Eastern European people

Eastern European people are a pan-ethnic group, or multi-ethnic regional grouping, and the inhabitants of Eastern Europe. East or Eastern Europeans can usually trace back full or partial heritage to Belarus, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine and other nations bordering with or otherwise ethnoculturally related to the region.

Inhabited mainly by East Slavic ethnicities, in its strictest geographical terms Moldova is the sole majority-Romance ethnic nation in the region; with significant numbers of Moldovans and Romanians also native to other areas of Eastern Europe, such as in the Western Ukrainian borderland province Chernivtsi Oblast and parts of Russia.

There are also many descriptions of Eastern Europeans which include ancestry from nations in Central Europe, and countries of the South Slavs, particularly in diasporic identification. There is a large Eastern European diaspora, with significant concentrations in the United Kingdom, China, North America (Eastern European Americans and Canadians), as well as Oceania (Eastern European Australians).

Other subgroups of Europeans include Northwestern European people and Southern European people.

Background

Eastern Europeans have been discussed academically, researched and reported on as a pan-ethnic group, which is most usually based on full or partial ancestry to Eastern Europe.[1] Historian Andrew Wilson, who specializes in the region, has defined East Europeans as the East Slavs; Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, and separately; Moldovans.[2]

Although this definition is accurate and specific, it represents the pan-ethnic grouping in the strictest geographical terms, and is frequently not adhered to in the international identification of and referencing to Eastern Europeans. The classification is extended, at times, to people from bordering and nearby areas, such as Central and Southeastern Europe, which occurs most frequently from Anglo-centric and English-speaking perspectives, as well as in reference to diaspora populations.[3][4][5]

The group can be broken down into further national subgroups such as Belarusians, Ukrainians and Moldovans.[6][7] Despite their Central European location, nations, including Hungary and the Czech Republic, are sometimes used inclusively within parameters of heritage, when describing Eastern Europeans. This is particularly the case in diasporic terms.[8][9][10] Due to Slavic ethnic and cultural similarities, Yugoslavians have also occasionally been included in identification or reporting, despite Southeastern Europe's distinct ethnocultural history.[11]

History

In 1964, the Assembly of Captive European Nations published material suggesting how, in the aftermath of World War II, the "Eastern European people were sealed off from the West and held down by Soviet-patterned police apparatuses".[12] The attitudes of Eastern Europeans and their relationship to the state, government and society underwent transformation during the mid-20th century.[13] During the 1980s, the poorer half of Eastern European populations earned an average of 30 percent of national income (which had dropped to around 17 percent by the end of the 2010s). Russia's richest one percent earned 3.5 percent of national income (by 2019, this had risen to 27 percent).[14]

In 1989, historian Thaddeus Gromada claimed that non-Russian Eastern European people generally had more affinity with Western European culture than Russian culture.[15] Political scientists Ivan Krastev and Stephen Holmes have argued that this form of Western cultural aspiration drove the revolutions of 1989 and acted as a shared mission for the group.[16] For his conduct during this period, politician Julian Knight has written that Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev deserves credit for understanding how the Cold War was impoverishing both Russians and other Eastern Europeans, and for helping to facilitate its end.[17] Historian Dan Stone has suggested President George H. W. Bush's self-imposed distancing from European politics during this time "inadvertently gave the Eastern European people the space they needed to carry out their revolutions".[18]

During the economic reforms of the 1990s, as the region partially fell away from the economic sphere of Russia, Eastern Europeans suffered financially with, at first, growing costs and less disposable income.[19] In the 21st-century, the process of EU enlargement has occasionally exposed cultural differences in between Western and Eastern Europeans, with the Soviet history of the region influencing the latter's political worldviews.[20]

In 2019, a Pew Research Center survey found that between 58 and 65 percent of Eastern Europeans felt positively about living standards, education and national pride in the post-Communist era.[21] In the same year, it was reported that the group were living close to ten years longer on average, since 1990, with longevity recorded as much as 10 percent higher for some.[22] In 2020, it was reported how the European Union's policy of free movement had enabled or encouraged millions of Eastern Europeans to return home from Germany, and other large European economies, after job losses created by the COVID-19 pandemic.[23]

