowler, American Ryder Cup golfer on the PGA Tour; three-time runner-up in major tournaments[24]
- 1989 – Hellen Obiri, Kenyan runner; twice world champion in the 5000 metres event[25]
- 1989 – Taylor Swift, American singer-songwriter, record producer and actress[26]
Deaths
pre-18th century
- 558 – Childebert I, Frankish king (b. 496)
- 769 – Du Hongjian, Chinese politician (b. 709)
- 838 – Pepin I of Aquitaine (b. 797)
- 859 – Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan
- 1124 – Pope Callixtus II (b. 1065)
- 1126 – Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)
- 1204 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (b. 1135)
- 1250 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)[27]
- 1272 – Bertold of Regensburg, German preacher
- 1404 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1336)
- 1466 – Donatello, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1386)
- 1516 – Johannes Trithemius, German cryptographer and historian (b. 1462)
- 1521 – Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)
- 1557 – Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician and engineer (b. 1499)
- 1565 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss botanist and physician (b. 1516)
- 1621 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)
- 1671 – Antonio Grassi, Italian Roman Catholic priest(b. 1592)
1701–1900
- 1716 – Charles de La Fosse, French painter (b. 1640)
- 1721 – Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (b. 1676)
- 1729 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and author (b. 1676)
- 1754 – Mahmud I, Ottoman sultan (b. 1696)
- 1758 – Noël Doiron, Canadian Acadia leader (b. 1684)
- 1769 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and hymn-writer (b. 1715)
- 1783 – Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer and demographer (b. 1717)
- 1784 – Samuel Johnson, English poet and lexicographer (b. 1709)
- 1814 – Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne, Belgian-Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)
- 1849 – Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg, German botanist and entomologist (b. 1766)
- 1862 – Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, American general, lawyer, and politician (b. 1823)
- 1863 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (b. 1813)
- 1868 – Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist and explorer (b. 1794)
- 1881 – August Šenoa, Croatian author and poet (b. 1838)
- 1883 – Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812)
- 1893 – Georg August Rudolph, German lawyer and politician, 3rd Mayor of Marburg (b. 1816)
- 1895 – Ányos Jedlik, Hungarian physicist and engineer (b. 1800)
1901–1950
- 1908 – Augustus Le Plongeon, French photographer and historian (b. 1825)
- 1919 – Woldemar Voigt, German physicist and academic (b. 1850)
- 1922 – Arthur Wesley Dow, American painter and photographer (b. 1857)
- 1922 – Hannes Hafstein, Icelandic poet and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1861)
- 1924 – Samuel Gompers, English-born American labor leader, founded the American Federation of Labor (b. 1850)
- 1927 – Mehmet Nadir, Turkish mathematician and academic (b. 1856)
- 1930 – Fritz Pregl, Slovenian-Austrian chemist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)
- 1931 – Gustave Le Bon, French psychologist, sociologist, and anthropologist (b. 1840)
- 1932 – Georgios Jakobides, Greek painter and sculptor (b. 1853)
- 1935 – Victor Grignard, French chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1871)
- 1942 – Wlodimir Ledóchowski, Austrian-Polish religious leader, 26th Superior-General of the Society of Jesus (b. 1866)
- 1942 – Robert Robinson Taylor, American architect (b. 1868)
- 1944 – Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-French painter and theorist (b. 1866)
- 1945 – Irma Grese, German concentration camp guard (b. 1923)
- 1945 – Josef Kramer, German concentration camp commandant (b. 1906)
- 1945 – Elisabeth Volkenrath, Polish-German concentration camp supervisor (b. 1919)
- 1947 – Henry James, American lawyer and author (b. 1879)
- 1947 – Nicholas Roerich, Russian archaeologist, painter, and philosopher (b. 1874)
- 1950 – Abraham Wald, Hungarian mathematician and academic (b. 1902)
1951–2020
- 1954 – John Raymond Hubbell, American director and composer (b. 1879)
- 1955 – Egas Moniz, Portuguese psychiatrist and neurosurgeon, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
- 1960 – Dora Marsden, English author and activist (b. 1882)[28]
- 1961 – Grandma Moses, American painter (b. 1860)
- 1962 – Harry Barris, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1905)
- 1969 – Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (b. 1886)
- 1973 – Henry Green, English author (b. 1905)
- 1974 – Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoglu, Egyptian-Turkish journalist, author, and politician (b. 1889)
- 1975 – Cyril Delevanti, English-American actor (b. 1889)
- 1977 – Oguz Atay, Turkish engineer and author (b. 1934)
- 1979 – Jon Hall, American actor and director (b. 1915)
- 1979 – Behçet Necatigil, Turkish author, poet and translator (b. 1916)
- 1983 – Alexander Schmemann, Estonian-American priest and theologian (b. 1921)
- 1983 – Nichita Stanescu, Romanian poet and critic (b. 1933)
- 1986 – Heather Angel, British-American actress (b. 1909)
- 1986 – Ella Baker, American activist (b. 1903)
- 1986 – Smita Patil, Indian actress and journalist (b. 1955)
- 1992 – K. C. Irving, Canadian businessman (b. 1899)
- 1992 – Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1899)
- 1993 – Vanessa Duriès, French author (b. 1972)
- 1995 – Ann Nolan Clark, American author and educator (b. 1896)
