List of governors of Arkansas

Governor of Arkansas
	Great Seal of Arkansas
	Incumbent; Asa Hutchinson; since January 13, 2015
Style	Governor; (informal); The Honorable; (formal);
Status	Head of Government
Residence	Arkansas Governor's Mansion
Seat	State Capitol, Little Rock, Arkansas
Term length	Four years, renewable once
Constituting instrument	Constitution of Arkansas
Precursor	Governor of Arkansas Territory
Inaugural holder	James Sevier Conway
Formation	September 13, 1836
Deputy	Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas
Salary	US$141,000 per annum; (2016)[1]
Website	governor.arkansas.gov

The Governor of Arkansas is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The Governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arkansas government and is charged with enforcing state laws. They have the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arkansas General Assembly, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[2]

The state has had 46 elected governors, as well as 11 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the Governor. Before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus (1955-1967) served the longest term as Governor, being elected six times to serve 12 years. Bill Clinton (1979-1981; 1983-1992), elected 5 times over 2 distinct terms, fell only one month short of 12 years, and Mike Huckabee (1996-2007) served 10 years for two full four-year terms. The shortest term for an elected Governor was the 38 days served by John Sebastian Little before his nervous breakdown; one of the acting successors to his term, Jesse M. Martin, took office only three days before the end of the term, the shortest term overall.

The current Governor of Arkansas is Republican Asa Hutchinson, who was sworn in on January 13, 2015.

Territorial (1819–1836)

Arkansaw Territory (renamed Arkansas Territory, circa 1822)[lower-alpha 1] was split from the Missouri Territory on July 4, 1819.[4] As territorial secretary from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the appointed governor was not in the state. This meant that Crittenden was the first person to perform the duties of governor, since James Miller did not arrive in the territory until nine months after his appointment.[5]

Governors of Arkansas Territory
No.		Term in office	Appointed by	Notes
1	James Miller	March 3, 1819 – December 27, 1824	James Monroe	[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
2	George Izard	March 4, 1825 – November 22, 1828	James Monroe	[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]
2	George Izard	March 4, 1825 – November 22, 1828	John Quincy Adams	[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5]
3	John Pope	March 9, 1829[8] – March 9, 1835	Andrew Jackson	[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7]
4	William S. Fulton	March 9, 1835 – September 13, 1836[lower-alpha 8]	Andrew Jackson	[lower-alpha 9]

State (from 1836)

Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15, 1836.[12] The state seceded on May 6, 1861,[13] and was admitted to the Confederacy on May 18, 1861.[14] When Little Rock, the state capital, was captured on September 10, 1863, the Confederate state government relocated to Washington, Arkansas, and a Union government was installed in its place, causing an overlap in the terms of Confederate Governor Harris Flanagin and Union Governor Isaac Murphy.[15] Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22, 1868.[16]

The Arkansas Constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors,[17] which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution.[18] An amendment in 1984 increased the terms of both governor and lieutenant governor to four years.[19] Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of every twelve years,[17] but the 1874 constitution removed any term limit. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms.[20][21]

Until 1864, the constitutions provided that, should the office of governor be rendered vacant, the president of the senate would serve as acting governor until such time as a new governor were elected or the disability removed, or the acting governor's senate term expired.[22][23] This led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, 3 senate presidents acted as governor before the next elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the state house of representatives.

The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor[24] who would also act as president of the senate,[25] and who would serve as acting governor in case of vacancy.[26] The 1868 constitution maintained the position,[27] but the 1874 constitution removed it and returned to the original line of succession.[28] An amendment to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925,[29] recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governor's office.[30] The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket.

Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party. It elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 92 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Arkansas has 7 Republican governors, 39 Democratic and 3 unaffiliated.