Academic research

A 2013 study at Bucharest University proposed how a culture where Eastern European people seem under interrogation, for all political and cultural decisions taken by them, has developed due to the cultural conflict caused by public transition from communism to democracy.[24]

In a 2018 Feminist Media Studies journal piece, University of Vienna Research Fellow Katharina Wiedlack criticized Western cultural perceptions, which she argued can frame Eastern Europeans as unthinking, unoriginal or possessing lower morality.[25] A 2019 Roskilde University study was critical of discriminatory Danish media representations of Eastern European people, which it described as portraying them as a racially inferior working-class, prone to criminality, who's 'otherness' was to be subsumed by integration into a "Danish 'whiteness'".[26]

Diaspora

Large numbers of Eastern Europeans have emigrated from the region between the 18th and 21st centuries, driven by many factors, including wars, discrimination and opportunity. Significant proportions of such people, and their descendants, constitute the modern populations of Eastern European Americans and Eastern European Canadians in the North American continent, and Eastern European Australians in Oceania.

Europe

Since the opening up of EU accession in the early 21st-century, millions of Eastern Europeans have migrated to other parts of Europe, especially to Central, Western, and Northern Europe; gaining access to the job markets of large economies in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in particular.[22]

Russell Deacon has written of the tension created in the mid-2000s, from Eastern Europeans emigrating to Welsh-speaking areas of Wales, with pressure group Cymuned lobbying the Welsh government to prioritize housing for locals, as a reactionary response.[27]

By 2014, a Guardian society-piece by John Harris, outlined multiple years of apparent social problems created by large numbers of immigrants from Eastern Europe (and its bordering regions) which included reports of mafias, intra-ethnic conflicts, murders, as well as positive elements such as the revival of town centres.[28] In 2015, most Eastern Europeans living in Suffolk were young working-age adults.[29]

In 2018, British media reported growing concern for East European UK-residents affected by Brexit.[30]

19th-century

Eastern Europeans arrived in large numbers to the United States during the 1880s and 1890s, settling in industry towns and cities, such as Cleveland, Ohio.[31] Implications of the War Measures Act in 1914, which authorized the designation of "aliens of enemy nationality", included Eastern European Canadians born or resident in Canada.[32] Continuing into the 1920s, Eastern European Canadians faced persecution, along with African Canadians, during economic recession and post-World War I unrest.[33] In the US from 1900 (until the Hart–Celler Act of 1965 ended it), the majority of immigration into the US consisted of people arriving from Southern Europe, and large numbers of Eastern Europeans.[34] This post-war period enabled Eastern European people to become significant percentages of US populations, in places such as the Pittsburg, Kansas mining community, nicknamed as the "Little Balkans".[35]

World War II

After the outbreak of World War II, Eastern European citizens of Canada received training at Camp X, many going on to serve their adoptive country in the Special Operations Executive.[11] In the US, however, Americans of Eastern European heritage faced government-enforced restrictions. Speaking to the Senate Judiciary Committee, Russ Feingold acknowledged how "Eastern European Americans were unfairly arrested, detained, interned, or relocated" in a 2003 address.[36]

In both Canada and the United States, in the post-WWII period, politically active Eastern European people were forced to tread a careful line of diplomacy in both North American nations; demonstrating loyalty to their countries, while advocating for interventional policy which might aid people in their ancestral homelands.[37][38]

Social breakthrough

Eastern Europeans in Canada were shown to be underrepresented in professional occupations (and overrepresented in the personal service sector) by a 1961 census.[39] Cultural assimilation of Eastern Europeans was increasingly common in mid-20th-century North America. Professor Marc Shell has written regarding the Canadian government's enforcement of the anglicisation of names.[40]

In the US, Eastern Europeans were also gradually being accepted into mainstream American culture. Historian David Halberstam, speaking in a New England Board of Higher Education interview, discussed how access to white society became plausible for the group.[41] Perhaps representing this social change best, the US Census Bureau found that the Eastern European born in this time period (between 1956 and 1965) were indistinguishable, in education results, with British Americans. Eastern European Americans were found to have also outperformed US citizens of solely British heritage in the completion of bachelor's degrees.[42]

