Indiana Dunes National Park

Indiana Dunes National Park is a United States National Park located in Northwestern Indiana, managed by the National Park Service. It was authorized by Congress in 1966 as the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, the name by which it was known until it was designated the nation's 61st national park on February 15, 2019.[2] The park runs for about 20 miles (32 km) along the southern shore of Lake Michigan; it contains approximately 15,000 acres (6,100 ha). Its visitors center is in Porter, Indiana. Located in the park are sand dune, wetland, prairie, river, and forest ecosystems.

Indiana Dunes National Park
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
LocationPorter County, Lake County and LaPorte County, Indiana, United States
Nearest cityBeverly Shores, Indiana
Porter, Indiana
Coordinates41°38′53″N 87°06′29″W
Area15,067 acres (60.97 km2)
EstablishedNovember 5, 1966 (national lakeshore)
February 15, 2019 (national park)
Visitors2,134,285[1] (in 2019)
Governing bodyNational Park Service
WebsiteIndiana Dunes National Park

Indiana Dunes National Park has acquired about 95% of the property within the authorized boundaries. Several of its holdings are non-contiguous and do not include the 2,182-acre (883 ha) Indiana Dunes State Park, which is within the boundaries of the national park but is owned, managed, and protected by the state of Indiana. The national park is divided into 15 parcels of various acreage. Along the lakefront, the eastern area is roughly the lake shore south to U.S. 12 or U.S. 20 between Michigan City, Indiana, on the east and the ArcelorMittal steel plant on the west. A small extension, south of the steel mill continues west along Salt Creek to Indiana 249. The western area is roughly the shoreline south to U.S. 12 between the Burns Ditch west to Broadway in downtown Gary, Indiana. In addition, there are several outlying areas, including Pinhook Bog, in LaPorte County to the east; the Heron Rookery in Porter County, the center of the park; and the Calumet Prairie State Nature Preserve and the Hobart Prairie Grove, both in Lake County, the western end of the park. Also within the National Park is the Hoosier Prairie State Nature Preserve, managed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.

History
Main article: History of the Indiana Dunes
West side of the national park
East side of the national park

There is little evidence of permanent Native American communities forming during the earlier years; rather, the evidence suggests that seasonal hunting camps were the norm. The earliest evidence for permanent camps was the occupation of the Ohio valley by the Hopewell culture. Five groups of mounds have been documented in the dunes area. These mounds are consistent with the period of 200 BCE (Goodall Focus) to 800 CE (early Mississippian),[3] though even that was a short lived permanency. Beginning in the 1500s, European exploration and trade introduced more changes to the human environment. Tribal animosities and traditional European competition affected tribal relations. Entire populations began moving westward, while others sought to dominate large geographic trading areas. Once again, the dunes became a middle point on a journey from the east or the west. It continued to remain a key hunting ground for villages over a wide area.[4]

It wasn't until the 19th century that native villages once again were scattered through the area, but this was soon followed by European settlement.[5] Joseph Bailly was the earliest recorded settler in the dunes. He moved here from trading villages around Niles, Michigan. Settling along the Calumet River.[5] Soon he was joined by a series of other settlers and the communities in the dunes began to develop. They included Chesterton, Porter, Tremont, and the Town of the Pines. These pioneer communities grew and expanded.

City West was one of several "ghost towns" situated in the dunes. Planned as a rival to Chicago,[6] it was partly built in 1837 but failed that summer, during a national economic panic. The remains of the town, partly carted off to be used as lumber, were located near where the pavilion in the state park now stands, until a forest fire in the 1850s destroyed whatever was left.[6] Today, most of the coastline has been settled for use as homes, factories, and businesses, with some areas reserved for public parks.

Preserving the dunes and National Lakeshore
Mather visits the Indiana Dunes

Triggered by a publication on the unique flora of the dunes in the 1899 Botanical Gazette by University of Chicago botanist Henry Chandler Cowles,[7] a movement began in 1899[8] to preserve the unique area of the dunes. In 1916, the visionary National Parks Director Stephen Mather held hearings in Chicago on a "Sand Dunes National Park".[9] In 1926, the Indiana Dunes State Park opened. In the 1950s, a desire to maximize economic development through a "Port of Indiana" spurred interest in preservation. The Save the Dunes Council, including its president Dorothy Richardson Buell and activist Hazel Hannell, began a nationwide campaign to buy the land. Their first success was the purchase of 56 acres (23 ha) in Porter County, the Cowles Tamarack Bog.[9] The Kennedy Compromise[8] entailed the creation of a national lakeshore and a port. Then Illinois Senator Paul H. Douglas led the Congressional effort to save the dunes. In late 1966, the bill passed and the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore became a reality. Four subsequent expansion bills for the park (1976, 1980, 1986, and 1992) have increased the size of the park to more than 15,000 acres (61 km2).[9]

