Goh Keng Swee

Goh Keng Swee DUT (born Robert Goh Keng Swee; 6 October 1918 – 14 May 2010) was a Singaporean politician who served as the second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore from 1973 to 1984, and a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Kreta Ayer constituency for a quarter of a century.

The Honourable

Goh Keng Swee

DUT
吳慶瑞
Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore
In office
20 March 1973 – 1 January 1985
PresidentBenjamin Sheares
(1971-1981)
Devan Nair
(1981-1985)
Prime MinisterLee Kuan Yew
Preceded byToh Chin Chye
Succeeded byS. Rajaratnam
ConstituencyKreta Ayer SMC
Minister for Education
In office
12 February 1979 – 31 May 1980,
1 June 1981 – 2 January 1985
Preceded byChua Sian Chin
Succeeded byTony Tan Keng Yam (for 1980 and 1985)
Minister of Defence
In office
11 August 1970 – 11 February 1979
Prime MinisterLee Kuan Yew
Preceded byLim Kim San
Succeeded byHowe Yoon Chong
Minister of Finance
In office
17 August 1967 – 10 August 1970
Prime MinisterLee Kuan Yew
Preceded byLim Kim San
Succeeded byHon Sui Sen
1st Minister for the Interior and Defence
In office
9 August 1965 – 16 August 1967
Preceded byNone (Post newly created)
Succeeded byLim Kim San
Minister of Finance
In office
5 June 1959 – 8 August 1965
Prime MinisterLee Kuan Yew
Preceded byNone (Post newly created)
Succeeded byLim Kim San
Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore
In office
2 November 1963[1] – 9 August 1965
Member of the Singapore Parliament for Kreta Ayer
In office
30 May 1959 – 4 December 1984
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byRichard Hu
Personal details
Born
Robert Goh Keng Swee

(1918-10-06)6 October 1918
Malacca, Straits Settlements (now Malaysia)
Died14 May 2010(2010-05-14) (aged 91)
Singapore
Cause of deathBladder Cancer
NationalitySingaporean
Political partyPeople's Action Party (1959-1984)
Spouse(s)Alice Woon (1942–86), Dr. Phua Swee Liang (1991-2010) (his death)[2]
ChildrenGoh Kian Chee[2]
Alma materAnglo-Chinese School (SC), Raffles College (Dip. A.), LSE (BSc (Econ.), 1951; PhD, 1954)
Military service
Years of service1939–42
RankColonel
Unit20th People's Defence Force (Arty)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Goh.
Goh Keng Swee
Traditional Chinese吳慶瑞
Simplified Chinese吴庆瑞

Born in Malacca in the Straits Settlements into a Peranakan family, he came to Singapore at the age of two years. He was a student at Raffles College and the London School of Economics and Political Science, and his interest in politics began during his time in London, where he met fellow students seeking independence for British Malaya (which covered modern Malaysia and Singapore).

From 1945 onwards he worked for the Department of Social Welfare, eventually rising to become its director. In 1958 he resigned from the Civil Service to work full-time for the People's Action Party (PAP), becoming a key member and later vice-chairman of its Central Executive Committee. The following year he successfully contested the Kreta Ayer seat in the 1959 general election for the Legislative Assembly, and joined the first government of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew as Minister for Finance. Upon Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965, Goh became the nation's first Minister for the Interior and Defence. He subsequently served as Finance Minister (1967–70), Minister for Defence (1970–79) and Minister for Education (1979–80, 1981–84).

Following his retirement from politics, Goh continued to be active in public life, serving as deputy chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (1981–94); chairman of the board of Governors of the Institute of East Asian Philosophies (1983–92) and executive chairman and chairman of the board of governors of its successor, the Institute of East Asian Political Economy (1992–95); Economic Adviser to the State Council of the People's Republic of China on coastal development and Adviser on tourism (1985); chairman of Monetary Authority of Singapore from 1980 to 1985.;[3] deputy chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (1985–92); chairman of the Singapore Totalisator Board (1988–94); adviser to the United Overseas Bank group (from 1993); chairman of N.M. Rothschild & Sons (Singapore) Ltd. (from 1994); and vice-chairman of Hong Leong Asia Ltd. (from 1995).

