Bill Weld

William Floyd Weld (born July 31, 1945) is an American attorney, businessman, author, and politician who served as the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997. A Harvard and Oxford graduate, Weld began his career as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary before becoming the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts and later, the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division. He worked on a series of high-profile public corruption cases and later resigned in protest of an ethics scandal and associated investigations into Attorney General Edwin Meese.

"William Weld" redirects here. For other uses, see William Weld (disambiguation).
"Governor Weld" redirects here. For the 19th century New Zealand politician, see Frederick Weld.

Bill Weld
Weld in 2016
68th Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 3, 1991 – July 29, 1997
LieutenantPaul Cellucci
Preceded byMichael Dukakis
Succeeded byPaul Cellucci
United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division
In office
1986–1988
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byStephen S. Trott
Succeeded byEdward Dennis
United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts
In office
1981–1986
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byEdward F. Harrington
Succeeded byFrank L. McNamara Jr.
Personal details
Born
William Floyd Weld

(1945-07-31) July 31, 1945
Smithtown, New York, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (before 2016, 2019–present)
Other political
affiliations		Libertarian (2016–2019)
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1975; div. 2002)​

​
(m. 2003)​
Children5
RelativesWeld family
EducationHarvard University (AB, JD)
University College, Oxford
Occupation
  • Attorney
  • politician
  • businessman
  • investor
  • author
Signature
This article is part of a series about
Bill Weld
Pre-governorship
Governor of Massachusetts

Weld was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1990. In the 1994 election, he was reelected by the largest margin of victory in Massachusetts history. In 1996, he was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in Massachusetts, losing to Democratic incumbent John Kerry. Weld resigned as governor in 1997 to focus on his nomination by President Bill Clinton to serve as United States Ambassador to Mexico; due to opposition by socially conservative Senate Foreign Relations committee Chairman Jesse Helms, he was denied a hearing before the Foreign Relations committee and withdrew his nomination. After moving to New York in 2000, Weld sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New York in the 2006 election; when the Republican Party instead endorsed John Faso, Weld withdrew from the race.

Weld became involved in presidential politics in later years. In 2016, he left the Republican Party to become the Libertarian Party running mate of former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson. They received nearly 4.5 million votes, the highest number for a Libertarian ticket, and the best for any third-party ticket since 1996.

Returning to the Republican Party, Weld announced in April 2019 that he would challenge President Donald Trump in the 2020 Republican primaries, launching his campaign. He won his first and only delegate of the primaries in the Iowa caucus in February, making him the first Republican since Pat Buchanan in 1992 to win a delegate while running against an incumbent president. Weld suspended his campaign on March 18, 2020, shortly after Trump's delegate count made him the presumptive Republican nominee.

Early life and family
Main article: Weld family

Weld was born in Smithtown, New York. Weld's father, David (1911–1972), was an investment banker; his mother, Mary Nichols Weld (1913–1986), was a descendant of William Floyd, a signatory of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. His ancestor Edmund Weld was among the earliest students (Class of 1650) at Harvard College; eighteen other Welds have attended Harvard, and two Harvard buildings are named for the family.[1] A distant cousin, General Stephen Minot Weld Jr., fought with distinction in the Civil War.[2][3]

Weld attended Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts, graduated with an AB summa cum laude in classics from Harvard College in 1966. He studied economics at University College, Oxford. On return to the US he graduated with a JD cum laude from Harvard Law School in 1970.[4]

His siblings are Francis "Tim" Weld, David Weld, and Anne (married name Collins). His maternal grandfather was the ichthyologist and ornithologist John Treadwell Nichols, and his first cousin is the novelist John Nichols.[5]

Early career

Nixon impeachment inquiry

Weld began his legal career as a junior counsel on the U.S. House Judiciary Committee's impeachment inquiry staff during the 1974 impeachment process against Richard Nixon. He contributed to the groundbreaking "Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment" report, which detailed the historical basis and standards for impeachment of a president. He also worked on researching whether impoundment of appropriated funds was an impeachable offense. Among his colleagues was Hillary Clinton.[6]

U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts

Weld's experience serving on the impeachment inquiry staff sparked his interest in criminal law.[6] He returned afterward to Massachusetts, where he ran unsuccessfully for Massachusetts Attorney General in 1978. He lost to Democratic incumbent Francis X. Bellotti by 1,532,835 votes (78.4%) to 421,417 (21.6%).

