Foreign relations of South Sudan

The foreign relations of South Sudan are the relations between the Republic of South Sudan and sovereign states and international organizations. The establishment of the relationships followed the formation of the South Sudanese state on 9 July 2011. South Sudan's former parent country Sudan became the first state in the world to recognize South Sudan.

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Foreign policy

In the immediate aftermath of the country's independence, South Sudan's foreign policy prerogative was seen as a challenge in the quest to balance relations between the West, other African states and the Arab states.[1] Since independence, South Sudan has sought to shed its reliance on Sudan, reportedly planning to introduce the Swahili language and orient itself toward East Africa.[2][3][4] This source may not be reliable.

Chronology of relations

Sudan was the first country to recognise the independence of South Sudan on 8 July 2011, 1 day prior to independence. Four other states followed suit on 8 July. Over 25 countries had recognised the country on 9 July, including all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[5][6][7][8][9]

On 14 July 2011, South Sudan was admitted as a member of the United Nations without a vote[10][11] or objections raised by its members.[12][13][14]

Both before and after South Sudan admission to the UN, many states have issued official explicit statements about its diplomatic recognition and some have established diplomatic relations with it. In less than half a year the number of recognitions reached over 115 and the number of relations established over 50.

United Nations member states
Diplomatic relations of South Sudan
#CountryRecognition[note 1]Relations established[note 2]Further details
1 Sudan9 July 2011[15][16]9 July 2011[17]South Sudan–Sudan relations
2 Egypt9 July 2011[18][19]9 July 2011[20]Egypt–South Sudan relations
3 Germany9 July 2011[21]9 July 2011—
4 Kenya9 July 2011[22]9 July 2011[23]Kenya–South Sudan relations
5 Albania9 July 2011[24][25]——
6 Algeria9 July 2011[26][27]9 September 2015[28]—
7 Armenia9 July 2011[29]——
8 Australia9 July 2011[30]24 September 2011[31]—
9 Austria9 July 2011[32]21 September 2011[33]—
10 Botswana9 July 2011[34]9 July 2011[35]—
11 Brazil9 July 2011[36]9 July 2011[37]
12 Cambodia9 July 2011[38]22 July 2011[39]—
13 Canada9 July 2011[40]22 December 2011[41]—
14 Central African Republic9 July 2011[42]21 November 2012[28]—
15 Chile9 July 2011[43]——
16 People's Republic of China9 July 2011[44]9 July 2011[45]China–South Sudan relations
17 Cuba9 July 2011[46]10 July 2011[47]—
18 Denmark9 July 2011[48]–Danish Foreign Minister joined the independence festivals on 9 July 2011.[48]
19 Equatorial Guinea9 July 2011[49]——
20 Ethiopia9 July 2011[50]–—
21 France9 July 2011[51]9 July 2011[52]—
22 Ghana9 July 2011[53][54]——
23 Greece9 July 2011[55]——
24 India9 July 2011[56]13 March 2012[57]India–South Sudan relations
25 Ireland9 July 2011[58]–—
26 Italy9 July 2011[59]–—
27 Japan9 July 2011[60]9 July 2011[61]—
28 Jordan9 July 2011[62]——
29 Latvia9 July 2011[63]24 January 2015[64]—
30 Luxembourg9 July 2011[65]14 December 2011[66]—
31 Libya9 July 2011[64]23 October 2011—
32 Mali9 July 2011[67]——
33 Malta9 July 2011[68]——
34 Maldives9 July 2011[69]——
35 Mozambique9 July 2011[70][71]15 July 2011[72]—
36 Netherlands9 July 2011[73]9 September 2011[74]Date given as that of establishment of diplomatic relations is that of the nomination of first Dutch ambassador, since no previous announcement of bilateral relations being established had until then been made.
37 Nigeria9 July 2011[75]Yes[76]—
38 Norway9 July 2011[77]9 July 2011[78]—
39 Poland9 July 2011[79]31 January 2013[80]—
40 Portugal9 July 2011[81]15 May 2013[28]—
41 Oman11 June 2013[82]
42 Qatar9 July 2011[83]11 September 2020[84]—
43 Romania9 July 2011[85]17 April 2013[86]—
44 Russia9 July 2011[6][87]22 August 2011[88]Russia–South Sudan relations
45 Rwanda9 July 2011[89]——
46 Seychelles9 July 2011[90]24 July 2013[90]—
47 Slovakia9 July 2011[91]12 December 2011[92]—
48 South Africa9 July 2011[93]22 September 2011[94]—
49 South Korea9 July 2011[95]9 July 2011[96]—
50 Spain9 July 2011[97]21 September 2011[98]
51 Sweden9 July 2011[99]–—
52  Switzerland9 July 2011[100]–—
53 Tanzania9 July 2011[101]——
