Henri Grégoire

Henri Jean-Baptiste Grégoire (French: [ɑ̃ʁi ɡʁeɡwaʁ]; 4 December 1750 – 28 May 1831), often referred to as the Abbé Grégoire, was a French Catholic priest, Constitutional bishop of Blois and a revolutionary leader. He was an ardent abolitionist of human slavery and supporter of universal suffrage. He was a founding member of the Bureau des longitudes, the Institut de France, and the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.

For the 20th-century Belgian Byzantinologist, see Henri Grégoire (historian).
Henri Grégoire
5th President of the National Convention
In office
8 August 1793 – 22 August 1793
Preceded byMarie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles
Succeeded byBertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
for Isère
In office
11 September 1819 – 4 November 1820
Succeeded byAuguste Ravez
ConstituencyUnknown
Member of the Conservative Senate
In office
25 December 1801 – 11 April 1814
MonarchNapoleon I
Preceded byAaron Jean François Crassous
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Member of the Legislative Body
for Loir-et-Cher
In office
25 December 1800 – 25 December 1801
ConstituencyBlois
Member of the Council of Five Hundred
for Loir-et-Cher
In office
2 November 1795 – 10 November 1799
ConstituencyBlois
Member of the National Convention
for Loir-et-Cher
In office
20 September 1792 – 2 November 1795
ConstituencyBlois
Member of the National Constituent Assembly
In office
9 July 1789 – 30 September 1791
ConstituencyNancy
Member of the Estates-General
for the First Estate
In office
13 June 1789 – 9 July 1789
ConstituencyNancy
Personal details
Born
Henri Jean-Baptiste Grégoire

(1750-12-04)4 December 1750
Vého, near Lunéville, France
Died28 May 1831(1831-05-28) (aged 80)
Paris, France
Resting placePanthéon, Paris
Political partyLeft Group (1789–1791)
Marais (1791–1795)
Thermidorian (1795–1799)
Anti-Bonapartist (1799–1814)
Liberal Left (1819–1820)
Alma materUniversity of Nancy
ProfessionClergyman
Signature

Early life and education

Grégoire was born in Vého near Lunéville, France, as the son of a tailor. Educated at the Jesuit college at Nancy, he became curé (parish priest) of Emberménil in 1782. In 1783 he was crowned by the Academy of Nancy for his Eloge de la poésie, and in 1788 by that of Metz for an Essai sur la régénération physique et morale des Juifs.

He was elected in 1789 by the clergy of the bailliage of Nancy to the Estates-General, where he soon made his name as one of the group of clerical and lay deputies of Jansenist or Gallican sympathies who supported the Revolution. He was one of the first of the clergy to join the third estate, and thus contributed notably to the union of the three orders; he presided in the session that lasted sixty-two hours while the Bastille was being attacked by the mob, and spoke vehemently against the enemies of the nation. He later took a leading role in the abolition of the privileges of the nobility and the Church.

Career and contributions

Constitutional bishop

Under the new Civil Constitution of the Clergy, to which he was the first priest to take the oath (27 December 1790), Grégoire was elected bishop by two départements. He selected that of Loir-et-Cher, but assumed the old title of bishop of Blois, and for ten years (1791–1801) governed his diocese with exemplary zeal.[1] An ardent republican, he strongly supported Collot d'Herbois' motion for the abolition of the monarchy in the first session of the National Convention (21 September 1792) with the memorable phrase "Kings are in morality what monsters are in the world of nature."[2]

On 15 November 1792, he delivered a speech in which he demanded that King Louis XVI be brought to trial, and immediately afterwards was elected president of the Convention, over which he presided in his episcopal street dress. During the trial, being absent with other three colleagues on a mission for the union of Savoy to France, he along with them wrote a letter urging the condemnation of the king, but attempted to save the life of the monarch by proposing that the death penalty should be suspended.

When, on 7 November 1793, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, bishop of Paris, was intimidated into resigning his episcopal office at the bar of the Convention, Grégoire, who was temporarily absent, hearing what had happened, faced the indignation of many deputies, refusing to give up either his religion or his office. This display of courage ultimately saved him from the guillotine.

Throughout the Reign of Terror, in spite of attacks in the Convention, in the press, and on placards posted at the street corners, Grégroire appeared in the streets in his episcopal dress and celebrated daily Mass in his house. He was then the first to advocate the reopening of the churches (speech of 21 December 1794).

Grégoire also coined the term vandalism in reference to the destruction of property that occurred during the Revolution, both that which was ordered by the National Convention and that which occurred at the hands of the French people. In a series of three reports issued to the National Convention in 1794, Grégoire advocated for additional protection of art works, architecture, inscriptions, books, and manuscripts. He is credited by scholars, such as Joseph Sax and Stanley Izerda, as one of the founders of the idea of preservation of cultural objects.