Governors of Arkansas[lower-alpha 10]
No.[lower-alpha 11]		Term in office[lower-alpha 12]	Party	Election	Lieutenant Governor[lower-alpha 13][lower-alpha 14]
1	James Sevier Conway	September 13, 1836[lower-alpha 8] – November 4, 1840 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1836	Office did not exist
2	Archibald Yell	November 4, 1840 – April 29, 1844 (resigned)[lower-alpha 15]	Democratic	1840
—	Samuel Adams	April 29, 1844 – November 9, 1844 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor
3	Thomas Stevenson Drew	November 9, 1844[lower-alpha 16] – January 10, 1849 (resigned)[lower-alpha 17]	Democratic	1844
3	Thomas Stevenson Drew		Democratic	1848
—	Richard C. Byrd	January 10, 1849 – April 19, 1849 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor
4	John Selden Roane	April 19, 1849 – November 15, 1852 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1849 (special)[lower-alpha 18]
5	Elias Nelson Conway	November 15, 1852 – November 16, 1860 (term limited)	Democratic	1852
5	Elias Nelson Conway	November 15, 1852 – November 16, 1860 (term limited)	Democratic	1856
6	Henry Massey Rector	November 16, 1860[lower-alpha 19] – November 4, 1862 (resigned)[lower-alpha 20]	Independent Democrat[44]	1860[lower-alpha 21]
—	Thomas Fletcher	November 4, 1862 – November 15, 1862 (successor took office)[lower-alpha 22]	Unaffiliated[44]	President of the Senate acting as Governor
7	Harris Flanagin	November 15, 1862 – May 26, 1865[lower-alpha 23] (government in exile disestablished)[lower-alpha 24]	Unaffiliated[44]	1862[lower-alpha 25]
8	Isaac Murphy	January 20, 1864 – July 2, 1868 (not candidate for election)	Unaffiliated[44]	Provisional governor appointed by occupation[49]
8	Isaac Murphy		Unaffiliated[44]	1864[lower-alpha 24]		Calvin C. Bliss[50]
9	Powell Clayton	July 2, 1868 – March 17, 1871 (resigned)[lower-alpha 26]	Republican	1868		James M. Johnson[52] (resigned March 14, 1871)[lower-alpha 26]
9	Powell Clayton	July 2, 1868 – March 17, 1871 (resigned)[lower-alpha 26]	Republican	1868	Vacant
—	Ozra Amander Hadley[lower-alpha 27]	March 17, 1871 – January 6, 1873 (not candidate for election)	Republican	President of the Senate acting as Governor[lower-alpha 26]	Vacant
10	Elisha Baxter	January 6, 1873 – November 12, 1874 (not candidate for election)[lower-alpha 28]	Republican	1872[lower-alpha 29][lower-alpha 30]		Volney V. Smith[55]
11	Augustus Hill Garland	November 12, 1874 – January 11, 1877 (not candidate for election)[lower-alpha 31]	Democratic	1874	Office did not exist
12	William Read Miller	January 11, 1877 – January 13, 1881 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1876
12	William Read Miller		Democratic	1878
13	Thomas James Churchill	January 13, 1881 – January 13, 1883 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1880
14	James Henderson Berry	January 13, 1883 – January 15, 1885 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1882
15	Simon Pollard Hughes Jr.	January 15, 1885[lower-alpha 32] – January 17, 1889 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1884
15	Simon Pollard Hughes Jr.		Democratic	1886
16	James Philip Eagle	January 17, 1889[60] – January 14, 1893 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1888
16	James Philip Eagle		Democratic	1890
17	William Meade Fishback	January 14, 1893[61] – January 18, 1895 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1892
18	James Paul Clarke	January 18, 1895[62] – January 18, 1897 (not candidate for election)[lower-alpha 33]	Democratic	1894
19	Daniel Webster Jones	January 18, 1897 – January 18, 1901 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1896
19	Daniel Webster Jones		Democratic	1898
20	Jeff Davis	January 18, 1901[64] – January 18, 1907 (not candidate for election)[lower-alpha 34]	Democratic	1900
				1902
				1904
21	John Sebastian Little	January 18, 1907 – February 11, 1907 (resigned)[lower-alpha 35]	Democratic	1906
—	John Isaac Moore	February 11, 1907[lower-alpha 36] – May 14, 1907 (legislature adjourned)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor[lower-alpha 37]
—	Xenophon Overton Pindall	May 14, 1907 – January 11, 1909 (senate term expired)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor[lower-alpha 37]
—	Jesse M. Martin	January 11, 1909 – January 14, 1909 (successor took office)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor[lower-alpha 37]
22	George Washington Donaghey	January 14, 1909 – January 16, 1913 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1908
22	George Washington Donaghey		Democratic	1910
23	Joseph Taylor Robinson	January 16, 1913 – March 8, 1913 (resigned)[lower-alpha 38]	Democratic	1912