54 Togo9 July 2011[102]——
55 Turkey9 July 2011[103]13 October 2011[104]—
56 Uganda9 July 2011[105]Diplomatic relationsSouth Sudan–Uganda relations
57 United Kingdom9 July 2011[9][106]9 July 2011—
58 United States9 July 2011[107]9 July 2011[108]South Sudan–United States relations
59 Zimbabwe9 July 2011[109][110]6 January 2012—
60 Angola10 July 2011[111][112]Yes[113]—
61 Bahrain10 July 2011[114]30 September 2012[115]—
62 Burkina Faso10 July 2011[116]——
63 Cape Verde10 July 2011[117]——
64 Israel10 July 2011[118][119]28 July 2011[120]South Sudan–Israel relations
65 Kuwait10 July 2011[121]12 February 2013[122]—
66 Somalia10 July 2011[123]–—
67 Vietnam10 July 2011[124]21 February 2019[125]—
68 Costa Rica11 July 2011[126][127]——
69 Czech Republic11 July 2011[128]December 2012[129]—
70 Eritrea11 July 2011[130]24 July 2011[131]—
71 Estonia11 July 2011[132][133][134][135]18 September 2017[28]—
72 Saudi Arabia11 July 2011[136]——
73 United Arab Emirates11 July 2011[137]——
74 Indonesia12 July 2011[138]——
75 Namibia12 July 2011[139]12 July 2011[140]—
76 Senegal12 July 2011[141]——
77 Slovenia12 July 2011[142]23 September 2011[143]—
78 Timor-Leste12 July 2011[144]13 October 2011[145]—
79 Djibouti13 July 2011[146]11 February 2012[147]—
80 Liberia13 July 2011[148]——
81 Mauritania13 July 2011[149]3 July 2017[150]—
82 Democratic Republic of the Congo13 July 2011[151]Diplomatic relations—
83 Uruguay13 July 2011[152][153]——
84 Belgium14 July 2011[154]14 October 2011[155]—
85 Guinea14 July 2011[156]——
86 Guyana14 July 2011[157]——
87 Kyrgyzstan14 July 2011[158]——
88 Mexico14 July 2011[159]26 September 2011[160]—
89 Montenegro14 July 2011[161]21 November 2011[162]—
90 Peru14 July 2011[163]——
91 Singapore14 July 2011[164]——
92 Gabon15 July 2011[165]—
93 Hungary15 July 2011[166][167]24 September 2011[168]—
94 Kazakhstan15 July 2011[169]——
95 North Korea15 July 2011[170]18 November 2011[171]—
96 Colombia16 July 2011[172]–—
97 Iran16 July 2011[173]——
98 Cyprus18 July 2011[174]——
99 Lebanon18 July 2011[175]23 May 2014[176]—
100 Bulgaria19 July 2011[177][178]19 July 2011[179]—
101 Bangladesh20 July 2011[180]February 2012[181]—
102 Suriname20 July 2011[182][183]——
103 Finland22 July 2011[184]22 July 2012[185]—
104 Pakistan22 July 2011[186]4 June 2012[187]—
105 Croatia27 July 2011[188]——
106 Philippines1 August 2011[189]13 March 2013[190]—
107 Argentina2 August 2011[191][192]——
108 Belarus18 August 2011[193]4 September 2013[194]
109 Panama18 August 2011[195]——
110 Serbia18 August 2011[196]4 January 2012—
111 Yemen6 September 2011[197]9 October 2011[198]—
112 Thailand6 September 2011[199]12 December 2013[200]—
113 Lithuania14 September 2011[201][202]14 September 2011[203]—
114 North Macedonia14 September 2011[204]——
115 Bosnia and Herzegovina20 September 2011[205]——
116 Vanuatu28 September 2011[206]——
117 Jamaica6 October 2011[207]——
118 Mongolia20 December 2011[208]20 December 2011[209]—
119 Laos26 December 2011[210]——
120 Venezuela26 December 2011[210]22 September 2017[211]—
121 Mauritius27 December 2011[210]22 May 2014—
122 Ivory Coast31 December 2011[210]——
123 Sri Lanka7 January 2012[212]25 September 2013[28][213]
124 Ukraine11 January 2012[214]25 September 2012[215]—
125 Malawi26 January 20125 November 2015[216]—
126 Georgia5 June 2012[217]15 June 2012[217]—
127 Turkmenistan17 August 2012[218]17 August 2012[218]—
128 Fiji25 September 20125 October 2012[219]—
129 Azerbaijan27 October 2012[220]27 October 2012[220]—
130 Benin29 January 201330 January 2013[221]—
131 Ecuador8 May 20158 May 2015[222]—
132 Nicaragua22 July 2019[223]—

Non-members of the UN
CountryRecognitionRelations establishedNotes
Holy See (Vatican City)8 July 2011
effective 9 July 2011[224][225]		22 February 2013[226]Diplomatic relations on ambassadorial level.[226] The first Apostolic nuncio is expected to be Mark Kadima.[227]
 Republic of China (Taiwan)9 July 2011[228]South Sudan does not recognize the Republic of China. It only recognizes the People's Republic of China.
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic9 July 2011[229]9 July 2011[230]African Union (AU) member[229]
 Somaliland (Recognised by 0 countries)10 July 2011[231]
 Transnistria12 July 2011[232]
 Palestinian Authority14 July 2011[233] Arab League member
 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta29 August 2011[234]12 November 2014[235]