Redesignation as National Park

A bill to reclassify Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore as Indiana Dunes National Park was sponsored by Representative Pete Visclosky and Senators Todd Young and Mike Braun and previously by Senator Joe Donnelly, who wanted to bring the site more recognition.[10][11] Deputy Director of the National Park Service Paul Daniel Smith testified that the Service opposed the redesignation because it would be inconsistent with the Service's naming conventions and the Indiana Dunes have more in common with other national lakeshores and seashores than national parks, which are typically much larger.[10][12]

H.R. 1488 originally passed in the House of Representatives on November 1, 2017, but it did not receive a vote in the Senate during the 115th Congress. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2019 included the bill as a provision and was signed by President Donald Trump on February 15, creating the country's 61st National Park and the first in Indiana.[13][14]

Geography

The creeks and rivers of the national park include:

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Indiana Dunes National Park has a Hot summer Humid continental climate (Dfa). According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone at Indiana Dunes National Park at 614 ft (187 m) is 6a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -9.4 °F (-23.0 °C).[20]

The primary feature of Indiana Dunes National Park is Lake Michigan. The lake brings with it several weather-related conditions that can create threats to the enjoyment of the area.

  • Winter: Winter months bring the risk of shelf ice. This is a condition where the winter winds push ice from Lake Michigan onto the beaches. As the cold depends, the ice can build up into long ridges creating an arctic dunescape. Much of this ice is floating. It may be dangerous to walk on the ice as there can be air pockets into which you can sink. Rescue is extremely difficult.
  • Summer: During the summer months, rip currents can occur in Lake Michigan. These occur suddenly and can sweep swimmers far out into the lake. Rip currents are most prevalent on days with a strong north wind.[21] Rip currents are created when masses of water are pushed against the shoreline by a north wind. The mass of water becomes trapped between the beach and the first sandbar. As the wind continues, the volume of water increases until weight of incoming water and the mass of the sandbar are unable push back the growing volume of water behind the sandbar. Then, the trapped water creates a narrow channel through the sandbar. The water rushes back into the lake forming a river in the lake. Anything or anyone in the current is taken out into the lake.[21]
Climate data for Indiana Dunes National Park. Elev: 610 ft (186 m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 32.5
(0.3)		 36.6
(2.6)		 45.7
(7.6)		 59.0
(15.0)		 69.7
(20.9)		 78.5
(25.8)		 82.6
(28.1)		 81.2
(27.3)		 75.0
(23.9)		 63.1
(17.3)		 49.4
(9.7)		 36.3
(2.4)		 59.2
(15.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.6
(−3.6)		 29.2
(−1.6)		 38.1
(3.4)		 49.6
(9.8)		 59.7
(15.4)		 69.2
(20.7)		 73.9
(23.3)		 72.6
(22.6)		 65.6
(18.7)		 54.1
(12.3)		 42.2
(5.7)		 29.9
(−1.2)		 50.9
(10.5)
Average low °F (°C) 18.8
(−7.3)		 21.9
(−5.6)		 30.4
(−0.9)		 40.1
(4.5)		 49.8
(9.9)		 60.0
(15.6)		 65.2
(18.4)		 64.0
(17.8)		 56.2
(13.4)		 45.0
(7.2)		 35.0
(1.7)		 23.4
(−4.8)		 42.6
(5.9)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.96
(50)		 1.76
(45)		 2.34
(59)		 3.40
(86)		 3.99
(101)		 4.20
(107)		 3.98
(101)		 4.12
(105)		 3.58
(91)		 3.58
(91)		 3.43
(87)		 2.52
(64)		 38.86
(987)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 15.3
(39)		 9.3
(24)		 5.1
(13)		 0.7
(1.8)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.9
(2.3)		 9.0
(23)		 40.3
(102)
Average relative humidity (%) 78.0 74.5 70.6 63.0 65.0 68.0 68.1 69.6 67.6 66.3 72.2 79.1 70.2
Average dew point °F (°C) 19.7
(−6.8)		 22.1
(−5.5)		 29.4
(−1.4)		 37.5
(3.1)		 47.9
(8.8)		 58.2
(14.6)		 62.7
(17.1)		 62.1
(16.7)		 54.6
(12.6)		 43.1
(6.2)		 33.9
(1.1)		 24.2
(−4.3)		 41.4
(5.2)
Source 1: PRISM Climate Group[22]
Source 2: NOAA (normals, 1981–2010)[23]

Geology
Glacial Lake Chicago, 14,000 years before present. In this map, the present dunes park area is covered by the lake at left. Formation of the dunes is in part due to action of the advancing and receding melt water.