In 1981, Weld was recommended to President Reagan by Rudolph W. Giuliani, then Associate U.S. Attorney General, for appointment as the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts. During Weld's tenure, the Attorney General's office prosecuted some of New England's largest banks in cases involving money laundering and other white-collar crimes. Weld expanded an ongoing public corruption investigation of the administration of Boston Mayor Kevin White. More than 20 city employees were indicted, pleaded guilty, or were convicted of a range of charges, including several key political supporters of the Mayor.[7] In 1985, The Boston Globe said Weld "has been by far the most visible figure in the prosecution of financial institutions."[8]

Weld gained national recognition in fighting public corruption: he won 109 convictions out of 111 cases.[9]

In 1983, The Boston Globe stated: "The U.S. Attorney's office has not lost a single political corruption case since Weld took over, an achievement believed to be unparalleled in the various federal jurisdictions."[8]

Promotion to Justice Department
Weld greeting President Ronald Reagan in 1988

In 1986, President Reagan promoted Weld to head of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department in Washington, where Weld oversaw 700 employees. Weld was responsible for supervising all federal prosecutions, including those investigated by the FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration, as well as the work of the 93 U.S. Attorneys (who by then included Rudy Giuliani in Manhattan). During this time, Weld worked on some of the Reagan administration's most significant prosecutions and investigations, including the capture of Panama's Manuel Noriega on drug trafficking charges.

In March 1988, Weld resigned from the Justice Department, together with United States Deputy Attorney General Arnold Burns and four aides, in protest of improper conduct by United States Attorney General Edwin Meese.[10][11] In July 1988, Weld and Burns jointly testified before Congress in favor of a potential prosecution of Edwin Meese for his personal financial conduct, following a report by a special prosecutor investigating Edwin Meese.[11] Meese resigned from office in July 1988 shortly after Weld's and Burns's testimony.[11]

From 1988 to 1990, Weld was a senior partner at Hale and Dorr.[12]

Governor of Massachusetts (1991–97)
See also: 1990 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1993–1994 Massachusetts legislature, 1994 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, and 1997–1998 Massachusetts legislature
Weld with President George H. W. Bush in 1990
Governor Weld presenting a grant to the City of Lowell in 1994
Governor Weld announcing the revival of "The Shoe" at Cummings Center with Cummings Properties president James McKeown and founder Bill Cummings.

In 1990, Weld announced his candidacy for Governor of Massachusetts to replace the out-going Michael Dukakis.[13] Although Republicans made up under 14% of the Massachusetts electorate and a Republican had not won the gubernatorial election since 1970, Weld's liberal stances on social issues made him a viable candidate for office in the heavily Democratic state.[14] At the state Republican convention, party officials backed Steven Pierce over Weld, and initial polling had Pierce ahead by 25 percentage points.[15] However, Weld gained enough support to force a primary, and in an upset election, he won the Republican nomination over Pierce by a 60–40 margin.[16]

In the general election, he faced John Silber, the president of Boston University. Polls showed Weld anywhere from a statistical tie to trailing by as many as ten points.[17] Voter dissatisfaction with the state's Democratic majority gave Weld support for his promises to reduce the state deficit, lower the unemployment rate, and cut taxes,[18] while Silber's statements to the right of Weld on social issues caused many Democratic voters to vote for Weld.[19] On November 6, 1990, he was elected as the 68th Governor of Massachusetts by a 50–47% margin, to become the first Republican governor of Massachusetts since Francis W. Sargent left office in 1975. Governor Weld is generally considered to have been a moderate or liberal Republican Governor.[20][21][22][23] He is fiscally conservative and socially liberal.[24][25]