The median household income in 2017 for Americans of Polish descent is estimated by the U.S. Census as $73,452, with no statistically significant differences from other Slavic-American groups, Czech, Slovak, and Ukrainian. The median household income for those of Russian ancestry has been reported as higher on the U.S. Census, at $80,554.[43]

Socioeconomic indicators: 2017[43]
Ethnicity Household Income College degrees (%)
Russian $80,554 60.4
Polish $73,452 42.5
Czech $71,663 45.4
Serbian $79,135 46.0
Slovak $73,093 44.8
Ukrainian $75,674 52.2
White non-Hispanic $65,845 35.8
Total US Population $60,336 32.0

Late 20th-century

During the 1970s, the majority of Eastern Europeans resident in Canada lived in the country's main urban centers. The exception being those of Ukrainian heritage, who still mostly lived rurally.[44] During this time, the Helsinki Accords were the cause of various political strife between the Ford administration and Eastern European people in the US.[45] Whereas, writing in 1980, Dr Roy Norton suggested that the group were appreciative of the role Canada played in the U.S. Helsinki Commission, as well as the country's consistent criticism of abuses to human rights in their ancestral lands.[46]

Academic studies

Academic research has been utilized in the study of Eastern European diaspora in North American.[47] Professor Cezara O. Crisan has suggested, based on 2019 research at Purdue University Northwest, that Eastern European Canadians are particularly likely to be politically and economically vested with the Eastern European nation that their heritage descends from.[48]

In 2008, a genetic research investigation consecutively tested over five hundred Eastern European US citizens, in order to identify human leukocyte antigen alleles. The research, which was based at the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, contributed towards the creation of a hematopoietic stem cell register.[49]