—	William Kavanaugh Oldham	March 8, 1913[72] – March 13, 1913 (new president of the senate elected)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor[lower-alpha 39]
—	Junius M. Futrell	March 13, 1913 – August 6, 1913 (successor took office)	Democratic	President of the Senate acting as Governor[lower-alpha 39]
24	George Washington Hays	August 6, 1913[lower-alpha 40] – January 10, 1917 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1913 (special)[lower-alpha 39]
24	George Washington Hays		Democratic	1914
25	Charles Hillman Brough	January 10, 1917[lower-alpha 41] – January 11, 1921 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1916
25	Charles Hillman Brough		Democratic	1918
26	Thomas Chipman McRae	January 11, 1921[lower-alpha 42] – January 13, 1925 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1920
26	Thomas Chipman McRae		Democratic	1922
27	Tom Terral	January 13, 1925[81] – January 11, 1927 (lost renomination)[lower-alpha 43]	Democratic	1924
28	John Ellis Martineau	January 11, 1927 – March 14, 1928 (resigned)[lower-alpha 44]	Democratic	1926		Harvey Parnell
29	Harvey Parnell	March 14, 1928[lower-alpha 45] – January 10, 1933 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor	Vacant
				1928		Lee Cazort
				1930		Lawrence Elery Wilson
30	Junius Marion Futrell	January 10, 1933 – January 12, 1937 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1932		Lee Cazort
30	Junius Marion Futrell		Democratic	1934		Lee Cazort
31	Carl E. Bailey	January 12, 1937 – January 14, 1941 (lost renomination)[lower-alpha 46]	Democratic	1936		Robert L. Bailey
31	Carl E. Bailey		Democratic	1938
32	Homer Martin Adkins	January 14, 1941 – January 9, 1945 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1940
32	Homer Martin Adkins		Democratic	1942		James L. Shaver
33	Benjamin Travis Laney	January 9, 1945 – January 11, 1949 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1944		James L. Shaver
33	Benjamin Travis Laney		Democratic	1946		Nathan Green Gordon
34	Sid McMath	January 11, 1949 – January 13, 1953 (lost renomination)[lower-alpha 47]	Democratic	1948
34	Sid McMath		Democratic	1950
35	Francis Cherry	January 13, 1953 – January 11, 1955 (lost renomination)[lower-alpha 48]	Democratic	1952
36	Orval Faubus	January 11, 1955 – January 10, 1967 (not candidate for election)	Democratic	1954
				1956
				1958
				1960
				1962
				1964
37	Winthrop Rockefeller	January 10, 1967 – January 12, 1971 (lost election)	Republican	1966		Maurice Britt
37	Winthrop Rockefeller	January 10, 1967 – January 12, 1971 (lost election)	Republican	1968		Maurice Britt
38	Dale Bumpers	January 12, 1971 – January 3, 1975 (resigned)[lower-alpha 49]	Democratic	1970		Bob C. Riley
38	Dale Bumpers		Democratic	1972		Bob C. Riley
—	Bob C. Riley	January 3, 1975[88] – January 14, 1975 (successor took office)	Democratic	Lieutenant Governor acting as Governor[lower-alpha 50]		Acting as Governor
39	David Pryor	January 14, 1975 – January 3, 1979 (resigned)[lower-alpha 51]	Democratic	1974		Joe Purcell
39	David Pryor		Democratic	1976		Joe Purcell
—	Joe Purcell	January 3, 1979 – January 9, 1979 (successor took office)	Democratic	Lieutenant Governor acting as Governor[lower-alpha 50]		Acting as Governor
40	Bill Clinton	January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981 (lost election)	Democratic	1978		Joe Purcell
41	Frank D. White	January 19, 1981 – January 11, 1983 (lost election)	Republican	1980		Winston Bryant[lower-alpha 52]
42	Bill Clinton	January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992 (resigned)[lower-alpha 53]	Democratic	1982
				1984
				1986[lower-alpha 54]
				1990		Jim Guy Tucker
43	Jim Guy Tucker	December 12, 1992 – July 15, 1996 (resigned)[lower-alpha 55]	Democratic	Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor	Vacant
				Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor		Mike Huckabee[lower-alpha 56] (elected November 20, 1993)[90]
				1994
44	Mike Huckabee	July 15, 1996 – January 9, 2007 (term limited)	Republican	Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor	Vacant
				Succeeded from Lieutenant Governor		Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (elected November 19, 1996)[91] (died July 16, 2006)
				1998
				2002
				2002	Vacant
45	Mike Beebe	January 9, 2007 – January 13, 2015 (term limited)	Democratic	2006		Bill Halter
				2010		Mark Darr[lower-alpha 56] (resigned February 1, 2014)
				2010	Vacant
46	Asa Hutchinson	January 13, 2015 – present[lower-alpha 57]	Republican	2014		Tim Griffin
46	Asa Hutchinson	January 13, 2015 – present[lower-alpha 57]	Republican	2018		Tim Griffin