The Lake Michigan Basin was formed during the Wisconsin Glacial Period. The Michigan Lobe of the continental glacier began its retreat northward over 20,000 years before present (YBP)[24] forming the southern shore of the Lake Michigan Basin.

The Valparaiso Moraine is the dominant geologic form that created the various landscape forms of the Indiana Dunes about 40,000 YBP.[24] Within the arc created by the Valparaiso Moraine are the two younger recessional moraines of the Tinley Moraine and the Lake Border Moraine. Each moraine created an artificial dam across the southern outflow of the melt waters of the receding glaciers. As each glacial lake breached a low spot in the moraines, water levels receded, leaving a series of shorelines and dune ridges.[24]

The Calumet Shoreline is the oldest visible shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is a visible sand ridge along Ridge Road through Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana. Two older shorelines, the Tolleston and the Glenwood Shoreline are much harder to identify and further south in those counties.[25]

During the periods of glacial retreat, there were periods of stability. During these times, glacial lakes formed along the southern borders of the glaciers, bound into the Lake Michigan Basin by the recessional moraines. Four major glacial lake periods created the Indiana Dunes. They are the glacial Lake Chicago (14,000 YBP), glacial Lake Algonquin (9,000 YBP), glacial Lake Chippewa (7,000 YBP), and the Nipissing Great Lakes stage (4,000 YBP). Once the glaciers had fully retreated from the Lake Michigan basin, after the Lake Nipissing stage, the same factors that created the dunes south of the current shoreline, expanded the existing shoreline.[24] The littoral currents or Longshore drift transport sand southward along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. As they encounter streams bringing water from inland, sandbars are created, pointing down current, either southward if the shore is north to south or westward along the southern shore itself.[25] If the currents were strong enough, as they were when the Glenwood Shoreline was created, shallow inland bays would be formed with a wide sand spit between each bay and the open lake.[25] Over time, the sand spits would merge with the far shoreline, forming interdunal ponds.[25] Each sand spit would become a dune ridge. As the ponds filled in and wind built the outer sand ridges higher, the ponds would dry up and only a stream would remain, as with the Little Calumet River today, just south of the state and national parks. As the shoreline moved northward, new ridges formed along with additional streams, now slower and less powerful, and the process duplicated itself. To the west of the Indiana Dunes, Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana, forms a western border to the dunes. Here the same process is at work, only the littoral drift is again south, but along the western shore, pushing the sand and sand spits eastward.[25] Today, it is the remnants of the marsh lands and inter-dunal or inter-sand spit lakes that have formed this region over 40,000 years.[25]

Flora and fauna

The park is in the central forest-grasslands transition ecoregion.

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Indiana Dunes National Park has an Oak/Hickory (100) potential vegetation type and an Eastern Hardwood forest, aka Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest (26) potential vegetation form.[26]

Rare, threatened, and endangered species

The park includes habitats for several rare plants and animals. The park has more than 1,400 species of vascular plants, ranking it 8th in total plant species among all units of the National Park System. At least two plant species are on the Federal list of Threatened and Endangered Species:

Several others are on the list of state T&E species.[27] Populations of each plant group are estimated to be around 100–120 individual plants. The species included are:[27]

Among the federally threatened and endangered wildlife are:[27]

In addition, the park has habitat suitable for the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).[27]

Species count
Group Number of species Extirpated species Main article
Chordates or Animals with Backbones
Mammals or Mammalia 41 11[28] Mammals of the Indiana Dunes
Birds or Aves 352[29] 2 Birds of the Indiana Dunes
Reptiles or Reptilia 23[29] List of reptiles of the Indiana Dunes
Amphibians or Amphibia 18 List of amphibians of the Indiana Dunes
Fish 71[29] List of fish of the Indiana Dunes
Invertebrate or Animals without Backbones
Arthropoda (Crustacea)-Crustacean 15 List of crustaceans of the Indiana Dunes
Arthropoda (Chelicerata)-Arachnida 12 List of arachnids of the Indiana Dunes
Arthropoda (Chelicerata)-Insects 296 Insects of the Indiana Dunes
Arthropoda (Myriapoda)- Other invertebrates 2 Invertebrates of Indiana Dunes
Annelida-segmented worms
Mollusca 66 List of non-marine mollusks of the Indiana Dunes
Plants or Plantae
Vascular plant−ferns.[30] 26 All samples were confirmed in the Indiana Dunes State Park
Vascular plant-clubmosses
Vascular plant-flowering plants 1,130[31]
Vascular plant-conifers
Fungi 64
Bryophytes – Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). 41
Algae – especially the green algae.
Lichens algae and fungi in a symbiotic arrangement[32] 62 92 Change in the number of species between 1896 (Calkins) and 1986 (Wetmore)[32]
Invasive Plants 54 List of invasive plant species in the Indiana Dunes
Plankton and other microscopic life forms
Plankton[33] 33
Total to date 2,336 105