The business community reacted strongly to Weld's leadership. In a 1994 survey of chief executives conducted by the Massachusetts High Technology Council, 83% of those polled rated the state's business climate as good or excellent—up from only 33% at the beginning of his term. Proponents might claim that Weld's leadership changed the minds of 50% of the CEOs surveyed while others would note the national economic trends or other factors might play a part. Weld also reaped the benefits of the 1990s' prosperity, as the state's unemployment rate fell by more than 3 percentage points during his first term, from 9.6% in 1991 to 6.4% in 1994. As a result, Weld received grades of A in 1992,[26][27] B in 1994,[28][29] and B in 1996[30][31] from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors. In 1993 he supported adoption of a gun control bill in Massachusetts that included limits on gun purchases under age 21, as well as prohibiting certain types of weapons, which was not ultimately passed.[32] He has since renounced this proposal.[33] Weld is pro-choice and helped to introduce legislation to make it easier for women to access abortion procedures.[34] As Governor, he supported gay and lesbian rights. In 1992, he signed an executive order to recognize domestic partnership rights for same-sex couples.[35] In 1993, he signed into law legislation protecting the rights of gay and lesbian students.[36] He also said he would recognize same-sex marriages that might be performed out of state following a court decision in Hawaii.[37][38] During his term, he launched a successful effort to privatize many state's human services, laying off thousands of state employees.[39][40] He also worked to expand Medicaid access by requesting more federal funding and, then, allowing more residents to qualify for the plan to both solve budget problems and increase access to health care in the state.[41] After cutting state spending year-over-year for his first two years, the Republican Party lost its ability to sustain a veto in the legislature due to losses in the Massachusetts State Senate, forcing Weld to make greater concessions to Democratic legislators.[42]

In 1994, Weld won reelection with 71% of the vote in the most one-sided gubernatorial contest in Massachusetts electoral history. Weld carried all but five towns in the whole state, even carrying Boston. Following his landslide victory, Weld briefly considered running for the presidency in 1996.

Cabinet and administration
The Weld Cabinet
OFFICENAMETERM
GovernorWilliam Weld1991–1997
Lt. GovernorPaul Cellucci1991–1997
Secretary of Transportation and ConstructionRichard L. Taylor
James Kerasiotes		1991–1992
1992–1997
Secretary of Housing & Community DevelopmentSteven Pierce
Mary L. Padula		1991–1991
1991–1996
Secretary of Environmental AffairsSusan Tierney
Trudy Coxe		1991–1993
1993–1997
Secretary of Consumer AffairsGloria Cordes Larson
Priscilla Douglas
Nancy Merrick		1991–1993
1993–1996
1996–1997
Secretary of Health and Human ServicesDavid P. Forsberg
Charlie Baker
Gerald Whitburn
Joseph V. Gallant
William D. O'Leary		1991–1992
1992–1994
1995–1996
1996–1997
1997–1997
Secretary of Elder AffairsFranklin P. Ollivierre1991–1997
Secretary of LaborChristine Morris1991–1996
Secretary of Administration & FinancePeter Nessen
Mark E. Robinson
Charlie Baker		1991–1993
1993–1994
1994–1997
Secretary of Public SafetyJames B. Roche
Thomas C. Rapone
Kathleen O'Toole		1991–1992
1992–1994
1994–1997
Director of Economic AffairsStephen Tocco
Gloria Cordes Larson		1991–1993
1993–1996
Secretary of EducationPiedad Robertson
Michael Sentance		1991–1995
1995–1996

1996 Senate election
Main article: 1996 United States Senate election in Massachusetts

On November 30, 1995, Weld announced that he would challenge incumbent Democratic Senator John Kerry in the 1996 election.[43] Weld, who was among the first reasonably well-funded Republican Senate candidates in Massachusetts since Edward Brooke was unseated in 1978, said of the race, "I've spent some time recently considering where I can do the most good for the people of Massachusetts, and right now the fights that matter most to the people of this state are in another arena, Congress."[43]

The race was covered nationwide as one of the most closely watched Senate races that year. Noted for how civil their respective campaigns were of one another,[44] Kerry and Weld negotiated a campaign spending cap and agreed to eight separate debates leading up to the election.[45] Though facing a traditional uphill battle in a state where Democrats outnumbered Republicans 3-to-1, and running the same year as the presidential election, Weld was a popular incumbent governor and polled even with Kerry throughout the election.[46][47]

In the end, Senator Kerry won re-election with 53 percent to Weld's 45 percent – the last seriously contested Senate race in Massachusetts until the special election for Ted Kennedy's seat in 2010. Notably, President Bill Clinton won Massachusetts in 1996 with 62% of the vote.