See also

References
  1. Michael Kahn; Joanna Plucinska (March 27, 2020). "Closed borders, no shops? Been there, done that, say east Europeans". Reuters. Eastern Europeans with strong memories of authoritarian Communist rule have taken a “been there, done that” attitude to the restrictions on free movement and shortages of some basic goods caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
  2. Andrew Wilson (2007). "6: The East Europeans: Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova". In Stephen White; Judy Batt; Paul G. Lewis (eds.). Developments in Central and East European Politics (Fourth ed.). Duke University Press Books. pp. 90–109. ISBN 978-0822339496.
  3. Aloysius Balawyder (2000). In the Clutches of the Kremlin – Canadian–East European Relations 1945–1962. Columbia University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0880334440. Eastern European Canadians constitute an important base for Canadian domestic and foreign policies. Their influence varied during the different phases of immigration.
  4. "Issues 102-105". Media International Australia. Australian Film, Television and Radio School. 2002. p. 132. In the second chapter, he explores the concept of 'otherness' by denaturalising the privileged white gaze and examining representations of First Nations peoples and Asian and Eastern European Canadians.
  5. "Eastern European Americans". Library of Congress. 2015.
  6. Rene A Day; Pauline Paul; Beverly Williams (2009). "Perspectives in Transcultural Nursing". Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Canadian Medical-Surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 129. ISBN 978-0781799898. Examples of Canadian subcultures based on ethnicity include Native Canadians, French Canadians, and Eastern European Canadians. Each of these subcultures can be further divided.
  7. Gail Garfinkle Weiss (2009). Americans from Russia and Eastern Europe (New Americans). Benchmark Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-0761443100. Including people whose parents, grandparents, or other ancestors were born in Russia and Eastern Europe, the total number of Eastern European Americans is much higher.
  8. "Ukrainian Church History", Harvard Ukrainian Studies (Volume 26 ed.), Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 2007, p. 20, Of the eight faculty members present only one was born in Canada. The others included four "Eastern European" Canadians (of Ukrainian, Russian, Czech, and Hungarian background)
  9. Richard Appleton (1983). Australian Writing: Ethnic Writers 1945-1991 (Volume 1 ed.). Angus & Robertson. p. 226. ISBN 978-0959660425. The retention, by immigrant communities, of the beliefs, values and rituals of their parent culture, whether British, Irish, Mediterranean or Eastern European. Australian Catholicism is an obvious example of this phenomenon.
  10. Charles Miranda (5 September 2013). "Bodies pile up in South Africa as gangs fight over lucrative Australian drug trade". The Daily Telegraph. The AFP declined to comment about the Eastern European-Australian dual nationals working with South Africans
  11. "Saturday Night, Volume 97". Saturday Night. 1982. Similarly out of the mainstream were those central and eastern European Canadians, now condescendingly called "ethnics." Of those who served with SOE , most were Yugoslavs who had immigrated to Canada in the 1920s and 1930s.
  12. George Meany (1964). "ACEN News". Assembly of Captive European Nations.
  13. Camelia Florela Voinea; Markus Schatten (2014). Recovering the Past. Eastern European Web Mining Platforms for Reconstructing Political Attitudes. European Conference on Political Attitudes and Mentalities: University of Bucharest. During the past half century, the political attitude of the Eastern European people toward the state, government and society changed dramatically.
  14. Paula Erizanu (October 30, 2019). "Why it's not easy being a young lefty in eastern Europe". The Guardian. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, despite the fact that eastern European states have became wealthier, the poor in these states have become poorer and the rich richer. In the 1980s, the total earnings of the poorer half of east Europeans was equivalent to 25-35% of national income. Since the end of communism, this figure has dropped to 17% in some countries. The most unequal country in the region is Russia, where the richest 1% now earns 27% of national income – a dramatic increase from 3.5% before the fall of the iron curtain.
  15. Thaddeus Gromada (1989). Report of the New Jersey Governor's Commission on Eastern European and Captive Nation History. New Jersey Civil Service Commission. There are great cultural differences between Russians and other Eastern European people. Most non-Russian East Europeans do not have any affinity with Russian culture. Rather, they feel more kinship with Western European culture
  16. Ivan Krastev; Stephen Holmes (October 24, 2019). "How liberalism became 'the god that failed' in eastern Europe". The Guardian. When the cold war ended, racing to join the west was the shared mission of central and eastern Europeans. Indeed, becoming indistinguishably western was arguably the principal aim of the revolutions of 1989.
  17. Julian Knight (2010). "Chapter 24: Ten Political Events that Shaped the Modern World". British Politics For Dummies. For Dummies. ISBN 978-1118971505. Much of the credit for the peaceful transference of former eastern European communist regimes to democracies belongs to the Soviet leader of the late 1980s and early 1990s, Mikhail Gorbachev. Although a communist, he saw that the Cold War between the West and East was impoverishing his own and other eastern European people.
  18. Dan Stone (2014). Goodbye to All That?: The Story of Europe Since 1945. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0199697717.
  19. Paul Counts (1995). Effects of Eastern European Reforms on World Trade in Forest Products. University of Kentucky. The Eastern European people were faced with the dual problem of having less money to spend while at the same time facing increasingly high prices on virtually all goods and services.