In 1972, Goh was the recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services, and was conferred the Order of Sikatuna by the Philippine Government. Following his retirement from politics, in 1985 Goh was awarded the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek), First Class, Singapore's highest civilian honour. He was also made the first Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Development Board Society in 1991.

Goh was diagnosed with bladder cancer in September 1983 and he retired from politics in December 1984. He kept a low profile but remained active with various organisations where he served on the board or as an adviser. After he married Phua Swee Liang in 1991, the couple travelled widely to places such as Australia and Hawaii. However, a series of strokes in the late 1990s and early 2000s took a heavy toll on him. He was bedridden in his final years and died on 14 May 2010.

Early years, education and career

Goh Keng Swee was born in Malacca in the Straits Settlements on 6 October 1918[4] into a middle-income Peranakan family, the fifth of six children.[5] His father Goh Leng Inn was a manager of a rubber plantation, while his mother Tan Swee Eng[6] was from the family that produced the Malaysian politicians Tun Tan Cheng Lock and his son, Tun Tan Siew Sin, who would later become Goh's lifelong political opponent.[7][8]

Goh was given the Christian name Robert, which he disliked and refused to respond to. When he was two years old, his family moved from Malacca to Singapore where his maternal grandparents owned several properties. The Gohs later relocated to the Pasir Panjang rubber estate when his father found work there, and became manager in 1933. In common with many Peranakan families, the Gohs spoke both English and Malay at home; church services were held at home on Sundays in Malay.[9] Goh's father Leng Inn and the latter's brothers-in-law Chew Cheng Yong and Goh Hood Keng taught in the Anglo-Chinese School for various periods, and were also involved in the Middle Road Baba Church while Hood Keng was pastor there. Goh himself attended this church as well.[10]

LSE, where Goh Keng Swee spent six years studying (1948–51, 1954–56), photographed in January 2005

After studying at the Anglo-Chinese Primary School and the Anglo-Chinese Secondary School[5] between 1927 and 1936 where he was second in his class in the Senior Cambridge Examinations, Goh went on to graduate from Raffles College in 1939 with a Class II Diploma in Arts with a special distinction in economics.[6] He then joined the colonial Civil Service as a tax collector with the War Tax Department but, according to his superiors, was not very good at his job and was almost fired.[5] Shortly after the start of World War II, he joined the Singapore Volunteer Corps, a local militia, but returned to his previous work after the fall of Singapore. Goh married Alice Woon, a secretary who was a colleague,[5] in 1942 and they had their only child, Goh Kian Chee (Chinese: 吳建志; pinyin: Wú Jiànzhì), two years later. In 1945 he relocated his young family to Malacca, but they returned to Singapore the following year after the Japanese occupation ended. That year, he joined the Department of Social Welfare, and was active in post-war administration. He became supervisor of the Department's Research Section six months later.[6]

Goh won a scholarship which enabled him to further his studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). During his time in London, Goh met fellow students seeking independence for British Malaya, including Abdul Razak (later Malaysia's second Prime Minister), Maurice Baker (subsequently Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia), Lee Kuan Yew and Toh Chin Chye. A student discussion group, the Malayan Forum, was organised in 1948 with Goh as the founding chairman.[4][6] Goh graduated with first class honours in economics in 1951, and won the William Farr Prize for achieving the highest marks in statistics.[4] Upon his return to the Department of Social Welfare, he was appointed assistant secretary of its Research Section. In 1952, together with fellow civil servant Kenneth Michael Byrne, he formed the Council of Joint Action to lobby against salary and promotion policies that favoured Europeans over Asians. Byrne later became self-governing Singapore's first Minister for Labour and Minister for Law.[6]