Ambassadorship nomination and resignation

In July 1997, Weld was nominated to become United States Ambassador to Mexico by President Bill Clinton. His nomination stalled after Senate Foreign Relations committee Chairman Jesse Helms refused to hold a hearing on the nomination, effectively blocking it. Helms was also a Republican and their party held the majority in the chamber, but Helms objected to Weld's moderate stance on social issues such as his support for gay rights, abortion rights, and the legalization of medical marijuana. This refusal to hold hearings was also rumored to be at the request of former Attorney General and friend of Helms, Edwin Meese. Meese reportedly had a long-standing grudge against Weld stemming from Weld's investigation of Meese during the Iran–Contra affair. Meese denied the speculation, asserting that he wished to keep his distance from Weld.[48] Weld publicly criticized Helms, which the White House discouraged him from doing, but Weld relished the opportunity, saying: "It feels like being in a campaign. I feel newly energized. I love to stir up the pot. I seem to click on more cylinders when the pot is stirred up." Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott said that Weld's chances of being confirmed weren't "very good, and that he hurt himself by attacking the chairman unfairly and with political rhetoric that was just uncalled for." There was speculation that the White House would let his nomination "die", but he refused, saying that he hoped President Clinton "does not plan to give in to ideological extortion" and that "I wanted to send a message that I wanted to be captain of my ship [the nomination] even if it's going to bottom." Some speculated that attacking the more conservative Helms was a way to position him to pick up votes from fellow moderate Republicans in a potential run for president in 2000, but he rejected this, saying that "I've had a lot of people come up to me on the street and say, 'Give 'em hell. That's the Bill Weld we know and love.'"[49]

Weld resigned the governorship on July 29, 1997, to devote his full attention to campaigning for the ambassadorship, even though few thought he would be successful; there was speculation that he was really resigning because he had become tired of serving as governor. A bipartisan majority of Senators signed letters demanding that Helms advance his nomination, but Helms refused.[50] After an intensive six-week battle,[51] Weld conceded defeat and withdrew his nomination on September 15, 1997. He commented, "I asked President Clinton to withdraw my name from the Senate so I can go back to New England, where no one has to approach the government on bended knee to ask it to do its duty."[52]

Later career
Weld speaking at Harvard Law School in 2008

Law firm, private equity partner, and 2004 election

Weld was a partner in the Boston and Manhattan offices of the international law firm McDermott Will & Emery from 1997 to 2001, and head of the New York office from 2000 to 2001.[53] In December 2000, the private equity firm Leeds Equity Partners announced that Weld would join the firm, to be renamed Leeds Weld & Co., as a general partner, effective on January 1, 2001.[54] At the private equity firm, Weld later "reduced his role to a senior advisor while considering a run for New York governor" in 2005.[55] Weld rejoined McDermott Will & Emery in 2006.[53] Weld was admitted to the bar in New York in 2008.[56] In 2012, Weld moved to the Boston law firm of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky, and Popeo, becoming a partner there and a principal with the firm's government relations affiliate, ML Strategies LLC.[57][58]

During the re-election campaign of President George W. Bush, who was running against Weld's old foe John Kerry, Weld helped Bush to prepare for the debates.

Kentucky college management

From January to October 2005, Weld was chief executive of Decker College in Louisville, Kentucky. His term ended as the college was closing under bankruptcy protection following a disagreement with the U.S. Department of Education about accreditation of its construction-related courses and online instruction. This matter would follow Weld into the 2006 race for Governor of New York, with former U.S. Senator from New York Alfonse D'Amato asserting that Weld was responsible and oversaw "multimillion dollar looting".[59][60]