Representation in South Sudan

The United States upgraded its Juba consulate to an embassy on 9 July 2011,[236] as did France.[237] Also Sudan has announced that it plans to open an embassy in Juba, upon independence,[238] while Egypt has announced it intends to convert its existing consulate in Juba into a full embassy.[239][240] The United Kingdom has opened an embassy in South Sudan, as well.[241]

On 16 September 2011, the ambassadors of the United Kingdom and Norway presented their credentials, the first to do so.[242] Credentials were presented on 15 November of that year by Chinese, German and Kenyan ambassadors.[243]

According to Indian officials, the country will upgrade its consulate in Juba to an embassy and appoint an ambassador to South Sudan.[244][245]

International organisations

South Sudan became a member of the United Nations on 13 July 2011.[246] It joined the African Union on 27 July 2011.[247] It's also a member in: the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

South Sudan has also either applied or is in the process of applying to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,[248] the Commonwealth of Nations,[249] the East African Community,[250] the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,[248] the International Monetary Fund,[251] and the World Bank.[252] South Sudan has also been assured membership in the Arab League,[253] should it decide to pursue membership, though it could also opt for observer status.[254] it may also seek membership in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which has expressed interest in giving South Sudan admission[255] despite not being a majority Muslim state.

On 24 July 2011, President Salva Kiir told the Speaker of the East African Legislative Assembly that he hoped the EAC will consider expediting South Sudan's accession to the supranational organisation. South Sudan is considered very likely to join the EAC, but an exact timetable for admission has not yet been mooted publicly.[256]

International organisationStatus
African Union (AU)South Sudan became the 54th member state of AU on 12 July 2011.
 Arab LeagueThe Arab League wishes South Sudan to become a member state.[257] However, South Sudan does not have a majority Arab population and in South Sudan there is strong opposition to joining.[258]
 East African Community (EAC)South Sudan's membership in the EAC is favoured by all members.[259]
 International Olympic Committee (IOC)South Sudan does not as yet have a National Olympic Committee. A South Sudanese marathon runner competed as an Independent Olympian at the 2012 London Olympics. On 7 November 2015, South Sudan became 206th IOC Member State.
 United Nations (UN)On 14 July, South Sudan became 193rd UN Member State.[260]
FIFA (FIFA)On 25 May 2012, South Sudan became the 209th member of FIFA.[261]

Individual states

Bangladesh
Main article: Bangladesh–South Sudan relations

Bangladesh recognizes the independence of South Sudan on 20 July 2011.

China
Main article: China–South Sudan relations

China recognizes the independence of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.[262]

Egypt
Main article: Egypt–South Sudan relations

Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the Arab Spring-inspired revolution in 2011 made his first foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.[263] Egypt was one of four countries to recognise South Sudan as an independent state on the first day.

India
Main article: India–South Sudan relations

Israel
Main article: Israel–South Sudan relations

Relations between the two states commenced with Israel's recognition of South Sudan a day after its independence[264] and South Sudan announcing the following week its intention to establish full diplomatic relations with Israel.[265] On 28 July 2011, it was announced that full diplomatic ties had been established between the two countries.[266] This is considered a significant boon to Israel, as Sudan does not have diplomatic relations with Israel and does not recognise Israeli sovereignty.[265]

Economic ties show the most potential. As of 23 July 2011, several Israeli companies are already in talks for various business deals.[267] Israel is host to thousands of refugees from South Sudan, who are now ready to return to their native country.[268]

South Korea

The Republic of Korea government is providing for the South Korean[269] military to South Sudan in UN Mission (UNMISS) in South Sudan.

Sudan
Main article: South Sudan–Sudan relations

Since independence relations with Sudan have been under negotiation. Sudan's then President Omar al-Bashir first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,[270] but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.[271] In February 2012, an agreement was reached by which citizens of both countries could live, work, and own property in both countries, and freely travel between the two.[272]

Turkey

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2012[273]

Uganda
Main article: South Sudan–Uganda relations

Prior to independence relations between the two states were fostered through cultural contacts such as the presence of South Sudanese students in Uganda. As independence approaches the two states started to enhance their economic ties. However, the Lord's Resistance Army's presence in South Sudan was a stumbling block.

South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations

See also; South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations

South Sudan has applied for full membership of the Commonwealth. If and when it is accepted, South Sudan will become the newest Commonwealth republic.

See also

Notes
  1. Diplomatic recognition is an explicit official unilateral act in the foreign policy of states in regards to another party. Not having issued such a statement doesn't necessarily mean the state has objections against the existence, independence, sovereignty or government of the other party. South Sudan is not one of the states with limited recognition.
  2. Establishment of diplomatic relations is an official bilateral act between the governments of two states. Not having established such relations doesn't necessarily mean the states have objections against the existence, independence, sovereignty or government of the other party. South Sudan is not one of the states with limited recognition.

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