In 1954, Goh was able to return to LSE for doctoral studies with the help of a University of London scholarship. He completed his PhD in Economics in 1956,[11] and returned to the Department of Social Welfare, where he served as assistant director and then director. In 1958 he was made director of the Social and Economic Research Division in the Chief Minister's Office. He resigned from the civil service in August that year to work full-time for the People's Action Party (PAP).[6]

Political career

Pre-independence

Goh was a key member of the PAP's Central Executive Committee, and later became its vice-chairman. Goh successfully contested the Kreta Ayer seat in the 1959 general election, was elected to the Legislative Assembly on 30 May,[12] and joined the first government of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew as Minister for Finance. In this role, he assumed stewardship of Singapore's economy. As a budget deficit of S$14 million was forecast that year, he introduced stringent fiscal discipline which including cutting civil service salaries. As a result of these measures, he was able to announce at the end of the year when delivering the budget that the Government had achieved a surplus of $1 million.[13] He initiated the setting up of the Economic Development Board which was established in August 1961 to attract foreign multinational corporations to invest in Singapore.[4][14] The next year, he started the development of the Jurong industrial estate on the western end of the island which was then a swamp, offering incentives to local and foreign business to locate there.[4][6] According to former Permanent Secretary Sim Kee Boon, Goh admitted that the Jurong project was "an act of faith and he himself jokingly said that this could prove to be Goh's folly".[14] Nonetheless, Goh also felt strongly that "the only way to avoid making mistakes is not to do anything. And that ... will be the ultimate mistake."[15]

Jurong Industrial Estate with Jurong Island in the background, photographed in November 2006

In the 1960s, there were great pressures from communist agitators working through Chinese-medium schools and trade unions. Divisions existed within the PAP as well, with a pro-Communist faction working to wrest control of the party from the moderate wing, of which Goh and Lee Kuan Yew were key members. A key source of division was the issue of merger with Malaya to form a new state of Malaysia. Goh and his fellow moderates believed this was a necessary condition for Singapore's economic development because Malaya was a key economic hinterland; merger would also provide an alternate vision against Communism for Singapore's Chinese majority. In July 1961, 16 members of the pro-Communist faction broke away from the PAP to form the Barisan Sosialis, and captured control of the main trade unions.

Federation of Malaysia

The Singaporean government won approval from Tunku Abdul Rahman for a merger in 1961, with the Tunku being motivated by a desire to stabilise the security situation in Singapore, and notably to neutralise the perceived communist threat. Singapore merged with Malaya and the British Borneo states in 1963 to form the Federation of Malaysia. Merger, however, proved to be problematic for the Singaporean leaders. There was a clash of fundamental principles, both political and economic, notably on the issue of Malay dominance. Communitarian violence in 1964 was inflamed in Singapore by Malay and Chinese activists. According to Lee Kuan Yew, Goh fought to protect Singapore's interests against the Federal Minister of Finance, his cousin Tan Siew Sin, "who was out to spite Singapore". Goh played a crucial role in orchestrating the subsequent secession of Singapore from the Federation on 9 August 1965. After two difficult years, Lee asked him to negotiate with the Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak and Minister for External Affairs Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman in July 1965 for Singapore to have a looser arrangement with Malaysia within the Federation. However, following the discussions, Goh decided on his own that it would be better for Malaysia and Singapore to have a clean break.[16]

Minister of the Interior and Defence (1965–1967)
Infantry soldiers of the Singapore Army awaiting the arrival of the deputy commanding general of the Army National Guard, United States Army Pacific, for a joint training exercise in July 2009. Compulsory National Service was initiated by Goh when he was Singapore's first Minister for the Interior and Defence.

Upon independence in 1965, Goh relinquished his finance portfolio and became Minister for the Interior and Defence until 16 August 1967, assuming responsibilities for strengthening Singapore's military and domestic security capabilities. A key policy was the creation of National Service, a mandatory conscription system for able-bodied young males.