  20. Dieter Gosewinkel (2014). Anti-liberal Europe: A Neglected Story of Europeanization. Berghahn Books. p. 157. ISBN 978-1782384250. However, the European enlargement process since the end of the Cold War has brought to the surface significant differences in opinions concerning the future of the union between so-called Old and New Europe. This could be seen as an indication that the communist conception of Europe did have an impact on the Eastern European people.
  21. Jon Henley (October 15, 2019). "30 years after communism, eastern Europe divided on democracy's impact". The Guardian. Asked how they felt their countries had advanced, central and eastern Europeans were most positive about education (65%), living standards (61%) and national pride (58%). They were less happy about law and order (44%) and family values (41%), and a majority (53%) said healthcare had got worse in the post-communist era.
  22. Shaun Walker (October 26, 2019). "'This is the golden age': eastern Europe's extraordinary 30-year revival". The Guardian. Since then, longevity has surged as much as 10% in some parts of the region, and east Europeans are now more likely to be nearer 80 than 70 when they die.
  23. Katherine Butler (12 April 2020). "After coronavirus: how will Europe rebuild?". The Guardian. If Germany’s success in handling the pandemic is partly down to an army of migrant doctors and nurses, it should not be to the detriment of central and eastern Europe. Free movement of labour has also, paradoxically, led to the return home of millions of eastern Europeans.
  24. Camelia Florela Voinea; Bojan Todosijevic; Guido Boella (2013), Political Attitudes and Mentalities. Eastern European Political Culture: Modeling Studies, Bucharest University Press, p. 43, he long transition processes from the communist to democratic regimes made almost all Eastern European people and their countries experience during the past two decades the need to explain their choices, values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, symbols, grievances or prejudices, their institutions, regimes, and discourses.
  25. Katharina Wiedlack (2017). In/visibly different: Melania Trump and the othering of Eastern European women in US culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0748624164. The view on Eastern European people as unable to produce original thinking, and accordingly stealing from their Western peers, does not only confirm their questionable morals and character, it also confirms the superiority of Western (here US) thinking, culture, and being.
  26. Agnieszka Feliksik; Valeriia Karamysheva; Irina Fedorova (1989), The Representation of Eastern Europeans in Danish Media, Roskilde University, p. 43, They are presented as an ‘inferior race’ consisting of ‘cheap labor’ and criminals, who ‘invade’ Denmark and cause economical and security problems for Danish population. The notions ‘Us”’ (Danish people) and ‘Them’ (Eastern Europeans) are common in Eastern European discourse in Danish media. The integration of Eastern Europeans is considered as converting them to Danish ‘whiteness’
  27. Russell Deacon; Alan Sandry (2007). Devolution in the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Edinburgh University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0748624164. The problem of solely English-speaking or Eastern European people moving into predominantly Welsh-speaking areas has at times been a sensitive political issue. In 2001 a pressure group, Cymuned (Community), began to lobby the Welsh Assembly on issues relating to inward migration and the need to prioritise local housing for local people.
  28. John Harris (16 June 2014). "Fear and anger in once-wealthy town divided by insecurity and immigration". The Guardian.
  29. "Health and Wellbeing Suffolk: Joint Strategic Needs Assessment - Migrants from Eastern Europe" (PDF). Suffolk County Council. 1 July 2015. The majority of Eastern European people in Suffolk are young adults of working age. There are also children and some middle-aged and older people.
  30. Lisa O'Carroll (5 June 2018). "Concerns for eastern Europeans in Brexit 'settled status' plan". The Guardian.
  31. "Historic Ethnic Groups in Ohio". State Library of Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio, likewise, saw many Eastern Europeans choosing its city as their new home. While thousands of Germans often chose rural areas throughout Ohio as their new residence, they also settled in Cincinnati, Columbus and Cleveland. In fact, at the beginning of the 20th century, at least 50 percent of Cleveland residents were German. Over 75 percent of Cleveland’s population was foreign born by 1900.
  32. Martin Louis Kovacs (1978). "Volume 8". Ethnic Canadians: Culture and Education. University of Regina. p. 132. ISBN 978-0889770096. The conflict between clashing loyalties for the Ukrainian and some other Central Eastern European Canadians was exacerbated by the war measures.
  33. Sarah-Jane Mathieu (2010). "Fighting the Empire". North of the Color Line: Migration and Black Resistance in Canada, 1870–1955. University of North Carolina Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0807834299. Throughout the 1920s, eastern European Canadians, like African Canadians, became the country's convenient scapegoats for postwar labor unrest, peacetime economic recession, and urban demise.
  34. Irmo Marini (2009). "Counseling White Americans". The Professional Counselor's Desk Reference. Springer Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-0826171818. Southern and Eastern European Americans. After 1900, and prior to the 1965 Immigration Act, most immigrants to the United States came from southern and eastern European countries.
  35. "Amazon Army". Kansas Historical Society. February 1, 2011. These local families were immigrants from many European nations who had brought their mining skills to southeast Kansas. Called "Little Balkans," this region was home to French, Italian, Swedish, Austrian, German, British, and Eastern European Americans who spoke many different languages.