On March 27, 2016, The Wall Street Journal reported as part of an opinion article that "Bankruptcy trustee Robert Keats alleged [Ralph] LoBosco", a Department of Education employee, "was trying to exact revenge against Decker CEO William Weld". The article continued: "Education Department administrative law judge Robert Layton recently affirmed a 2012 bankruptcy court finding that the Council on Occupational Education had failed to tell the truth in stating that Decker's online programs were never accredited. The Council's 'factually erroneous' assertion caused the Education Department to withdraw federal student aid in 2005, which precipitated Decker's bankruptcy."[61]

Candidacy for Governor of New York, 2005–06

After being Governor of Massachusetts, Weld moved to New York in 2000. On April 24, 2005, it was reported that he was in talks with the New York Republicans to run for Governor of New York in 2006, against likely Democratic nominee Eliot Spitzer. Incumbent GOP Governor George Pataki announced on July 27 that he would not seek a fourth term. On August 19, 2005, Weld officially announced his candidacy for Governor of New York, seeking to become the second person after Sam Houston to serve as governor of two different U.S. states.[62]

In December 2005, Weld received the backing of the Republican county chairs of New York State during a county chairs meeting. On April 29, 2006, Weld received the Libertarian Party's nomination for Governor Of New York.[63] Weld reportedly offered his chief rival for the nomination, former Republican Assembly leader John Faso, the chance to join his ticket as a candidate for lieutenant governor, an offer Faso reportedly declined.[64] Faso gained increasing support from party leaders in various counties, including Westchester and Suffolk, both of which had large delegate counts to the state convention.

Bill Weld and Gary Johnson in June 2016

On June 1, 2006, the Republican State Convention voted 61% to 39% to endorse Faso over Weld. On June 5, Stephen J. Minarik (the chairman of the state Republican Party, and Weld's most prominent backer), called on Weld to withdraw from the race in the interest of party unity.[65] Weld formally announced his withdrawal from the race the following day and returned to private life. Spitzer would go on to defeat Faso by the largest margin in New York gubernatorial history.[66]

Later political involvement

Weld publicly endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney for the presidency on January 8, 2007; he was a co-chairman for Romney's campaign in New York State.[67] On the same day that Weld endorsed Romney, Gov. and Mrs. Weld also raised $50,000 for Romney's exploratory committee. Weld personally made a donation of $2,100, the maximum allowed per person per election at the time. After the maximum allowed rose to $2,300, Weld donated another $200.

Weld was also active in campaigning for Romney in New Hampshire, where both governors have been known to travel together. Weld went on to endorse Barack Obama over John McCain in the general election.[68] Weld endorsed Romney in the 2012 presidential election.[69]

In February 2016, Weld endorsed Ohio Governor John Kasich for the Republican presidential nomination.[70]

2016 Libertarian vice presidential nomination
Main article: Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign
Weld campaigning with Johnson

On May 17, 2016, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, the Libertarian Party's 2012 presidential nominee and the leading candidate for its 2016 nomination, announced his selection of Weld to be his choice for running mate.[71][72] The vice-presidential candidate is formally nominated separately from and after the presidential candidate under the Libertarian Party's rules, although as the presidential nominee Johnson was first allowed to speak about his endorsement of Weld. Both candidates won their nominations on a second ballot after narrowly failing to attain an absolute majority on the first ballot.[73][74] Weld accepted the Libertarian Party's nomination for vice president at the Libertarian National Convention in Orlando, Florida on May 29.[75]

During the campaign, Weld took the lead on fundraising operations, as well as appearing on national television and at campaign rallies across the nation.[76][77] Together, Johnson and Weld were the first presidential ticket to consist of two Governors since the 1948 election when Thomas Dewey of New York ran as a Republican with Earl Warren of California and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina ran as a States' Rights Democrat with Fielding L. Wright of Mississippi.[78] Despite polling higher than any third-party campaign since Ross Perot in 1992, Johnson and Weld were excluded from the debates controlled by the Commission on Presidential Debates and their poll numbers subsequently declined.[79][80]

Nationwide, the Johnson/Weld ticket received 4,488,919 votes (3.28%), breaking the Libertarian Party's record for both absolute vote total (previously 1,275,923 for Johnson in 2012) and percentage (previously 1.06% for Ed Clark and David Koch in 1980).