Minister of Finance (1967–1970) and Minister of Defence (1970–1979)

He was again Finance Minister between 17 August 1967 and 10 August 1970,[4][6] during which time he declined to allow the central bank to issue currency, favouring instead a currency board system as this would signal to citizens, academics and the financial world that governments cannot "spend their way to prosperity". On 11 August 1970, he was reappointed Minister for Defence.[4][6]

Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (1973–1984)

On 1 March 1973,[12] Goh was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore concurrently with his other Cabinet portfolio.[6] On 12 February 1979, Goh moved on from the Defence Ministry to the Ministry of Education, where his Goh Report[17] greatly influenced the development of Singapore's education system. He himself was described as both a key political and strategic leader responsible for the transformation of the system over thirty years from "fair" to "great", according to a November 2010 McKinsey report.[18] He set up the Curriculum Development Institute, and introduced key policies such as religious education (subsequently discontinued) and, in 1980, the channelling of students into different programmes of study according to their learning abilities, known as "streaming". Goh served two terms as Education Minister, his first ending on 31 May 1980, and his second following the 1980 general election from 1 June 1981 till his retirement. From 1 June 1980 he was redesignated First Deputy Prime Minister upon S. Rajaratnam being made Second Deputy Prime Minister, and served as chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) until he stepped down from Parliament on 3 December 1984 at the age of 66 years.[4][6][12] In a tribute to mark the occasion, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wrote: "A whole generation of Singaporeans take their present standard of living for granted because you had laid the foundations of the economy of modern Singapore."[19]

Other contributions

Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC)

In 1981, Goh expressed the view that the central bank need not hold large amounts of cash in reserve to defend the currency, proposing that the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) be established to invest excess reserves. At the time, it was unprecedented for a non-commodity-based economy to have such a sovereign wealth fund.[20] The foreign merchant bank, Rothschild, advised on the GIC.[21]

Defence Science Organisation (DSO)

In 1971, Goh put together the Electronic Warfare Study Group, a team of newly graduated engineers who had excelled in their university studies that was headed by Dr. Tay Eng Soon, then a university lecturer. The group worked on Project Magpie, a secret project to develop Singapore's defence technology capabilities. In 1977, the group was renamed the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). Originally part of the Ministry of Defence, the organisation became a non-profit corporation called DSO National Laboratories in 1997.[22]

Cultural, sports and recreational
The Jurong Bird Park was one of Goh's many projects

Goh was also responsible for projects that sought to improve Singaporeans' cultural and leisure life, such as the Jurong Bird Park, the Singapore Zoo and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra.[23] He backed the construction of the Kreta Ayer People's Theatre in his constituency as a venue for Chinese opera performances.[24] In 1968, Goh encouraged the establishment of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Goh was also instrumental in introducing rugby in the Singapore Armed Forces and later in schools. In recognition of his role in promoting the sport, the Schools "C" Division Cup is named after him.[25] Impressed by an oceanarium in the Bahamas, he contacted the Sentosa Development Corporation and persuaded them to build an oceanarium in Singapore.[5] Underwater World Singapore opened in 1991.

Later life
The two towers of UOB Plaza with OUB Centre visible in between. Goh was adviser to the United Overseas Bank group following his retirement from politics.

After retirement from politics, Goh continued to be active in public life, serving as Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (1981–94), Economic Adviser to the State Council of the People's Republic of China on coastal development and Adviser on tourism (1985), Deputy Chairman of the MAS (1985 – 31 May 1992), Chairman of the Singapore Totalisator Board (1988–94), a Director of Gateway Technologies Services Pte. Ltd. (from 1991), adviser to the United Overseas Bank group (from 1 January 1993), Chairman of N.M. Rothschild & Sons (Singapore) Ltd. (from 1994), and Vice-Chairman of Hong Leong Asia Ltd. (from 1995).[4] Between 1983 and 1992, he was chairman of the board of Governors of the Institute of East Asian Philosophies, which was founded to study Confucianism. The Institute later turned its focus on China's political and economic development, renaming itself the Institute of East Asian Political Economy, and Goh continued as its Executive chairman and the chairman of its Board of Governors until 1995.[6] In April 1997, the Institute was reconstituted as the East Asian Institute, an autonomous research organisation under the auspices of the National University of Singapore.[26]