Wildlife

Indiana Dunes National Park is host to wide variety of wildlife, including white-tailed deer, red fox, raccoons, opossums, cottontail rabbits, various rodents, Canada geese, gulls, squirrels, hawks, turkey vultures, mallards, great blue herons, songbirds, and garter snakes.

Flowering plants

Indiana Dunes has over 369 species of flowering plants. Of these, thirteen are considered threatened or in danger of extinction. Additionally, there four invasive flowering plants on the list. Some of the most common spring flowers include the May apple, buttercups (six varieties), and violets (14 varieties). Summer brings out the orchids (five varieties) and much goldenrod (11 varieties).[34]

Invasive plants

Invasive plants are those introduced species that dominate a landscape pushing out traditionally native species and others species by their ability to multiply rapidly. There are 54 such species in the dunes.[35]

Unusual sightings

In October 1920, a rare Arctic three-toed woodpecker was captured a mile west of Dune Park Station. Later that month another male was captured east of Dune Park Station. One was busy digging out grubs and the other was nervously flying from tree to tree.[36]

In May 1919, a clay-colored sparrow was found near Dune Park. It was a part of a larger flock of Harris's sparrow migrating along the western shore of Lake Michigan.[36]

Extirpated species

Several species of plants and animals have disappeared from the dunes. Few can be clearly identified. Among those species thought to be gone are listed below:

Species Latin Name Last Seen[28]
Eastern cougar[37] F.c. Cougaur[28] 1830
American bison Bos Bison[28] 1731
Elk Wapiti (Cervus elephus)[28] 1830
Lynx Lynx lynx[28] 1880
Bobcat Lynx rufus[28] 1880
Gray wolf Canius lupus[28] 1908
Red wolf Canus rufus[28] 1832
Black bear Ursus americanus[28] 1850
Fisher Martes pennanti[28] 1855
River otter Lutra canadenais[28] 1900
Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum[28] 1918
Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius 1900
Piping plover Charadrius melodus

Exotic and invasive species
Main article: List of invasive plant species in the Indiana Dunes

Alien or exotic species are plants and animals which are not native to the area. These plants can be classified as Invasive if they rapidly replace other plants and animals in the ecosystem, creating a monoculture and threatening the extinction of the traditional plants and animals. Among plants found in the park, the following are considered to be exotic. Those marked with an '*' are listed as invasive

BioBlitz

On May 15 and 16, 2009, the park hosted an All Taxa Biological Diversity survey. In a 24-hour period, as part of the BioBlitx 2,000 students and thousands of additional volunteers surveyed the park for every available living species. John Francis, vice president of research, conservation and exploration for the National Geographic Society, stated that 890 species had been inventoried.[38] The tally at the close of the 24 hours was 890 species, including 26 amphibians and reptiles, 101 birds, 18 fish, 27 fungi, 11 mammals, 410 plants, and 178 insects.[39] The tally had risen to 1,200 unique species by June 1.[40]

Natural areas
Main article: Habitats of the Indiana Dunes

Calumet Prairie
Calumet Prairie

Calumet Prairie is a joint venture between the National Park Service and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. The Calumet Prairie State Nature Preserve in the northern portion of the land between Interstate 90 to the north and the Little Calumet River on the south. The National Park owns the southern half of this plot.

Cowles Bog
Main article: Cowles Bog

Cowles Bog, a National Natural Landmark, is a wetland complex containing bog, fen, marsh, swamp, wet meadow, and pond habitats; named in honor of biologist and ecologist Henry Chandler Cowles. Located south and west of Dune Acres, Indiana, Cowles Bog is the sole remaining remnant of the "Central Dunes" where Cowles performed his pioneering field studies of ecological succession and species diversity. The complex is drained by Dunes Creek, which flows to Lake Michigan at the Indiana Dunes State Park swimming beach. A National Park trail runs from Mineral Springs Road into Cowles Bog.[41]