Notes

The territory was formally organized with the name "Arkansaw", but spellings including "Arkansas" and "Arkansa" remained common until around 1822, when the popularity of the Arkansas Gazette helped standardize the spelling as "Arkansas".[3]
James Miller was appointed territorial governor on March 3, 1819, the same date the bill organizing Arkansaw Territory was signed. However, to avoid the hot southern summer, he delayed his departure from New Hampshire until September, and took a non-direct route, finally arriving in the territory on December 26, 1819.[6] Robert Crittenden, secretary of the territory, served as acting governor while Miller was delayed.[5]
Miller resigned citing poor health; at the time of his resignation, he had been absent from the territory for 18 months.[3]
George Izard did not arrive in Arkansas Territory until May 31, 1825; Robert Crittenden, Secretary of the territory, acted as governor in his stead, though Crittenden himself was out of state when Izard arrived.[7]
Izard died in office.
The office was vacant from November 22, 1828, until March 9, 1829. By the time notice of George Izard's death reached Washington, D.C., Andrew Jackson had been elected president, and the United States Senate refused to approve John Quincy Adams's choice for governor, preferring to wait until Jackson took office.[3]
Pope arrived in the territory in May 1829.[9]
Arkansas became a state on June 15, but Conway was not sworn in until September 13. Sourcing indicates that Fulton served until Conway's inauguration.[10]
William S. Fulton served as governor until statehood, when he was elected to the United States Senate.[11]
Data is sourced from the National Governors Association, unless supplemental references are required.
According to the numbering generally used, acting governors are not numbered.[31]
Most dates come from the Encyclopedia of Arkansas list of governors;[32] when differing, either the date was different in the actual articles on the governors and that agreed with other sources, or specific sourcing is supplied to explain the discrepancy.
The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864 and abolished in 1874. It was recreated in 1914, and was not filled until 1927. The amendment to the constitution creating the office was narrowly voted in by the electorate in 1914. The Speaker of the House declared that the measure had lost, because even though it had received the majority of the votes cast for that particular ballot measure, winning 45,567 to 45,206, it had not received the majority of votes cast across the whole election, determined by looking at the question on the ballot with the highest total number of votes for or against. On that ballot, this figure was 135,517 votes, so it was ruled that at least 67,758 votes in favor would have been required for the measure to pass, essentially counting blank votes as votes against. In 1925, it was discovered that a 1910 law amended this requirement such that only a majority of the votes on the specific question was required. Therefore, the 1914 initiative was declared to be valid.[29]
Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
Yell resigned to successfully run for the United States House of Representatives.[33]
The National Governors Association says Drew succeeded Adams on November 5,[34] but the Encyclopedia of Arkansas[35] and contemporary news coverage[36] say November 9.
Drew resigned due to the low salary he received as governor.[34]
Roane was elected in a special election to fill the remainder of the term vacated by Thomas S. Drew's resignation.[37]
The National Governors Association says Rector succeeded Conway on November 15,[38] but the Encyclopedia of Arkansas[39] and contemporary news reports[40] say November 16.
Rector resigned two weeks before the end of his term. Most sources state it was due to badly losing his bid for re-election[41][42] but at least one source states it was due to unhappiness that the new constitution would shorten his term.[43]
This term was shortened to two years due to the 1861 constitution moving the election schedule.[45]
Governor-elect Flanagin was not sworn in until November 15;[46] in the interim, Fletcher acted as governor.[43][47] Fletcher is omitted from most lists of Arkansas governors.
Some sources state Flanigin left office on April 18, 1864, but that was when Isaac Murphy was sworn in as Provisional Governor by occupation authorities; Flanagin was Governor in exile until May 26, 1865.[32]
Flanagin fled Little Rock as it fell to U.S. forces on September 10, 1863, leading to a largely ineffective state government in exile at Washington until May 26, 1865. Isaac Murphy was appointed Provisional Governor by U.S. military authorities on January 20, 1864. Murphy was elected in his own right by Union men of Arkansas under U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's "ten percent plan" (taking office on April 18, 1864), thus causing an overlap in terms. Due to the subsequent collapse of all civil authority within Confederate controlled Arkansas, Flanagin exercised little control over the government.[15]
The 1864 constitution was enacted during this term; however, it was drafted by the Union occupation, and had no effect on Flanagin's government. While term lengths remained at four years, a new election schedule was created, calling for elections in 1864.[48]
Clayton resigned to take office in the United States Senate. He had delayed his resignation to prevent Lieutenant Governor Johnson from succeeding him; party machinations led to Johnson's resignation and acceptance of the office of secretary of state, so that Hadley, as president pro tempore of the senate, could act as governor for the remainder of the term.[51]
Ozra A. Hadley's first name is sometimes spelled "Ozro" in sources.[51]
Baxter received the Democratic nomination, but declined.[53]
This term was shortened to two years by the 1874 constitution.[18]
Baxter was removed from office for a short time due to the Brooks–Baxter War.[54]
Garland instead ran successfully for United States Senate.[56]
Sources disagree on when Hughes succeeded Berry, with the National Governors Association saying January 17,[57] contemporary sourcing saying January 15,[58] and the Encyclopedia of Arkansas using both dates.[32][59]
Clarke instead ran unsuccessfully for United States Senate.[63]
Davis instead ran successfully for United States Senate.[65]
Little resigned after suffering a nervous breakdown soon after taking office.[66]
Sources disagree on when Little resigned. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas says February 7, but the National Governors Association and a book by University of Arkansas Press[67] say February 11. Due to wider use, February 11 is the date used here.
As president of the senate, Moore acted as governor until the legislature adjourned,[68] at which time a new president pro tempore of the senate was chosen, Pindall, who acted as governor until his senate term expired.[69] For the remaining three days of the gubernatorial term, Martin, the new president pro tempore of the senate, acted as governor.[70]
Robinson resigned to take office in the United States Senate.[71]
Oldham acted as governor for six days before a new president of the senate was elected.[73] The new president, Futrell, acted as governor[74] until Hays was elected in a special election to fill the remainder of the term.[75] Conflict over whether or not Futrell could succeed Oldham as acting governor led to the Arkansas Supreme Court ruling that he could.[76]
Some sources state Hays succeeded Futrell on July 23, but that was when the special election that chose Hays occurred; he was sworn in on August 6.[77][78]
Sources disagree on whether Brough succeeded Hays on January 10 or January 11; a contemporary source states January 10.[79]
Sources disagree on whether McRae succeeded Brough on January 11 or January 12; a slim majority of sources say January 12.[80]
Terral lost the Democratic nomination to John Ellis Martineau.[82]
Martineau resigned to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas[83]
Most sources say Parnell resigned on March 2, though a few say March 4; however, it appears this was the day he was nominated for the judgeship, as contemporary news sources indicate he did not resign until March 14.[84][85]
Bailey lost the Democratic nomination to Homer Martin Adkins.[86]
McMath lost the Democratic nomination to Francis Cherry.[87]
Cherry lost the Democratic nomination to Orval Faubus.[87]
Bumpers resigned to take office in the United States Senate.[29]
Riley and Purcell are generally considered to have only acted as governor, remaining lieutenant governor, rather than fully succeeding to the office and leaving the old office behind; it's probable this is because an elected successor was taking office within a few days.
Pryor resigned to take office in the United States Senate.[29]
Represented the Democratic Party
Clinton resigned to be President of the United States.[29]
First term under a 1984 constitutional amendment, which lengthened terms to four years.[19]
Tucker resigned after being convicted of mail fraud in the Whitewater scandal;[89]
Represented the Republican Party
Hutchinson's second term began on January 15, 2019, and will expire on January 10, 2023.

References

General

"Former Arkansas Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"The Encyclopedia of Arkansas, Category: Politics and Government, State". Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Herndon, Dallas Tabor (1922). Centennial History of Arkansas. Southern Historical Press. ISBN 978-0-89308-068-6. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"About The Office – Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas". Retrieved September 6, 2016.