  36. "Statement of The Honorable Russ Feingold" (PDF). Senate Judiciary Committee. October 16, 2003. Thousands of German Americans, Italian Americans, and Eastern European Americans were unfairly arrested, detained, interned, or relocated. Our government confiscated the personal property of many European Americans and restricted their travel rights.
  37. Jonathan H. L'Homedieu (2009). "Journal of American Ethnic History". Baltic Exiles and the U.S. Congress: Investigations and Legacies of the House Select Committee, 1953-1955 (Volume 31 ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 41. Politically motivated Eastern European Americans rejected the postwar political settlement in their former homelands. They were caught between promoting unrealistic foreign policy prescriptions in the American political spectrum, such as advocating the use of military force to roll back Communism in Eastern Europe, and having to demonstrate their loyaltly to the United States.
  38. Alan Hustak (1979). Peter Lougheed: A Biography. McClelland and Stewart. p. 232. ISBN 978-0771042997. Required by protocol to lay a bouquet of flowers at the "mound of glory" - a war monument erected to the victories of the Red Army during the Second World War - he hastily deposited the flowers and quickly moved on, aware of the fact that his visit to the Soviet Union might antagonize the large number of eastern European Canadians living in Alberta.
  39. Irwin Taylor Sanders; Ewa T. Morawska (1975). Polish American Community Life: A Survey of Research. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. p. 35. ISBN 978-0940962309. Porter has shown that in 1961 Canadian Eastern European ethnics were underrepresented in professions and overrepresented in personal service. In the unskilled occupations Eastern Europeans reached the national mean in 1961.
  40. Marc Shell (2005). "One Polio Story". Polio and Its Aftermath: The Paralysis of Culture. Harvard University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0674013155. I became de jure Mark Shell in 1967 by means of an official Order of Council. (Such name changes were not untypical among assimilating Eastern Europeans in Canada.)
  41. "Fall 2005 Connection: 50 Years of New England Higher Education and Economic Development". New England Board of Higher Education. September 26, 2013. But in retrospect, it was narrower than we thought. We perceived ourselves in the ‘50s as a white society, and the breakthrough was mostly limited to people who were descendents of Italian-Americans, Eastern European Americans, children of Jewish immigrants.”
  42. Dominic J. Pulera (2006). "A Nation of 100 Million". Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0826418296. The Census Bureau found that 55.9% of white men born between 1956 and 1965 had attended college and 25.5% of them had completed bachelor's degrees. However, the percentages had virtually converged for two groups in this cohort: men of solely British ancestry (66.3% and 31.8%, respectively) and Southern and Eastern European men (66.4% and 33.8%, respectively). Interestingly, these trends were reflected in the data for women too. While the Southern and Eastern European Americans began to prosper in America, African Americans continued to suffer from discrimination and diminished life chances
  43. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  44. Peggy Tyrchniewicz (1979). Ethnic folk costumes in Canada. Hyperion Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0920534106. By 1971, the greatest percentage of all eastern European Canadians lived in the largest urban centers. The exception is the Ukrainians who live mainnly on the prairies.
  45. Sarah B. Snyder (2010). "Through the Looking Glass: The Helsinki Final Act and the 1976 Election for President". Diplomacy & Statecraft. pp. 86–106. Helsinki Final Act became a point of contention between the White House and Eastern European Americans during Ford's election campaign
  46. Roy Norton (2002). "Ethnic Groups and Conservative Foreign Policy". In Nelson Michaud; Kim Richard Nossal (eds.). Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-93 (Canada and International Relations). UBC Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0774808651. Most eastern European-Canadians appeared to be pleased with Canada's leadership at the CSCE and on individual human rights cases; one community leader claimed he "always felt Joe Clark was totally in tune with the position [he] was advocating".
  47. Wilhelm Kohler (2014). "Restrictive Immigration Policy in Germany: Pains and Gains Foregone?". European Economic Integration, WTO Membership, Immigration and Offshoring. World Scientific. p. 409. ISBN 978-9814440189. (iii) A “high education” scenario which assumes that the composition of the inflow equals the one observed for Eastern Europeans in Canada between 1995 and 2000.
  48. Cezara O. Crisan (2019). "Ethnic Groups and Conservative Foreign Policy". The Legitimation Crisis of the Orthodox Church in the United States: From Assimilation to Incorporation. Lexington Books. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4985-6293-5. The individuals and families that resemble more the transnational features of immigration are mostly permanent residents of the host country, in this case, the United States (although a study of Eastern Europeans in Canada might reach similar findings.) There, while they reside physically in one place, they are involved economically, socially, and politically in both the host and home country..
  49. S. J. Mack (2008), HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies distinguish Eastern European Americans from the general European American population., Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Sequence-based typing was used to identify human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 alleles from 558 consecutively recruited US volunteers with Eastern European ancestry for an unrelated hematopoietic stem cell registry.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.