Great Marsh

The Great Marsh is an interdunal wetland just south of the dune ridge overlooking Lake Michigan. It stretches from steel plants in Burns Harbor, 12 miles (19 km) east to County Line Road on the edge of Michigan City. A century ago, it was the nesting and migratory layover for many birds, which depended on its variety of plants.[42] In the late 19th century, the marsh was drained through a series of ditches, creating three watersheds and reducing the water table. As the water levels changed, new plants and trees moved in, creating a new habitat and displacing the wildlife that was dependent on the pre-existing wetlands.[42]

  • Restoration

Beginning in 1998, the national lakeshore began restoration of the marsh by closing Derby Ditch and restoring 500 acres (200 ha). The work consists of:[42]

    • Plugging culverts
    • Filling ditches
    • Creating levees with spillways
    • Planting native plants, either as seed or small sprouts
    • Removing non-native plants and trees

Heron Rookery
Main article: Heron Rookery
Yellow trout-lily

The heron rookery is located along the East Arm Little Calumet River in the northeast corner of Porter County. The rookery is physically separated from the main part of the park. It is accessible from County Road 600 East, south of County Road 1400 North. The rookery is a hardwood forest. The great blue heron nests for which the site is named are no longer a feature of the area. Spring brings out a variety of wildflowers.[43]

Hoosier Prairie
Main article: Hoosier Prairie

Hoosier Prairie, a National Natural Landmark, is a 430 acres (170 ha) tallgrass prairie adjacent to Griffith, Indiana. It is a geographically isolated unit of the park, owned and maintained by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources as a state nature preserve. Some 574 species of plants have been observed growing in this patch of prairie.

Miller Woods
Main article: Miller Woods

Miller Woods is located in Miller Beach, Indiana. It is accessed through the Paul H. Douglas Center for Environmental Education on Lake Street. The area is dominated by ridge and swale topography. the ridges or swells are beach and dune sand. They date from the post Glacial Lake Nipissing period some 3000 years before present. The swales are the depressions between the ridges. They are generally either ponds or marshes.[44]

Mnoké Prairie

Mnoké Prairie is an active prairie restoration along Beam Street in the central portion of the park. The prairie's name was suggested by Potawatomi elders; "mno" means good, "ké" means earth. It is pronounced "mno-ca” (the second syllable is like the word “cat” without the “t.”)

Mount Baldy
Typical wildflowers near Mount Baldy. Plants such as these help hold the dune together.
Main article: Mount Baldy (sand dune)

Mount Baldy is a sand dune located at the east end of the park. At 123 feet (37 m) tall, it is one of the tallest sand dunes on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. It is a wandering dune that moves an average of 4 feet (1.2 m) every year, and so is called a "living dune". Mount Baldy is accessible from U.S. Route 12 (also known as Dunes Highway) between the Town of Pines and the western border of Michigan City. Visitors were formerly allowed to hike 0.7 miles (1.1 km) up the dune. As of July 2018, much of the dune itself, including the summit, was closed to allow beach grasses and other native plants to regenerate, and prevent injuries to visitors. An alternative trail leading to the beach takes visitors directly past the dune, cresting just slightly lower than the summit itself. On a clear day, there are views of Lake Michigan, Chicago's skyline, and south shore, from this point.

Pinhook Bog
Main article: Pinhook Bog

Pinhook Bog, a National Natural Landmark, is a geographically isolated unit of the national park. The quaking peat bog is located near U.S. Route 421 approximately 9 miles (14 km) south of Michigan City. The bog formed from a postglacial kettle moraine left behind about 14,000 years before the present by the melting of the ice sheet during the end of the last glacial period. The acidic bog is noted for pitcher plants and other wetland species. Access to the bog is restricted to ranger-led guided tours.[45]

Historic areas

Bailly Homestead
Main article: Joseph Bailly Homestead

This is the location of the pioneer trading post established in 1822 by fur trade pioneer Joseph Bailly. Bailly settled here and his last home, adapted from his 1830s retirement house, survives.[46] The Homestead was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1962.

Chellberg Farm
Main article: Chellberg Farm

The real estate became the home of the Chellberg family, who built a farm on its sandy soil. As of 2008, the park maintains a heritage farm on the Chellberg land, with the Bailly family cemetery on the northern edge of the property.[47]

Bailly Cemetery
Main article: Bailly Cemetery

The Bailly Cemetery is located half a mile north of the homestead. Its location is a sandy bluff, which once looked out across the dunes to Lake Michigan.[48] Today, the forest covers the dunes and the lake is not visible. Numerous changes have occurred since the first burial in 1827.[49]