Constitutions

"Constitution of the State of Arkansas" (PDF). Arkansas State Legislature. 1874. Retrieved August 2, 2008.
Arkansas; Rose, U. M. (1836). Constitution of the State of Arkansas. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
Arkansas; Rose, U. M. (1861). Constitution of the State of Arkansas. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
Arkansas; Rose, U. M. (1864). Constitution of the State of Arkansas. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
Arkansas; Rose, U. M. (1868). Constitution of the State of Arkansas. Retrieved October 13, 2008.

Specific

Council of State Governments. "Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries - 2016" (PDF). Retrieved August 21, 2019.
AR Const. art. VI
"Arkansas History Timeline (1819–1861)". Historic Arkansas Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
3 Stat. 493
"Robert Crittenden (1797–1834)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
"James Miller (1776–1851)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
"George Izard (1776–1828)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
Bruce, Henry Addington (1909). The Romance of American Expansion. Moffat, Yard & Company. p. 86.
Williams, Nancy A.; Jeannie M. Whayne (2000). Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives. University of Arkansas Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-55728-587-4.
Hempstead, Fay (1911). Historical Review of Arkansas: Its Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, Volume 1. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
"Fulton, William Savin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
5 Stat. 50
"Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
An Act to admit the State of Arkansas into the Confederacy Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015
"Harris Flanagin (1817–1874)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
15 Stat. 72
1836 Const. art. V, § 4
AR Const. art. VI, § 1
AR Const. amendment 63
Wickline, Michael R. (November 4, 2020). "2 issues on state ballot approved by voters". Arkansas Online.
"State Term Limits". Retrieved October 11, 2016.
1836 Const. art. V, § 18
1861 Const. art. V, § 18
1864 Const. art. VI, § 19
1864 Const. art. VI, § 20
1864 Const. art. VI, § 23
1868 Const. art. VI, § 1
AR Const. art. VI, § 12
"About The Office – Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas". Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Bryant v. English, 311 Ark. 187 (Arkansas Supreme Court 1992).
"Office of the Governor". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
"Office of the Governor". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
"Archibald Yell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Thomas Stevenson Drew". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Thomas Stevenson Drew". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
"The Inaugural of the Governor". Weekly Arkansas Gazette. November 13, 1844. Retrieved December 12, 2018. Thomas S. Drew, our Governor elect, was installed into office, on last Saturday..."; "Saturday, Nov. 9: This day being set part for the inauguration of the Governor, nothing was done.
"John Selden Roane". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Elias Nelson Conway". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Henry Massie Recor (1816-1899)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
"No title". The Arkansian. November 24, 1860. Retrieved December 12, 2018. Judge Henry M. Rector, Governor elect was inaugurated on Thursday the 15th inst., ... Cite uses generic title (help)
"Henry Massie Rector". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Yearns, Wilfred Buck (May 1, 2010). The Confederate Governors. p. 51. ISBN 9780820335575. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Hempstead, Fay (1911). Historical Review of Arkansas: Its Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, Volume 1. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 250. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Hodges, Earle W. (1913). Arkansas Biennial Report of the Secretary of State. Little Rock: Tunnah & Pittard. p. 104.
1861 Const. art. IV, § 8
"Harris Flanagin". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
"No title". Weekly Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Arkansas. November 8, 1862. p. 2. Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Cite uses generic title (help)
1864 Const. art. IV, § 8
Sobel p. 71
Herndon p. 287
"Ozro Amander Hadley (1826–1915)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
Herndon p. 293
"The Democracy". Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Arkansas. September 11, 1874. p. 1. Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
"Elisha Baxter". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
Herndon p. 306
Sobel p. 74
"James Henderson Berry". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
Arkansas Biennial Report of the Auditor of State. Office of Auditor of State, Arkansas. 1886. p. 39. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
"Simon Pollard Hughes". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
"Simon Pollard Hughes (1830-1906)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
"No title". The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. January 15, 1893. Retrieved December 9, 2018. Cite uses generic title (help)
"No title". Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Kentucky. January 19, 1895. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Hon. James P. Clarke, who subscribed to the oath of office as Governor of Arkansas on Friday morning... Cite uses generic title (help)
"James Paul Clarke". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Jeff Davis Inaugurated". Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. January 19, 1901. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Jan. 18—Governor Jefferson Davis was inaugurated today...
"Jefferson Davis". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"John Sebastian Little". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
Governors of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press. 1981. ISBN 9781610751711. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
"John Isaac Moore". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Xenophon Overton Pindall". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"John Sebastian Little (1851–1916)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
"Joseph Taylor Robinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
"Gov. Robinson's Busy Day". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. March 10, 1913. Retrieved December 13, 2018. March 8: Gov. Joe T. Robinson today ... signed his own commission as United States Senator and completed the day's activity by sending his resignation as Governor...
"William Kavanaugh Oldham". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"Junius Marion Futrell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"George Washington Hays". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
Futrell v. Oldham, 107 Ark. 386 (Arkansas Supreme Court 1913).
Colby, Frank Moore, ed. (1914). New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 63. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Somerset Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 145. ISBN 978-0403098507. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Monthly Checklist of State Publications. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1917. p. 61. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Capace, Nancy (January 1, 1998). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. p. 147. ISBN 9780403098507. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Capace, Nancy (January 1, 1998). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. p. 148. ISBN 9780403098507. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
Sobel p. 88
"John Ellis Martineau". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
"unknown". Weekly Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. March 17, 1928. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Memphis, Tenn., March 15: ... Attending the conference were: Judge Martineau, who until yesterday was governor of Arkansas... Cite uses generic title (help)
"Arkansas Chief Resigns". Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. March 15, 1928. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
"AR Governor - D Primary 1940". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
Sobel p. 93
"Bob Cowley Riley". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
R.H., Melton; Michael Haddigan (May 29, 1996). "Three Guilty in Arkansas Fraud Trial". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
"GOP wins one in Arkansas – Republican Party; Mike Huckabee | Campaigns & Elections | Find Articles at BNET.com". FindArticles. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
"Rockefeller sworn in as lieutenant governor". Blytheville Courier. Blytheville, Arkansas. November 19, 1996. Retrieved December 13, 2018.