Personal life

In 1986, Goh separated from his first wife Alice. In 1991, he married his former Ministry of Education colleague Dr. Phua Swee Liang (Chinese: 潘瑞良; pinyin: Pān Ruìliáng).[5][6]

Unfortunately, he suffered his first stroke in 1999, and later a subsequent one in 2000 which affected the vision in his right eye.[27] According to Goh's daughter-in-law, Tan Siok Sun, the medical condition caused him to be withdrawn and became introverted. In July 2007, Tan published a biography titled Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait. Goh's second wife issued a statement claiming that Goh had not been consulted on the book and had indicated to her that he did not want any book to be written about him. "Therefore, the publication of this book is contrary to his wishes, and is a show of disregard and utmost disrespect to him." In an interview with The Straits Times, Tan said she did not start the dispute between Mrs. Goh and herself, nor did she wish to prolong it.[28]

Death

On 14 May 2010, Goh died in the early morning at his home in Dunbar Walk off East Coast Road in Siglap, at the age of 91, leaving behind his wife, his son, two grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.[29] His body lay in state at Parliament House from 20 to 22 May,[30] and there was a state funeral on 23 May 2010 at the Singapore Conference Hall followed by a private ceremony for family members at the Mandai Crematorium.[31] The latter was conducted by the pastor-in-charge of Barker Road Methodist Church, with a message delivered by the Bishop of the Methodist Church in Singapore, Dr. Robert M. Solomon.[10] As a mark of respect, the State flag was flown at half-staff from all Government buildings between 20 and 23 May.[32]

Awards and honours

In 1966, Goh was made an Honorary Fellow of the LSE. In 1972 he was the recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services, which is often regarded as Asia's Nobel Prize.[33] It is awarded to people who have demonstrated integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society. The same year, the Philippine Government conferred upon him the Order of Sikatuna, which is given to diplomats, officials and nationals of foreign states who have rendered conspicuous services in fostering, developing and strengthening relations between their country and the Philippines.[4]

Following his retirement from politics, in 1985 Goh was awarded the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek), First Class, Singapore's highest civilian honour. He was also presented with the LSE's Distinguished Alumnus Award on 21 January 1989,[34] and made the first Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Development Board Society in 1991.[4]

At the National Day Rally on 29 August 2010, the Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Singapore Command and Staff College, where senior officers of the Singapore Armed Forces receive training; and a complex to be constructed at the Ministry of Education's North Buona Vista Road headquarters for specialist teacher training academies in English language, physical education, sports and the arts would be respectively named the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College and the Goh Keng Swee Centre for Education.[35]

Published works
  • The Economic Front: From a Malayan Point of View. Singapore: Government Printers. 1940. OCLC 226068826..
  • Urban Incomes & Housing: A Report on the Social Survey of Singapore, 1953–54. Singapore: [Department of Social Welfare]. 1956. OCLC 504452751..
  • Techniques of National Income Estimation in Under-developed Territories, with Special Reference to Asia and Africa [Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, London School of Economics, 1956]. London: University of London Library, Photographic Section. 1978. OCLC 63630985..
  • This is How Your Money is Spent [Budget statement by Goh Keng Swee, Minister for Finance; Towards Socialism, vol. 3]. Singapore: Ministry of Finance. 1960. OCLC 63838096..
  • Some Problems of Industrialisation [Towards Socialism; vol. 7]. Singapore: Government Printing Office. 1963. OCLC 17270555..
  • Communism in Non-Communist Asian Countries. Singapore: Printed by the Government Printing Office for the Ministry of Culture. c. 1967. OCLC 433094..
  • The Economics of Modernization and other Essays. [Singapore]: Asia Pacific Press. 1972. OCLC 534320.. Later editions:
    • The Economics of Modernization. Singapore: Federal Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-981-01-2317-8..
    • The Economics of Modernization. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic. 2004. ISBN 978-981-210-330-7..
  • Some Problems of Manpower Development in Singapore [Occasional publication (Singapore Training and Development Association); no. 1]. Singapore: Ad Hoc Publications Sub-committee, Singapore Training & Development Association. 1974. OCLC 226024028..
  • Some Unsolved Problems of Economic Growth [Kesatuan lecture; 1]. Singapore: Kesatuan Akademis Universiti Singapura. 1976. ISBN 9971-68-076-9. OCLC 3072805..
  • The Practice of Economic Growth. Singapore: Federal Publications. 1977. OCLC 4465760.. Later edition:
    • The Practice of Economic Growth. Singapore: Federal Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-981-01-2322-2..
  • Goh, Keng Swee; Education Study Team (1979). Report on the Ministry of Education 1978. Singapore: Printed by Singapore National Printers. OCLC 416421063..
  • Goh, Keng Swee (1995). Low, Linda (ed.). Wealth of East Asian Nations: Speeches and Writings. Singapore: Federal Publications. ISBN 978-981-01-2297-3..