Joseph Bailly buried his only son by Marie in the fall of 1827 on a sandy knoll. He erected an oak cross on the site and a three-sided shelter. After 1866, the Bailly area was no longer the quiet place that it had been. Other families now lived in the area and some had been using the cemetery for their families as well. However, late in 1866, Rose Howe (granddaughter of Joseph Bailly) had the family plots fenced and requested that those other families remove their deceased to other cemeteries. In 1879, she had the entire cemetery walled in and an iron gate installed to the north.[49]

Finally in 1914, Rose Howe took one further step to protect the cemetery of her family. She had the area inside the wall filled with sand. Stone steps replaced the gate to a contemplative walk atop the cemetery. An oaken cross was raised atop this new ground, continuing the tradition started by her grandfather. Rose Howe died in 1916, while in California. She was returned to Indiana in 1917 and was the last burial in the family cemetery.[50]

Century of Progress Architectural District
Main article: Century of Progress Architectural District
The Florida Tropical House, back elevation taken from the beach.

The Century of Progress Architectural District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is located in the east portion of the park. The district consists of a total of five buildings, all from the Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition during the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair which took place in Chicago.[51]

Good Fellow Club Youth Camp

Created by the Good Fellow Club of U.S. Steel in 1941, the camp served the children of Gary, Indiana, until 1977. It provided outdoor recreation and a chance to leave the city behind for a week or more.[52] The camp used tent cabins with a central restroom and shower house. Atop a rise was the main lodge where meals were provided and a trading post with a bowling alley were maintained.

Lustron Homes
Lustron House on Drake Avenue

The national park acquired three Lustron houses during its land acquisition process. The Jacob Klien House was located in an endangered habitat. It was moved to the east side of Drake Avenue in Beverly Shores and placed atop a dunes overlooking the lake. The Schulof house located on Lakefront Drive was transferred to the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana for preservation and it was moved to Stephens Street in Porter, Indiana. The Powell house remains inaccessible within the park on Lakefront Drive.[53]

Swedish Farmsteads Historic District (pending)
Main article: Swedish Farmsteads of Porter County, Indiana

The Swedish Farmsteads of Porter County, Indiana, are representative of the numerous rural communities settled by a significant ethnic population. They influenced the religious community and social community. Swedish immigration was at its highest from 1840 until 1920. At its height in 1910, it was estimated that 1 out of every 5 Swedes was living in the United States.[54]

Recreation
Richard Lieber (front right) with NPS Director Stephen Mather at what would become Indiana Dunes State Park in 1916.

The park contains 15 miles (24 km) of beaches, as well as sand dunes, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, prairies, rivers, oak savannas, and woodland forests. The park is also noted for its singing sands. More than 350 species of birds have been observed in the park. It has one of the most diverse plant communities of any unit in the U.S. National Park System with 1418 vascular plant species including 90 threatened or endangered ones. The Indiana Dunes area is unique in that it contains both Arctic and boreal plants (such as the bearberry) alongside desert plants (such as the prickly pear cactus).

First-time visitors to the park often go to the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center at U.S. Route 20 and Indiana Route 49, near Porter, Indiana. This center offers standard visitor-center amenities, including a video, brochures, hands-on exhibits, and a gift shop. It is free to the general public.[55]

Indiana Dunes State Park Bathhouse and Pavilion – Chesterton, Indiana

Camping is available at the Dunewood Campground on U.S. Route 12. The campground includes an RV dump station and two loops of trailer accessible sites (some with pull-through drives). All sites have grills, a picnic table, and access to restrooms with running water and showers. There are a limited number of walk-in sites in the Douglas Loop.

The park provides opportunities for bird watching, camping, 45 miles (72 km) of hiking, fishing, swimming, horseback riding, and cross-country skiing. Cycling is available on the Calumet Trail, a crushed limestone multiuse trail which runs through the eastern section of the park, providing access to Indiana Dunes State Park, as well as to the communities of Beverly Shores; the Town of Pines; and Mount Baldy on the edge of Michigan City, Indiana. The Great Marsh Trail opened in 2010 with an accessible, paved section usable by wheelchairs opening in fall 2012. The trail is off Broadway in the east end of the park. The park has about 2 million visits a year. Rules state not to feed any of the wildlife, including seagulls, deer, or raccoons. Collecting crinoid fossils on the beach is strictly prohibited. Possession or use of a metal detector is also prohibited – as in all national parks.