External links

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General information

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[4] The territory was formally organized with the name "Arkansaw", but spellings including "Arkansas" and "Arkansa" remained common until around 1822, when the popularity of the Arkansas Gazette helped standardize the spelling as "Arkansas".[3]

[8] James Miller was appointed territorial governor on March 3, 1819, the same date the bill organizing Arkansaw Territory was signed. However, to avoid the hot southern summer, he delayed his departure from New Hampshire until September, and took a non-direct route, finally arriving in the territory on December 26, 1819.[6] Robert Crittenden, secretary of the territory, served as acting governor while Miller was delayed.[5]

[9] Miller resigned citing poor health; at the time of his resignation, he had been absent from the territory for 18 months.[3]

[11] George Izard did not arrive in Arkansas Territory until May 31, 1825; Robert Crittenden, Secretary of the territory, acted as governor in his stead, though Crittenden himself was out of state when Izard arrived.[7]

[12] Izard died in office.

[14] The office was vacant from November 22, 1828, until March 9, 1829. By the time notice of George Izard's death reached Washington, D.C., Andrew Jackson had been elected president, and the United States Senate refused to approve John Quincy Adams's choice for governor, preferring to wait until Jackson took office.[3]

[16] Pope arrived in the territory in May 1829.[9]

[date-1836-18] Arkansas became a state on June 15, but Conway was not sworn in until September 13. Sourcing indicates that Fulton served until Conway's inauguration.[10]

[20] William S. Fulton served as governor until statehood, when he was elected to the United States Senate.[11]

[40] Data is sourced from the National Governors Association, unless supplemental references are required.

[42] According to the numbering generally used, acting governors are not numbered.[31]

[44] Most dates come from the Encyclopedia of Arkansas list of governors;[32] when differing, either the date was different in the actual articles on the governors and that agreed with other sources, or specific sourcing is supplied to explain the discrepancy.

[45] The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864 and abolished in 1874. It was recreated in 1914, and was not filled until 1927. The amendment to the constitution creating the office was narrowly voted in by the electorate in 1914. The Speaker of the House declared that the measure had lost, because even though it had received the majority of the votes cast for that particular ballot measure, winning 45,567 to 45,206, it had not received the majority of votes cast across the whole election, determined by looking at the question on the ballot with the highest total number of votes for or against. On that ballot, this figure was 135,517 votes, so it was ruled that at least 67,758 votes in favor would have been required for the measure to pass, essentially counting blank votes as votes against. In 1925, it was discovered that a 1910 law amended this requirement such that only a majority of the votes on the specific question was required. Therefore, the 1914 initiative was declared to be valid.[29]

[46] Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.

[48] Yell resigned to successfully run for the United States House of Representatives.[33]

[52] The National Governors Association says Drew succeeded Adams on November 5,[34] but the Encyclopedia of Arkansas[35] and contemporary news coverage[36] say November 9.

[53] Drew resigned due to the low salary he received as governor.[34]

[55] Roane was elected in a special election to fill the remainder of the term vacated by Thomas S. Drew's resignation.[37]

[59] The National Governors Association says Rector succeeded Conway on November 15,[38] but the Encyclopedia of Arkansas[39] and contemporary news reports[40] say November 16.

[63] Rector resigned two weeks before the end of his term. Most sources state it was due to badly losing his bid for re-election[41][42] but at least one source states it was due to unhappiness that the new constitution would shorten his term.[43]

[66] This term was shortened to two years due to the 1861 constitution moving the election schedule.[45]

[69] Governor-elect Flanagin was not sworn in until November 15;[46] in the interim, Fletcher acted as governor.[43][47] Fletcher is omitted from most lists of Arkansas governors.

[70] Some sources state Flanigin left office on April 18, 1864, but that was when Isaac Murphy was sworn in as Provisional Governor by occupation authorities; Flanagin was Governor in exile until May 26, 1865.[32]

[civilwar-71] Flanagin fled Little Rock as it fell to U.S. forces on September 10, 1863, leading to a largely ineffective state government in exile at Washington until May 26, 1865. Isaac Murphy was appointed Provisional Governor by U.S. military authorities on January 20, 1864. Murphy was elected in his own right by Union men of Arkansas under U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's "ten percent plan" (taking office on April 18, 1864), thus causing an overlap in terms. Due to the subsequent collapse of all civil authority within Confederate controlled Arkansas, Flanagin exercised little control over the government.[15]

[73] The 1864 constitution was enacted during this term; however, it was drafted by the Union occupation, and had no effect on Flanagin's government. While term lengths remained at four years, a new election schedule was created, calling for elections in 1864.[48]

[clayton-77] Clayton resigned to take office in the United States Senate. He had delayed his resignation to prevent Lieutenant Governor Johnson from succeeding him; party machinations led to Johnson's resignation and acceptance of the office of secretary of state, so that Hadley, as president pro tempore of the senate, could act as governor for the remainder of the term.[51]