- 1996 – Edward Blishen, English author and educator (b. 1920)
- 1997 – Don E. Fehrenbacher, American historian, author, and academic (b. 1920)
- 1998 – Lew Grade, Ukrainian-born British impresario and media proprietor (b. 1906)
- 1998 – Richard Thomas, Royal Naval Officer (b. 1922)
- 1998 – Wade Watts, civil rights activist (b. 1919)
- 2002 – Zal Yanovsky, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist who founded The Lovin' Spoonful (b. 1944)[29]
- 2004 – David Wheeler, English computer scientist and academic (b. 1927)[30]
- 2006 – Lamar Hunt, American businessman, co-founded the American Football League and World Championship Tennis (b. 1932)[31]
- 2018 – Noah Klieger, Holocaust survivor who became an award-winning Israeli journalist (b. 1926)[32]
Holidays and observances
13 December is the feast day of St Lucy
Others
- Acadian Remembrance Day (Acadians)
- National Day (Saint Lucia)
- Martial Law Victims Remembrance Day (Poland)
- Nanking Massacre Memorial Day (China)
- Nusantara Day (Indonesia)
- Republic Day (Malta)
- Sailor's Day (Brazil)
- Saint Lucia Day (mainly in Scandinavia)[34]
References
- "Council of Trent". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee". Warship Profile 4. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 88–91. OCLC 20229321.
- Jackson, Robert, ed. (2001). Kriegsmarine: The Illustrated History of the German Navy in WWII. Osceola: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-07-60310-26-7.
- Viên, Cao Văn (1983). The Final Collapse. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-14-10219-55-8.
- "The Treaty of Lisbon". Fact Sheets on the European Union. Brussels: European Parliament. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- Guillaume Henri Marie Posthumus Meyjes (1999). Jean Gerson, Apostle of Unity: His Church Politics and Ecclesiology. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 90-04-11296-0.
- Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1 January 1995). Butler's Lives of the Saints. A&C Black. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-86012-260-9.
- Theodore Kübler (1865). Historical Notes to the Lyra Germanica: Containing Brief Memoirs of the Authors of the Hymns Therein Translated, and Notices of Remarkable Occasions on which Some of Them, Or Any of Their Verses, Have Been Used ; with Notices of Other German Hymn-writers Represented in Other English Collections. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 332.
- "Erik XIV | king of Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- "HUNTER, JANE EDNA (HARRIS)". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University. 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- "Belle da Costa Greene | American librarian and bibliographer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- Sawyers, June Skinner (2012). Chicago Portraits: New Edition. Northwestern University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780810126497.
- "Dick Van Dyke". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- Weber, Bruce (5 February 2021). "Christopher Plummer, Actor From Shakespeare to 'The Sound of Music,' Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- "Christopher Plummer". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- "Aga Khan IV". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- "Gus Johnson". The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
- "Jeff Baxter – Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- "1970: 'Golden girl' of British athletics dies". BBC Sport. London: BBC. 26 December 1970. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- "Richard Dent". Canton, Ohio: Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- Kellman, Andy. "Jamie Foxx – Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- "Santi Cazorla". Nyon, Switzerland: UEFA. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- "Hanna Maria Seppala". Lausanne: International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- "Rickie Fowler". Palm Beach Gardens, Florida: PGA Tour, Inc. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- "Hellen Obiri". Monaco: World Athletics. 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- Rothman, Michael (18 August 2014). "Taylor Swift Explains Meaning Behind Cover of New Album '1989'". Manhattan: ABC News Network. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- "Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- Garner, Les (1990). A Brave and Beautiful Spirit: Dora Marsden, 1882-1960. Aldershot: Avebury. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-56600-914-3. OCLC 924736140.
- Schinder, Scott (16 December 2002). "Spoonful's Zal Yanovsky Dies". Rolling Stone. Los Angeles: Penske Business Media. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- Lee, J. A. N. "David J. Wheeler". Computer Pioneers. New York City: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE). Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- "Lamar Hunt, Chiefs owner and sports legend, dies at 74". ESPN NFL. New York City: ESPN Sports Media Inc. 14 December 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- Boker, Ran (13 December 2018). "Holocaust survivor and writer Noah Klieger dies at 93". Ynet News. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Internet. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- Calendarium Romanum. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1969. p. 139. ISBN 978-15-68549-91-0.
- "St Lucia's Day". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edinburgh. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
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