Rangers provide free walks and talks throughout the park on a regular basis. The Singing Sands, the official newspaper of the national park is published semi-annually with a listing of Ranger lead activities.[56] Events in 2013, showed that on large dunes unexpected sink holes may develop. Scientists concluded these are caused by buried trees that eventually decay causing cavities.[57]

Trails

Indiana Dunes has numerous short hike trails and a few longer distance trails:

Map of the Paul H. Douglas Trail
  • Paul H. Douglas Trail, formerly the Miller Woods Trail, is located off Lake Street in Gary's Miller Beach community. The trail is fully accessible from a parking lot just north of the Douglas Center for Environmental Education.[14]
  • Tolleston Dune overlook is a short accessible walk through the treetops to a dune ridge overlook of the vast inland marsh. For a more in depth experiences, the Tolleston Dune trail consists of two loops forming a 3 miles (4.8 km) walk around the through the marsh and oak savannas.[58] Both trails start along U.S. 12, just east of the Porter-Lake County Line Road and the West Beach unit of the park in the Town of Ogden Dunes.
  • Succession Trail is located at West Beach. The trail climbs into the high dunes, and while mostly on boardwalk and stairways, the climb is steep. This trail is about 1 mile (1.6 km) long.[59]
Succession Trail arriving at the beach.
  • Bailly-Chellberg Trails is a series of interconnected trails. Primarily, it consists of two loops through the historic area around the Bailly Homestead and the Chellberg Farm. This 2.5-mile (4.0 km) trail takes visitors to a second growth forest, where the trees had once been removed for farming or timber harvest. Included along the north spur is a trip the Bailly Cemetery.[58]
  • The Little Calumet River Trail offers an opportunity to visit a restored prairie and the flood plain of the East Arm Little Calumet River. Both represent the land before settlers arrived. This 2.2 miles (3.5 km) trail can be reached from the Bailly-Chellburg Trails by walking west from the Homestead to Howe Road, then following it across the East Arm Little Calumet River and up through the wetland overlook and parking lot for Mnoke Prairie. This trail ends near the north end of the 2 loops of the Bailly Chellberg Trails, or visitors could walk from the parking area at Howe Road[58]
Contours of the Cowles Bog Trail from the trailhead to Lake Michigan. Distances shown in yards/meters.
  • Cowles Bog Trail is reached off of North Mineral Springs Road. Parking is to the east of the guard shack for Dune Acres. This 5-mile (8.0 km) loop is one of the most rugged trails in the park. Visitors begin with a long level walk skirting the wetlands of the Cowles Bog complex and the dune ridges to the north. Following the first fork to the north, they must climb through the dunes until they reach Lake Michigan. This is one of the least crowded areas of the park. Upon return, visitors can take the west part of the loop. Again through the dunes, covered with northern white cedars, black oaks and a variety of trees, visitors will again see inter-dunal wetlands, the open beach, and the long, flat Cowles Bog wetland complex. To complete the full 5 miles (8.0 km), visitors need to continue west around the wetlands to the parking area at Mineral Sproad crossing, with parking available at Mineral Springs Road, Dune Park station, Calumet Dunes Trail Park, and at U.S. 12, where it crosses the South Shore Tracks, just west of Michigan City.[59]
  • The Calumet Dune Trail is fully accessible from the Calumet Dunes Interpretive Center (Kemil Road at U.S. 12). The trail is 0.8 miles (1.3 km) long and fully paved. Here, visitors may observe a mature wetland forest.[58]
  • The far western end of the Calumet Dune Trail links to the Glenwood Dune Horse and Hiking Trail. The Horse trail is 6.4 miles (10.3 km) long and is accessible by horses and hikers from its own parking lot at U.S. 20 just west of Kemil Road. Visitors must bring their own horses.[58]

Burnham Plan trails

The Marquette Plan, a "Lakeshore Investment Strategy" for Indiana, is composed of two key elements. A 50-mile (80 km) trail is planned to cross Indiana to link Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan communities along the Lake Michigan shore. There are planned both land trails for bicycles and hikers and a 'blue water' trail' for kayakers.[60]

Water Trail

The Lake Michigan Water Trail, was designated a National Recreation Trail in 2011 and currently extends 45 miles (72 km) from Chicago's Northerly Island to Michigan City's Millennium Plaza.[61]

Long Distance Hike/Bike Trail

There will be links to major parks and a wide variety of cultural and natural sites. The 9 miles (14 km) Calumet Trail will eventually connect the eastern and western segments of Indiana Dunes National Park. The 3-mile (4.8 km) Porter Brickyard Trail opened in 2012 as part of the Burnham Plan Centennial. It will link several community hike/bike trails to the Calumet Hike/Bike trail creating a link between the Lake County communities and Michigan City. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission is guiding the work with assistance from local governments, the National Park Service, private landowners, and the American Planning Association.[60]

Lake Michigan
Chicago visible across Lake Michigan from West Beach, Indiana Dunes National Park

West Beach, located adjacent to U.S. Route 12 and County Line Road, lies on the border of Gary and Portage, Indiana. It is a geographically separated section of the park that is preserved as a piece of public beach access and an example of the same theme of plant succession as is found in Cowles Bog. This section of the park displays most of the successive stages of Indiana Dunes biotic progression, from open beach sands to mature Eastern Black Oak forest. The 0.7-mile (1.1 km) West Beach Succession Trail opened in 2007 and features different stages of plant succession in the beach and inland dunes.