Notes
  1. "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF). Dewan Rakyat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  2. Obituary notice of Dr. Goh Keng Swee, The Straits Times (15 May 2010), p. C28.
  3. "Our History". www.mas.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  4. Jenny Tien Mui Mun (8 October 2002), Dr Goh Keng Swee, Singapore Infopedia, National Library, Singapore, archived from the original on 23 June 2008, retrieved 15 May 2010.
  5. Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 May 2010), "His work was his passion: The late Goh Keng Swee showed brilliance even when he was a child", The Sunday Times, Singapore, p. 10.
  6. "From civil servant to PAP stalwart", The Straits Times (Saturday), p. D2, 15 May 2010.
  7. Lee Kuan Yew (1998), The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore: Times Publishing, pp. 600–602, ISBN 978-981-204-983-4.
  8. Tan Siok Sun (2007), Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, pp. 114–115, ISBN 978-981-4155-82-3.
  9. Tan Siok Sun (7 July 2007), A shy, quiet boy who loved books [Excerpt from Goh Keng Swee, a Portrait], AsiaOne, archived from the original on 2 December 2012, retrieved 15 May 2010.
  10. "The lesser known side of Dr Goh Keng Swee", Methodist Message, vol. 112 no. 7, p. 12, July 2010, archived from the original on 5 October 2018.
  11. His thesis was entitled Techniques of National Income Estimation in Under-developed Territories, with Special Reference to Asia,malacca,singapore and Africa [Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, London School of Economics, 1956], London: University of London Library, Photographic Section, 1978, OCLC 63630985.
  12. "Parliament pays respects", The Straits Times, 18 May 2010.
  13. Lee Hsien Loong (24 May 2010), "A giant in our midst [eulogy by the Prime Minister]", Today, pp. 12–14, archived from the original on 25 May 2010.
  14. "A visionary who didn't believe in dreams: A look into the life of the man responsible for HDB flats, National Service, JTC ... even the Zoo", Weekend Today, pp. 12–13, 15–16 May 2010.
  15. As recalled by Lim Siong Guan, the Group President of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) and former head of the Singapore Civil Service: see Chua Mui Hoong (15 May 2010), "Passing of a S'pore titan: Former DPM Goh Keng Swee was economic architect of Singapore and mentor to many", The Straits Times, pp. A1–A2.
  16. Lee Kuan Yew (24 May 2010), "He made the greatest difference: Eulogy by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew", The Straits Times, p. A6.
  17. Goh Keng Swee; Education Study Team (1979), Report on the Ministry of Education 1978, Singapore: Printed by Singapore National Printers, OCLC 416421063.
  18. Michael Barber; Chinezi Chijioke; Mona Mourshed (2010), Education: How the World's Most Improved School Systems Keep Getting Better, London: McKinsey & Company, pp. 101–118.
  19. Chua Mui Hoong (15 May 2010), "Passing of a S'pore titan: Former DPM Goh Keng Swee was economic architect of Singapore and mentor to many", The Straits Times, pp. A1–A2.
  20. Janadas Devan (15 May 2010), "Remembering Goh Keng Swee, 1918–2010", The Straits Times (Saturday), p. D2.