2020 presidential campaign
Main article: Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign
Weld's 2020 campaign logo

On January 17, 2019, Weld rejoined the Republican Party, increasing speculation that he would run for president.[81][82][83] On February 14, 2019, Weld announced that he was launching a presidential exploratory committee for the 2020 Republican primary, against incumbent Republican President Donald Trump.[84][85] Appearing on Bloomberg News, Weld suggested that he could beat Trump in 2020 with help from independent voters.[86] He accused Trump on CNN the same weekend of having "showed contempt for the American people."[87] Weld challenged Trump on the issue of climate disruption, saying that he had made no effort to combat the effects of global warming. "We've got the polar ice cap that's going to melt with devastating consequences if we don’t get carbon out of the atmosphere," Weld told America's Newsroom, noting that he would plan ahead for an "environmental catastrophe."[88]

On April 15, 2019, Weld formally announced his candidacy for President of the United States on The Lead with Jake Tapper.[89] Weld received 1.3% of the vote in the Iowa caucuses and one pledged delegate on February 3.[90]

Weld suspended his campaign on March 18, 2020.[91]

After ending his campaign, Weld announced that he voted for Joe Biden and Kamala Harris.[92]

Other activities

Weld is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.[93] He co-chaired its Independent Task Force on North America, which studied the liberalization of markets and free trade between the US, Canada, and Mexico. He was a principal at Leeds, Weld & Co., which describes itself as the United States's largest private equity fund focused on investing in the education and training industry. Weld serves on the board of directors of Acreage Holdings.[94] For a time, he wrote thrillers and works of historical fiction.[95]

In February 2013, Weld publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court.[96]

Weld joined Our America Initiative's 2016 Liberty Tour a number of times, speaking alongside other libertarian leaders and activists such as Law Enforcement Against Prohibition executive director and former Baltimore Police Chief Neill Franklin, Free the People's Matt Kibbe, Republican activists Ed Lopez and Liz Mair, Conscious Capitalism's Alex McCobin, Reason Foundation's David Nott, Foundation for Economic Education's Jeffrey Tucker, the Libertarian Party's Carla Howell, and author and journalist Naomi Wolf; the tour raised "awareness about third party inclusion in national presidential debates" and "spread the message of liberty and libertarian thought."[97][98][99]

Throughout 2017 and 2018, Weld appeared at several state Libertarian Party conventions and endorsed various Libertarian candidates in the 2018 United States elections. In January 2019, Weld changed his party affiliation back to Republican, in preparation for his presidential run as a Republican.[100]

Personal life

Weld married Susan Roosevelt Weld, a great-granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt, on June 7, 1975.[101] Susan Roosevelt Weld was a professor at Harvard University specializing in ancient Chinese civilization and law, and she later served as General Counsel to the Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The Welds had five children: David Minot (born 1976), a professor of physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara; Ethel Derby (born 1977), a physician; Mary Blake (born 1979), an attorney; Quentin Roosevelt (born 1981), an attorney; and Frances Wylie (born 1983), who has worked for the San Francisco Giants.[102] The couple divorced in 2002.[101]

Weld's second and present wife is writer Leslie Marshall. They live in Canton, Massachusetts.[103]

Weld is an Episcopalian.[104]

Writings

Weld has written three mass market novels:

  • Stillwater (2003) ISBN 0-15-602723-2
  • Mackerel by Moonlight (1999) ISBN 0-671-03874-5
  • Big Ugly (2002) ISBN 0-7434-1037-8

Electoral history

References
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Legal offices
Preceded by
Edward Harrington		 U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts
1981–1986		 Succeeded by
Robert Mueller
Acting
Party political offices
Preceded by
George Kariotis		 Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts
1990, 1994		 Succeeded by
Paul Cellucci
Preceded by
Jim Rappaport		 Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(Class 2)
1996		 Succeeded by
Jeff Beatty
Preceded by
Jim Gray		 Libertarian nominee for Vice President of the United States
2016		 Succeeded by
Spike Cohen
Political offices
Preceded by
Michael Dukakis		 Governor of Massachusetts
1991–1997		 Succeeded by
Paul Cellucci
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