Annihilating the dialects of France
Further information: Language policy in France

The Abbé Grégoire is also known for advocating a unified French national language, and for writing the Rapport sur la Nécessité et les Moyens d'anéantir les Patois et d'universaliser l'Usage de la Langue française (Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalise the use of the French language),[3] which he presented on 4 June 1794 to the National Convention.[4] According to his own research, a vast majority of people in France spoke one of thirty-three dialects or patois and he argued that French had to be imposed on the population and all other dialects eradicated. According to his classification, which was not necessarily reliable, Corsican and Alsatian were described as "highly degenerate" (très-dégénérés) forms respectively of Italian and German, while Occitan was decomposed into a variety of syntactically loose local remnants of the language of troubadours, mutually unintelligible, and should be abandoned in favour of the language of the capital. This began a process, expanded dramatically by the policies of Jules Ferry a century later, that led to increasing disuse of the regional parlances of France.

Advocate of equality
Title page of Grégoire's 1808 book on Negro literature

Racial equality

In October 1789, Grégoire took a great interest in abolitionism, after meeting Julien Raimond, a free coloured planter from Saint-Domingue, who was trying to win admission to the Constituent Assembly as the representative of his group. Grégoire published numerous pamphlets, and later books, on the subject of racial equality. Grégoire also became an influential member of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks, although this group and many others like it were seen as radical at the time. As a member of the National Assembly, Grégoire supported seemingly opposing views, such as the eradication of slavery in France but also maintaining his position as a member of the Clergy, who were known (in majority) to want to keep slavery within France and its colonies. It was on Grégoire's motion in May 1791 that the Constituent Assembly passed its first law admitting some wealthy free men of colour in the French colonies to the same rights as whites. Later he was recognized for his work De la littérature des Nègres on the literature of Black writers as it showed readers that the Blacks are equal in every way to whites, including intellectually.[5] In 1810, the work was published in New York in an English translation by the Irish republican exile in Paris, David Bailie Warden.[6]

Jewish equality

Grégoire was considered a friend of the Jewish people. He argued that in the French society, the supposed degeneracy of Jews was not inherent, but rather a result of their circumstances. He blamed the condition of the Jews on the way they had been treated, their persecution by Christians, and the "ridiculous" teachings of their rabbis, and believed they could be brought into mainstream society and made citizens.[7]

Political career after 1795

After the establishment of the Directory in 1795, Grégoire was elected to the Council of Five Hundred. He and his fellow council members opposed the coup d’état of 18 Brumaire in which Napoleon seized power and the Hundred Days.[5] The Council issued a proclamation the day after the coup, and so it was named The Council of Five Hundred Concurs. The council warned in this proclamation that this coup would cause France to revert to the times before the Revolution.[8]

After Napoleon Bonaparte took power in 1799, Grégoire became a member of the Corps Législatif, then of the Senate (1801). He took the lead in the national Church councils of 1797 and 1801; but he was strenuously opposed to Napoleon Bonaparte's policy of reconciliation with the Holy See, and after the signature of the Concordat he resigned his episcopal see on 8 October 1801. He was one of the minority of five in the Senate who voted against the proclamation of the French Empire, and he opposed the creation of a new French nobility and Napoleon's divorce from Joséphine de Beauharnais. Notwithstanding this, he was created a Count and officer of the Légion d'honneur.[9]

During the later years of Napoleon's reign he travelled to England and Germany, but in 1814 he returned to France. In 1814 he published De la constitution française de l'an 1814, in which he commented on the Charter from a Liberal point of view, and this work reached its fourth edition in 1819, in which year he was elected to the Lower Chamber by the département of Isère. This was considered a potentially harmful episode by the powers of the Quintuple Alliance, and the question was raised of a fresh armed intervention in France under the terms of the secret Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. To prevent this, Louis XVIII decided on a modification of the franchise; the Dessolles ministry resigned; and the first act of Count Decazes, the new premier, was to annul the election of Grégoire.

After the restoration of the Bourbons, Grégoire remained influential, though as a revolutionary and a schismatic bishop he was also the object of hatred by royalists. He was expelled from the Institut de France. From this time onward the former bishop lived in retirement, occupying himself in literary pursuits and in correspondence with other intellectual figures of Europe. He was compelled to sell his library to obtain means of support.

Later life

Death and funeral

Despite his revolutionary Gallican and liberal views, Grégoire considered himself a devout Catholic. During his final illness, he confessed to his parish curé, a priest of Jansenist sympathies, expressing his desire for the last Sacraments of the Church. Hyacinthe-Louis De Quelen, the uncompromising royalist Archbishop of Paris, would only concede on condition that he retract his oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which Grégoire refused to do.

In defiance of the Archbishop, the Abbé Baradère gave Grégoire the viaticum, while the rite of extreme unction was administered by the Abbé Guillon, an opponent of the Civil Constitution, without consulting the Archbishop or the parish curé. The attitude of the Archbishop caused uproar in Paris, and the government deployed troops to avoid a repetition of the riots in February of that year which had led to the sacking of the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois and the archbishop's palace. Grégoire's funeral was held at the church of the Abbaye-aux-Bois. Its clergy absented in obedience to the archbishop's orders, and Mass was sung by the Abbé Louis-Charles de Grieu (1755-1836), assisted by two clerics, the catafalque being decorated with the episcopal insignia. The horses were unyoked from the hearse after it set out from the church, and it was pulled by students to the cemetery of Montparnasse, the cortege being followed by a crowd of some 20,000 people.