[79] Ozra A. Hadley's first name is sometimes spelled "Ozro" in sources.[51]

[81] Baxter received the Democratic nomination, but declined.[53]

[82] This term was shortened to two years by the 1874 constitution.[18]

[84] Baxter was removed from office for a short time due to the Brooks–Baxter War.[54]

[87] Garland instead ran successfully for United States Senate.[56]

[91] Sources disagree on when Hughes succeeded Berry, with the National Governors Association saying January 17,[57] contemporary sourcing saying January 15,[58] and the Encyclopedia of Arkansas using both dates.[32][59]

[96] Clarke instead ran unsuccessfully for United States Senate.[63]

[99] Davis instead ran successfully for United States Senate.[65]

[101] Little resigned after suffering a nervous breakdown soon after taking office.[66]

[103] Sources disagree on when Little resigned. The Encyclopedia of Arkansas says February 7, but the National Governors Association and a book by University of Arkansas Press[67] say February 11. Due to wider use, February 11 is the date used here.

[little-107] As president of the senate, Moore acted as governor until the legislature adjourned,[68] at which time a new president pro tempore of the senate was chosen, Pindall, who acted as governor until his senate term expired.[69] For the remaining three days of the gubernatorial term, Martin, the new president pro tempore of the senate, acted as governor.[70]

[109] Robinson resigned to take office in the United States Senate.[71]

[robinson-115] Oldham acted as governor for six days before a new president of the senate was elected.[73] The new president, Futrell, acted as governor[74] until Hays was elected in a special election to fill the remainder of the term.[75] Conflict over whether or not Futrell could succeed Oldham as acting governor led to the Arkansas Supreme Court ruling that he could.[76]

[118] Some sources state Hays succeeded Futrell on July 23, but that was when the special election that chose Hays occurred; he was sworn in on August 6.[77][78]

[120] Sources disagree on whether Brough succeeded Hays on January 10 or January 11; a contemporary source states January 10.[79]

[122] Sources disagree on whether McRae succeeded Brough on January 11 or January 12; a slim majority of sources say January 12.[80]

[125] Terral lost the Democratic nomination to John Ellis Martineau.[82]

[127] Martineau resigned to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas[83]

[130] Most sources say Parnell resigned on March 2, though a few say March 4; however, it appears this was the day he was nominated for the judgeship, as contemporary news sources indicate he did not resign until March 14.[84][85]

[132] Bailey lost the Democratic nomination to Homer Martin Adkins.[86]

[134] McMath lost the Democratic nomination to Francis Cherry.[87]

[135] Cherry lost the Democratic nomination to Orval Faubus.[87]

[136] Bumpers resigned to take office in the United States Senate.[29]

[lt-acting-138] Riley and Purcell are generally considered to have only acted as governor, remaining lieutenant governor, rather than fully succeeding to the office and leaving the old office behind; it's probable this is because an elected successor was taking office within a few days.

[139] Pryor resigned to take office in the United States Senate.[29]

[ltgov-dem-140] Represented the Democratic Party

[141] Clinton resigned to be President of the United States.[29]

[142] First term under a 1984 constitutional amendment, which lengthened terms to four years.[19]

[144] Tucker resigned after being convicted of mail fraud in the Whitewater scandal;[89]

[ltgov-rep-145] Represented the Republican Party

[148] Hutchinson's second term began on January 15, 2019, and will expire on January 10, 2023.

[1] Council of State Governments. "Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries - 2016" (PDF). Retrieved August 21, 2019.

[2] AR Const. art. VI

[ar-timeline-3] "Arkansas History Timeline (1819–1861)". Historic Arkansas Museum. Retrieved October 11, 2016.

[5] 3 Stat. 493

[ea2270-6] "Robert Crittenden (1797–1834)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 14, 2008.

[ea2872-7] "James Miller (1776–1851)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 31, 2007.

[10] "George Izard (1776–1828)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved August 31, 2007.

[13] Bruce, Henry Addington (1909). The Romance of American Expansion. Moffat, Yard & Company. p. 86.

[15] Williams, Nancy A.; Jeannie M. Whayne (2000). Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives. University of Arkansas Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-55728-587-4.

[17] Hempstead, Fay (1911). Historical Review of Arkansas: Its Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, Volume 1. Retrieved December 9, 2018.

[bioguide-fulton-19] "Fulton, William Savin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 31, 2007.

[21] 5 Stat. 50

[22] "Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.

[23] An Act to admit the State of Arkansas into the Confederacy Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015

[flanagin-24] "Harris Flanagin (1817–1874)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved January 18, 2008.

[25] 15 Stat. 72

[1836const-art5sec4-26] 1836 Const. art. V, § 4

[const-a6-s1-27] AR Const. art. VI, § 1

[const-amend63-28] AR Const. amendment 63

[29] Wickline, Michael R. (November 4, 2020). "2 issues on state ballot approved by voters". Arkansas Online.

[30] "State Term Limits". Retrieved October 11, 2016.

[31] 1836 Const. art. V, § 18

[32] 1861 Const. art. V, § 18

[33] 1864 Const. art. VI, § 19

[34] 1864 Const. art. VI, § 20

[35] 1864 Const. art. VI, § 23

[36] 1868 Const. art. VI, § 1

[37] AR Const. art. VI, § 12

[ltgov-38] "About The Office – Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas". Retrieved September 6, 2016.

[39] Bryant v. English, 311 Ark. 187 (Arkansas Supreme Court 1992).

