Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)

Heat of vaporization

kJ/mol
1 H hydrogen (H2)
use(H2) 0.904
CRC(H2) 0.90
LNG0.904
2 He helium
use0.0829
CRC0.08
LNG0.0829
WEL0.083
3 Li lithium
use136
LNG147.1
WEL147
Zhang et al.136
4 Be beryllium
use292
LNG297
WEL297
Zhang et al.292
5 B boron
use508
CRC480
LNG480
WEL507
Zhang et al.508
6 C carbon
use
WEL(sublimation) 715
7 N nitrogen (N2)
use(N2) 5.57
CRC(N2) 5.57
LNG(N2) 5.577
WEL(per mole N atoms) 2.79
Zhang et al.5.58
8 O oxygen (O2)
use(O2) 6.82
CRC(O2) 6.82
LNG(O2) 6.820
WEL(per mole O atoms) 3.41
Zhang et al.6.82
9 F fluorine (F2)
use(F2) 6.62
CRC(F2) 6.62
LNG(F2) 6.62
WEL(per mole F atoms) 3.27
Zhang et al.6.32
10 Ne neon
use1.71
CRC1.71
LNG1.71
WEL1.75
Zhang et al.1.9
11 Na sodium
use97.42
LNG97.42
WEL97.7
Zhang et al.97.4
12 Mg magnesium
use128
LNG128
WEL128
Zhang et al.132
13 Al aluminium
use284
CRC294
LNG294.0
WEL293
Zhang et al.284
14 Si silicon
use359
LNG359
WEL359
Zhang et al.383
15 P phosphorus
use12.4
CRC12.4
LNG12.4
WEL12.4
Zhang et al.51.9 (white)
16 S sulfur
use(mono) 45
CRC45
LNG(mono) 45
WEL9.8
Zhang et al.45
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2)
use(Cl2) 20.41
CRC(Cl2) 20.41
LNG(Cl2) 20.41
WEL(per mole Cl atoms) 10.2
Zhang et al.20.4
18 Ar argon
use6.53
CRC6.43
LNG6.43
WEL6.5
Zhang et al.6.53
19 K potassium
use76.90
LNG76.90
WEL76.9
Zhang et al.79.1
20 Ca calcium
use154.7
LNG154.7
WEL155
Zhang et al.153
21 Sc scandium
use332.7
LNG332.7
WEL318
Zhang et al.310
22 Ti titanium
use425
LNG425
WEL425
Zhang et al.427
23 V vanadium
use444
LNG459
WEL453
Zhang et al.451
24 Cr chromium
use339.5
LNG339.5
WEL339
Zhang et al.347
25 Mn manganese
use221
LNG221
WEL220
Zhang et al.225
26 Fe iron
use340
LNG340
WEL347
Zhang et al.354
27 Co cobalt
use377
LNG377
WEL375
Zhang et al.390
28 Ni nickel
use379
LNG377.5
WEL378
Zhang et al.379
29 Cu copper
use300.4
LNG300.4
WEL300
Zhang et al.305
30 Zn zinc
use115
LNG123.6
WEL119
Zhang et al.115
31 Ga gallium
use256
CRC254
LNG254
WEL256
Zhang et al.256
32 Ge germanium
use334
CRC334
LNG334
WEL334
Zhang et al.330
33 As arsenic
use32.4
WEL32.4 (sublimation)
Zhang et al.32.4
34 Se selenium
use95.48
CRC95.48
LNG95.48
WEL26
Zhang et al.95.5
35 Br bromine (Br2)
use(Br2) 29.96
CRC(Br2) 29.96
LNG(Br2) 29.96
WEL(per mole Br atoms) 14.8
Zhang et al.30
36 Kr krypton
use9.08
CRC9.08
LNG9.08
WEL9.02
Zhang et al.9.03
37 Rb rubidium
use75.77
LNG75.77
WEL72
Zhang et al.69
38 Sr strontium
use141
LNG136.9
WEL137
Zhang et al.141
39 Y yttrium
use390
LNG365
WEL380
Zhang et al.363
40 Zr zirconium
use573
LNG573
WEL580
Zhang et al.591
41 Nb niobium
use689.9
LNG689.9
WEL690
Zhang et al.682
42 Mo molybdenum
use617
LNG617
WEL600
Zhang et al.617
43 Tc technetium
use585.2
LNG585.2
WEL550
44 Ru ruthenium
use619
LNG591.6
WEL580
Zhang et al.619
45 Rh rhodium
use494
LNG494
WEL495
Zhang et al.493
46 Pd palladium
use358
LNG362
WEL380
Zhang et al.358
47 Ag silver
use254
LNG258
WEL255
Zhang et al.254
48 Cd cadmium
use99.87
CRC99.87
LNG99.9
WEL100
Zhang et al.100
49 In indium
use231.8
LNG231.8
WEL230
Zhang et al.225
50 Sn tin
use(white) 296.1
LNG(white) 296.1
WEL290
Zhang et al.296
51 Sb antimony
use193.43
LNG193.43
WEL68
Zhang et al.193
52 Te tellurium