Bibliography

Besides several political pamphlets, Grégoire was the author of:

  • De la littérature des nègres, ou Recherches sur leurs facultés intellectuelles, leurs qualités morales et leur littérature (1808)
  • Histoire des sectes religieuses, depuis le commencement du siècle dernier jusqu'à l'époque actuelle (a vols., 1810)
  • Essai historique sur les libertés de l'église gallicane (1818)
  • De l'influence du Christianisme sur la condition des femmes (1821)
  • Histoire des confesseurs des empereurs, des rois, et d'autres princes (1824)
  • Histoire du manage des primes en France (1826).
  • Grégoireana, ou résumé général de la conduite, des actions, et des écrits de M. le comte Henri Grégkoire, preceded by a biographical notice by Cousin d'Avalon, was published in 1821; and the Mémoires ... de Grégoire, with a biographical notice by H Carnot, appeared in 1837 (2 vols.).

References
  1. Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791-1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 110–117.
  2. Fisher, Herbert A. L. (1910). The Republican Tradition in Europe. The Harvard University Lowell Lectures.
  3. "Rapport Grégoire an II". Languefrancaise.net (in French). 18 November 2003. Archived from the original on 23 November 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2007.
  4. Dann, Otto (2006). Tim Blanning; Hagen Schulze (eds.). The Invention of National Languages: Unity and Diversity in European Culture C. 1800. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 126.
  5. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (June 6, 2007). "Henri Grégoire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  6. Grégoire, Henri (1810). An Enquiry Concerning the Intellectual and Moral Faculties, and Literature of Negroes (Translated by D. B. Warden ed.). Brooklyn: Thomas Kirk. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  7. Sepinwall, Alyssa (March 2005). The Abbé Grégoire and the French Revolution. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520241800.
  8. Stewart, John Hall (1951). A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution. New York: Macmillan. pp. 765–767.
  9. "Certificate of the Legion of Honor - LEONORE". Culture.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2015.

Sources
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Grégoire, Henri". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.; This in turn gives the following references:
    • A. Debidour, L'Abbé Grégoire (1881).
    • A. Gazier, Etudes sur l'histoire religieuse de la Révolution Française (1883).
    • L. Maggiolo, La Vie et les œuvres de l'abbé Grégoire (Nancy, 1884).
    • Numerous articles in La Révolution Française; E. Meaume, Étude hist. et biog. sur les Lorrains révolutionnaires (Nancy, 1882).
    • Numerous articles in A. Gazier, Études sur l'histoire religieuse de la Révolution Française (1887).

Further reading
  • Byrnes, Joseph F. (2014). Priests of the French Revolution: Saints and Renegades in a New Political Era. University Park PA USA: Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-06490-1.
  • Debidour, Antonin. "L'abbé Grégoire", Nancy, Imprimerie Paul Sordoillet, 1881.
  • Hermon-Belot, Rita. L'abbé Grégoire, la politique et la vérité, Paris: Éd. du Seuil, 2000
  • Bénot, Yves, et al. (2000). Grégoire et la cause des noirs (1789–1831): combats et projects, sous la dir. de Yves Bénot, Saint Denis [etc.], Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer [etc.], 2000.
  • Gibson, William. "The Abbé Grégoire and the French Revolution," The Nineteenth Century, Vol. XXXIV, July/December, 1893.
  • Grégoire, Henri. De la Noblesse de la peau ou Du préjugé des blancs contre la couleur des Africains et celle de leurs descendants noirs et sang-mêlés (1826), Grenoble: Millon, 2002.
  • Grégoire, Henri. "De la traite et de l'esclavage des noirs et des blancs", Paris, Adrien Egron, 1815.
  • Grégoire, Henri. "Lettre aux philantropes, sur les malheurs, les droit et les réclamations des Gens de couleur de Saint-Domingue, et des autres îles françoises de l'Amérique", Paris, Belin, 1790.
  • Necheles, Ruth F. The Abbé Grégoire, 1787-1831: The odyssey of an egalitarian, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Pub. Corp., 1971.
  • Popkin, Jeremy D.; Popkin, R. H. (2000). The Abbé Grégoire and his World. Boston-London-Dordrecht: Klewer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6247-0.
  • Sax, Joseph L. "Historic Preservation as a Public Duty: The Abbe Gregoire and the Origin of an Idea", Michigan Law Review, vol. 88, no. 5 (April 1990), pp. 1142–69.
  • Sepinwall, Alyssa Goldstein (2005). The Abbé Grégoire and the French Revolution: The Making of Modern Universalism. Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93109-1.
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