[41] "Office of the Governor". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved April 18, 2018.

[ea5676-43] "Office of the Governor". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[nga-yell-47] "Archibald Yell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[nga-drew-49] "Thomas Stevenson Drew". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[eoa-drew-50] "Thomas Stevenson Drew". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

[51] "The Inaugural of the Governor". Weekly Arkansas Gazette. November 13, 1844. Retrieved December 12, 2018. Thomas S. Drew, our Governor elect, was installed into office, on last Saturday..."; "Saturday, Nov. 9: This day being set part for the inauguration of the Governor, nothing was done.

[nga-roane-54] "John Selden Roane". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[nga-conwaye-56] "Elias Nelson Conway". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[eoa-rector-57] "Henry Massie Recor (1816-1899)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

[58] "No title". The Arkansian. November 24, 1860. Retrieved December 12, 2018. Judge Henry M. Rector, Governor elect was inaugurated on Thursday the 15th inst., ... Cite uses generic title (help)

[60] "Henry Massie Rector". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[61] Yearns, Wilfred Buck (May 1, 2010). The Confederate Governors. p. 51. ISBN 9780820335575. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[fletcher-62] Hempstead, Fay (1911). Historical Review of Arkansas: Its Commerce, Industry and Modern Affairs, Volume 1. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 250. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[Hodges1913-64] Hodges, Earle W. (1913). Arkansas Biennial Report of the Secretary of State. Little Rock: Tunnah & Pittard. p. 104.

[65] 1861 Const. art. IV, § 8

[67] "Harris Flanagin". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[68] "No title". Weekly Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Arkansas. November 8, 1862. p. 2. Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Cite uses generic title (help)

[72] 1864 Const. art. IV, § 8

[74] Sobel p. 71

[75] Herndon p. 287

[ea3711-76] "Ozro Amander Hadley (1826–1915)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

[78] Herndon p. 293

[80] "The Democracy". Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Arkansas. September 11, 1874. p. 1. Retrieved July 13, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.

[nga-baxter-83] "Elisha Baxter". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[85] Herndon p. 306

[86] Sobel p. 74

[nga-berry-88] "James Henderson Berry". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[89] Arkansas Biennial Report of the Auditor of State. Office of Auditor of State, Arkansas. 1886. p. 39. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[90] "Simon Pollard Hughes". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[92] "Simon Pollard Hughes (1830-1906)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved December 9, 2018.

[93] "No title". The Courier-Journal. Louisville, Kentucky. January 15, 1893. Retrieved December 9, 2018. Cite uses generic title (help)

[94] "No title". Daily Arkansas Gazette. Little Rock, Kentucky. January 19, 1895. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Hon. James P. Clarke, who subscribed to the oath of office as Governor of Arkansas on Friday morning... Cite uses generic title (help)

[nga-clarke-95] "James Paul Clarke". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[97] "Jeff Davis Inaugurated". Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. January 19, 1901. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Jan. 18—Governor Jefferson Davis was inaugurated today...

[nga-davis-98] "Jefferson Davis". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[nga-little-100] "John Sebastian Little". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[102] Governors of Arkansas. University of Arkansas Press. 1981. ISBN 9781610751711. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[nga-moore-104] "John Isaac Moore". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[nga-pindall-105] "Xenophon Overton Pindall". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[106] "John Sebastian Little (1851–1916)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

[nga-robinson-108] "Joseph Taylor Robinson". National Governors Association. Retrieved June 10, 2019.

[110] "Gov. Robinson's Busy Day". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. March 10, 1913. Retrieved December 13, 2018. March 8: Gov. Joe T. Robinson today ... signed his own commission as United States Senator and completed the day's activity by sending his resignation as Governor...

[nga-oldham-111] "William Kavanaugh Oldham". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[nga-futrell-112] "Junius Marion Futrell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[nga-hays-113] "George Washington Hays". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[114] Futrell v. Oldham, 107 Ark. 386 (Arkansas Supreme Court 1913).

[116] Colby, Frank Moore, ed. (1914). New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 63. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[117] Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Somerset Publishers, Inc. 1998. p. 145. ISBN 978-0403098507. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[119] Monthly Checklist of State Publications. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1917. p. 61. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[121] Capace, Nancy (January 1, 1998). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. p. 147. ISBN 9780403098507. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[123] Capace, Nancy (January 1, 1998). Encyclopedia of Arkansas. p. 148. ISBN 9780403098507. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[124] Sobel p. 88

[nga-martineau-126] "John Ellis Martineau". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[128] "unknown". Weekly Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. March 17, 1928. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Memphis, Tenn., March 15: ... Attending the conference were: Judge Martineau, who until yesterday was governor of Arkansas... Cite uses generic title (help)

[129] "Arkansas Chief Resigns". Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. March 15, 1928. Retrieved December 13, 2018.

[131] "AR Governor - D Primary 1940". Our Campaigns. Retrieved July 10, 2019.

[sobel-93-133] Sobel p. 93

[137] "Bob Cowley Riley". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved September 5, 2015.

[143] R.H., Melton; Michael Haddigan (May 29, 1996). "Three Guilty in Arkansas Fraud Trial". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2018.

[146] "GOP wins one in Arkansas – Republican Party; Mike Huckabee | Campaigns & Elections | Find Articles at BNET.com". FindArticles. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.

[147] "Rockefeller sworn in as lieutenant governor". Blytheville Courier. Blytheville, Arkansas. November 19, 1996. Retrieved December 13, 2018.