  21. Hamilton-Hart, Natasha (2003). Asian states, Asian bankers : central banking in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0801439872.
  22. Melanie Chew; Bernard Tan (2002), "A Tribute to Dr Goh Keng Swee" (PDF), Creating the Technology Edge: DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 1972–2002, Singapore: Epigram for DSO National Laboratories, pp. 4–9, ISBN 978-981-04-7199-6, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.
  23. Imelda Saad (15–16 May 2010), "S'pore's master builder", Weekend Today, p. 2, archived from the original on 18 May 2010.
  24. Leong Weng Kam (15 May 2010), "A thinker and a doer: Dr Goh was a 'great intellectual', recall PAP Old Guard members", The Straits Times, p. A6.
  25. "'One of the most brilliant architects' of the country, says SM Goh", Weekend Today, p. 3, 15–16 May 2010, archived from the original on 18 May 2010.
  26. EAI's profile & objectives, East Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, 2008, archived from the original on 21 December 2010, retrieved 16 May 2010.
  27. Nur Dianah Suhaimi (28 May 2010), "Love against the odds [interview with Dr. Phua Swee Liang]", The Straits Times, pp. A40–A41.
  28. Lydia Lim (7 July 2007), "No regrets despite objections, except one", The Straits Times (reproduced on the AsiaOne website), archived from the original on 2 December 2012.
  29. "Farewell to one of Singapore's prime architects", Weekend Today, p. 1, 15–16 May 2010, archived from the original on 16 May 2010. See also Rachel Lin (15 May 2010), "A quiet passing for a quiet man: He lived simply, was a private man, with S'pore uppermost in his mind", The Straits Times, p. A3.
  30. Esther Ng (21 May 2010), "From all walks of life, they came to pay their respects: More than 5,000 queue up at Parliament House to honour Dr Goh", Today, p. 3, archived from the original on 23 May 2010; Nur Dianah Suhaimi; Kor Kian Beng (22 May 2010), "'Thank you and goodbye': Young and old, from near and far, over 7,000 pay respects to Dr Goh", The Straits Times, p. A16.
  31. Cassandra Chew (22 May 2010), "State funeral an honour reserved for rare few", The Straits Times, p. A16; Chua Mui Hoong (24 May 2010), "Goodbye, Dr Goh: Tributes flow at state funeral for one of Singapore's founding fathers", The Straits Times, pp. A1–A2; Rachel Lin (24 May 2010), "A simple, moving funeral for Dr Goh: Nation mourns one of its founders in a sombre but intimate ceremony", The Straits Times, pp. A2–A3; Zul Othman (24 May 2010), "A nation says goodbye", Today, pp. 1 & 3, archived from the original on 29 May 2010.
  32. "State funeral on May 23", Weekend Today, p. 2, 15–16 May 2010, archived from the original on 16 May 2010.
  33. 1972 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services: Biography of Goh Keng Swee, Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, August 1972, archived from the original on 1 August 2008, retrieved 15 May 2010.
  34. Phua Kai Hong (25 May 2010), "The day Dr Goh removed words from his citation [letter]", Today, p. 8, archived from the original on 27 May 2010.
  35. Clarissa Oon (30 August 2010), "SAF institute, education centre named after Goh Keng Swee", The Straits Times, p. B4; Alicia Wong (30 August 2010), "Military college and education centre to be named after Goh Keng Swee", Today, p. 13.