use114.1
CRC114.1
LNG114.1
WEL48
Zhang et al.114
53 I iodine (I2)
use(I2) 41.57
CRC(I2) 41.57
LNG(I2) 41.6
WEL(per mole I atoms) 20.9
Zhang et al.41.6
54 Xe xenon
use12.64
CRC12.57
LNG12.64
WEL12.64
Zhang et al.12.6
55 Cs caesium
use63.9
LNG63.9
WEL65
Zhang et al.66.1
56 Ba barium
use140.3
CRC140
LNG140.3
WEL140
Zhang et al.142
57 La lanthanum
use400
LNG402.1
WEL400
Zhang et al.400
58 Ce cerium
use398
LNG398
WEL350
Zhang et al.398
59 Pr praseodymium
use331
LNG331
WEL330
Zhang et al.331
60 Nd neodymium
use289
LNG289
WEL285
Zhang et al.289
61 Pm promethium
use289
LNG289
WEL290
62 Sm samarium
use192
LNG165
WEL175
Zhang et al.192
63 Eu europium
use176
LNG176
WEL175
Zhang et al.176
64 Gd gadolinium
use301.3
LNG301.3
WEL305
Zhang et al.301
65 Tb terbium
use391
LNG293
WEL295
Zhang et al.391
66 Dy dysprosium
use280
LNG280
WEL280
Zhang et al.280
67 Ho holmium
use251
LNG71
WEL265
Zhang et al.251
68 Er erbium
use280
LNG280
WEL285
Zhang et al.280
69 Tm thulium
use191
LNG247
WEL250
Zhang et al.191
70 Yb ytterbium
use129
LNG159
WEL160
Zhang et al.129
71 Lu lutetium
use414
LNG414
WEL415
Zhang et al.414
72 Hf hafnium
use648
LNG571
WEL630
Zhang et al.648
73 Ta tantalum
use732.8
LNG732.8
WEL735
Zhang et al.753
74 W tungsten
use806.7
LNG806.7
WEL800
Zhang et al.774
75 Re rhenium
use704
LNG704
WEL705
Zhang et al.707
76 Os osmium
use678
LNG738
WEL630
Zhang et al.678
77 Ir iridium
use564
LNG231.8
WEL560
Zhang et al.564
78 Pt platinum
use510
LNG469
WEL490
Zhang et al.510
79 Au gold
use342
CRC324
LNG324
WEL330
Zhang et al.342
80 Hg mercury
use59.11
CRC59.11
LNG59.1
WEL59.2
Zhang et al.58.2
81 Tl thallium
use165
LNG165
WEL165
Zhang et al.162
82 Pb lead
use179.5
CRC179.5
LNG179.5
WEL178
Zhang et al.177
83 Bi bismuth
use179
CRC151
LNG151
WEL160
Zhang et al.179
84 Po polonium
use102.91
LNG102.91
WELabout 100
85 At astatine
use54.39 (At2)
GME54.39 (At2)
WELabout 40
86 Rn radon
use18.10
LNG18.10
WEL17
87 Fr francium
useca. 65
WELabout 65
88 Ra radium
use113
LNG113
WELabout 125
89 Ac actinium
use400
WEL400
90 Th thorium
use514
LNG514
WEL530
91 Pa protactinium
use481
LNG481
WEL470
92 U uranium
use417.1
LNG417.1
WEL420
93 Np neptunium
use336
LNG336
WEL335
94 Pu plutonium
use333.5
LNG333.5
WEL325

Notes

  • Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).

References

Zhang et al.

Zhang Y; Evans JRG & Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.

CRC

As quoted from various sources in an online version of:

  • David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Enthalpy of Vaporization

GME

  • Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin handbook of inorganic and organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-93516-9, pp. 116–117

LNG

As quoted from various sources in:

  • J.A. Dean (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

WEL

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:

  • G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
  • D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
  • A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
  • H. Ellis (ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman, London, UK, 1972.

See also

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