French First Republic

In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.

French Republic

République française
1792–1804
Flag
(1794–1804)
Motto: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ou la Mort
("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death")
Anthem: Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin[1]
("War Song for the Army of the Rhine")
The French Republic in 1801
CapitalParis
Common languages
Religion
Government1792–1795 Authoritarian directorial revolutionary republic

1795–1799 Oligarchical directorial republic

1799–1804 Autocratic republic
President of the National Convention 
 1792
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (first)
 1795
Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (last)
President of the Directory 
 1795–1799
By rotation: 3 months duration
First Consul 
 1799–1804
Napoléon Bonaparte
LegislatureParliament
Council of Ancients (1795–1799)
Historical eraFrench Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
21 September 1792
10 March 1793 – 27 July 1794
27 July 1794
6 September 1795
4 September 1797
18 June 1799
9 November 1799
24 December 1799
27 March 1802
 Napoleonic Wars begins
18 May 1803
 Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed emperor by the Senate
18 May 1804
 Officially renamed to the “French Empire
1 January 1809 1804
Currencylivre (to 1794), franc, assignat
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Swiss Confederacy
Austrian Netherlands
Comtat Venaissin
Principality of Monaco
Duchy of Savoy
First French Empire
Today part of Canada
 France
 Germany
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
  Switzerland
 Italy
 Monaco
 Malta
 United States of America

End of the monarchy in France

Under the Legislative Assembly, which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic , France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria. In July 1792, the Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, in which he threatened the destruction of Paris should any harm come to the King Louis XVI of France. The foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the violence of 10 August 1792, citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace, killing six hundred of the King's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king.[2] A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city's prisons, killing over half of the prisoners. This included nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also numerous common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves, many murdered in their cells—raped, stabbed, and slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres.[3]

National Convention

As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France's Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution. The convention's first act was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. Louis XVI, by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet, was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he was convicted, and on 21 January, he was executed by guillotine.[4]

Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, and was given a monumental task: "To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés, food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany, recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general."[5] Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever-increasing rate, beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror.[6]

Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an "emergency" government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control.

Directory

After the arrest and execution of Robespierre on 28 July 1794, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III. They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body. On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred (with, accordingly, 500 members), and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability, caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies called Assignats,[7] and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory lasted only four years, until overthrown in 1799.

Consulate

The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul. He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French, ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire.[8]

Leading heads of the Republic

The constitution of the republic did not provide for a formal head of state or a head of government. It could be discussed whether the head of state would have been the president of the National Assembly under international law. However, this changed every two weeks and was therefore not formative. The following list is based on the actual positions of power within the executive:

Political factions

  Bonapartist
  Independent
  Girondins
  The Mountain
  The Plain
  Thermidorians

No. Portrait Name
(birth and death)
Term of office Political party Ref.
Georges Danton
(1759–1794)
21 September 1792 9 October 1792 Cordeliers (The Mountain)
Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
(1734–1793)
9 October 1792 23 January 1793 Girondins
Étienne Clavière
(1735–1793)
23 January 1793 2 June 1793 Girondins
Georges Danton
(1759–1794)
2 June 1793 10 July 1793 Cordeliers (The Mountain)
10 July 1793 27 July 1793
Maximilien Robespierre
(1758–1794)
27 July 1793 27 July 1794 Jacobins (The Mountain)
Lazare Carnot
(1753–1823)
27 July 1794 6 October 1794 The Plain
Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
(1753–1824)
6 October 1794 8 November 1794 The Plain
Lazare Carnot
(1753–1823)
8 November 1794 3 March 1795 The Plain
Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
(1753–1824)
3 March 1795 2 November 1795 The Plain
Lazare Carnot
(1753–1823)
2 November 1795 4 September 1797 Independent
Paul Barras
(1755–1829)
4 September 1797 18 June 1799 Thermidorians
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
(1748–1836)
18 June 1799 9 November 1799 Independent
Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769–1821)
9 November 1799 18 May 1804 Bonapartist
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the Conservative Senate.

See also

References

  1. Mould, Michael (2011). The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-136-82573-6. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  2. Censer, Jack R. and Hunt, Lynn. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.
  3. Doyle, William. The Oxford History of The French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. pp 191–92.
  4. Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. pp 196.
  5. The French Revolution [videorecording] : liberté, egalité, fraternité, a hitler Jr. is born in blood / produced & directed by Doug Shultz; written by Doug Shultz, Hilary Sio, Thomas Emil. [New York, N.Y.] : History Channel : Distributed in the U.S. by New Video, 2005.
  6. "Robespierre and the Terror | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  7. "J.E. Sandrock: "Bank notes of the French Revolution" and First Republic" (PDF).
  8. "Paris: Capital of the 19th Century". library.brown.edu. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.