References
  • "From civil servant to PAP stalwart". The Straits Times (Saturday). 15 May 2010. p. D2..
  • Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 May 2010). His work was his passion: The late Goh Keng Swee showed brilliance even when he was a child. The Sunday Times. Singapore. p. 10..
  • "Parliament pays respects". The Straits Times. 18 May 2010..
  • Tien, Jenny Mui Mun (8 October 2002). "Dr Goh Keng Swee". Singapore Infopedia, National Library, Singapore. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2010..

Further reading

Books
  • Austin, Ian Patrick (2004). Goh Keng Swee and Southeast Asian Governance. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic. ISBN 978-981-210-351-2..
  • Desker, Barry; Kwa, Chong Guan, eds. (2011). Goh Keng Swee – A Public Career Remembered. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4291-38-5..
  • Doshi, Tilak; Coclanis, Peter (1999). "The Economic Architect: Goh Keng Swee". In Lam, Peng Er; Tan, Kevin (eds.). Lee's Lieutenants: Singapore's Old Guard. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 24–44. ISBN 978-1-86448-639-1..
  • Kuah, Adrian (2007). UnChartered territory: Dr Goh Keng Swee and the ST Engineering Story. Singapore: Published for ST Engineering by SNP International. ISBN 978-981-248-169-6..
  • Kwok, Kian-Woon (1999). "The Social Architect: Goh Keng Swee". In Lam, Peng Er; Tan, Kevin (eds.). Lee's Lieutenants: Singapore's Old Guard. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 45–69. ISBN 978-1-86448-639-1..
  • Nair, E. Shailaja (2008). The Master Sculptor: Goh Keng Swee [Great Singapore Stories. Founding Fathers.] Singapore: SNP Editions. ISBN 978-981-248-160-3..
  • Ngiam, Tong Dow (2006). A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy: Reflections by Ngiam Tong Dow. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-350-3..
  • Ooi, Kee Beng (2010). In Lieu of Ideology: The Intellectual Biography of Goh Keng Swee. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4311-30-4..
  • Tan, Siok Sun (2007). Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4155-82-3..
  • Yeo, Siew Siang (1990). Tan Cheng Lock, the Straits Legislator and Chinese Leader. Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 978-967-978-236-3..

Eulogies at the state funeral

Letters of condolence

News reports
  • Chang, Rachel; Cai, Haoxiang; Kor, Kian Beng (15 May 2010). "Ex-MPs recall a fearsome technocrat: A strict taskmaster who didn't suffer fools, but he was never brusque". The Straits Times. p. A8..
  • "Leaders salute 'this marvellous man'". The Straits Times. 15 May 2010. p. A4..
  • S. Ramesh (15–16 May 2010). "A national hero who touched people's lives". Weekend Today. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010..
  • "Goh Keng Swee: Passing of a colossus [editorial]". The Straits Times. 22 May 2010. p. A32..
  • Balji, P.N. (22–23 May 2010). "Dr Goh, the Dream No 2". Weekend Today. p. 11. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010..
  • Devan, Janadas (23 May 2010). "Simply sincere: Dr Goh's simple yet eloquent writing style showed desire to reach out to ordinary people". The Sunday Times. Singapore. p. 35..
Library resources about
Goh Keng Swee
By Goh Keng Swee
Political offices
Preceded by
new post		 Minister for Finance
1959–65		 Succeeded by
Lim Kim San
Preceded by
new post		 Minister for Defence
1965–67		 Succeeded by
Lim Kim San
Preceded by
Lim Kim San		 Minister for Finance
1967–70		 Succeeded by
Hon Sui Sen
Preceded by
Lim Kim San		 Minister for Finance
1970–79		 Succeeded by
Howe Yoon Chong
Preceded by
Chua Sian Chin		 Minister for Education
1979–80		 Succeeded by
Tony Tan Keng Yam
Preceded by
Tony Tan Keng Yam		 Minister for Education
1981–85		 Succeeded by
Tony Tan Keng Yam
Preceded by
Toh Chin Chye		 Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore
1973–85		 Succeeded by
Goh Chok Tong
Parliament of Singapore
New constituency Member of Parliament for Kreta Ayer
1959–84		 Succeeded by
Richard Hu Tsu Tau
Military offices
New title 1st Director, General Staff of Defence Force
1965-1967		 Succeeded by
T. J. D. Campbell

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