The Portage Lakefront and Riverwalk was completed in 2009 as a project of the National Park Service, Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority, and the City of Portage, Indiana. The National Park Service owns the site and all facilities. The site is operated by the City of Portage through a cooperative agreement.

Porter Beach, located north of U.S. Route 12, is a small, public sand beach within Indiana Dunes National Park. The surrounding area is residential and is governed by the town of Porter.

  • Kemil Beach
  • Lake View
  • Central Avenue Beach
  • Mt. Baldy[59]

Education

Public programs
  • Maple Sugar Time:[62] For two weeks every spring, an opportunity to make maple sugar is offered. Visitors learn how Native Americans gathered sap and learn about maple trees and pioneer sugaring. In the sugar shack, the sap is boiled down into maple sugar and syrup.
  • Kids' Fun at the Visitor Center:[62] Every Sunday afternoon, a ranger meets with children to explore the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center and for an afternoon of activities.
  • Paul H. Douglas Center Open House:[62] During the spring and the fall, families and a park ranger can explore Miller Woods. Each month, from 1:00 to 4:00 pm at the Paul H. Douglas Center, a different program is featured.
  • Threatened Lake Michigan:[62] Several times a year, visitors and a ranger at the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center can explore some of the greatest threats facing Lake Michigan. From 1:00 to 2:00 pm, visitors learn about the spiny water flea, round goby and zebra mussel, their impacts on Lake Michigan and how to thwart invasive species.
  • Spring Blooms Hike:[62] A ranger is met at the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center and carpooled to the week's best trail, where the forest is explored for wildflowers and other signs of spring. Several times each spring, from 1:00 to 3:00 pm, a group will study the park's wildflowers.

Rail programs

Indiana Dunes National Park partners with the non-profit 501(c)(3) American Passenger Rail Heritage Foundation to provide on-board educational programs for train passengers on the South Shore Line. On select Saturdays, Interpretive Guides with the APRHF Rail Rangers ride roundtrip between Millennium Station and South Bend Airport station to provide narration about the park and the other sites passengers see outside their window.[63][64][65][66]

Professional development

During the academic year, Indiana Dunes National Park and the Dunes Learning Center (DLC) provide professional development opportunities for teachers in the K–12 setting. Workshops feature experts in various fields of study, hands-on activities and adventures within the national park. Illinois and Indiana teachers can receive continuing education units (CEUs) or continuing recertification units (CRUs) for each workshops. Those teachers wishing to earn graduate credit can do so through Indiana University Northwest and Chicago State University. Workshops are held at the DLC.[67]

Sister park

The park has a sister park relationship with Poland's Kampinos National Park.[68]

Accessibility

Indiana Dunes is working to provide access to beach areas. Access to the waters of Lake Michigan is a challenging problem. Presently, two beach access areas are considered accessible: West Beach, Portage Lakefront and Riverwalk,[69]

Accessible parking and restroom services are available throughout the park. A standard wheelchair is available for loan at the Paul H. Douglas Center.[69]

  • West Beach Bathhouse
  • Paul H. Douglas Center for Environmental Education
  • Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center. Hearing Assist devices are available in the theater.

Facilities
  • Dunewood Campground is located in the east section of the park, south of U.S. Route 12 at Broadway. The facility has 78 campsites (53 drive-in some drive through and 25 walk-in). Both the Douglass and Mather loops have restrooms with showers and a wheelchair accessible site. The campground is open from April 1 through October 31. There is a fee.[70]
  • Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center is located at 1215 N. State Road 49, just off State Route 49 south of the intersection with U.S. Route 20. The visitor center includes exhibits on the national park and a display of artwork created in the lakeshore. The center is jointly operated by the National Park Service and the Porter County Visitor and Recreation Commission (PCCRVC). The visitor center is open daily, except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years.[71]
  • Bailly/Chellberg Contact Station is located in Porter, on Mineral Springs Road, just north of U.S. 20. It is closed most of the year, except during events. The parking area provides access to the Bailly Homestead and the Chellberg Farm.[72]
  • Dunes Learning Center or Indiana Dunes Environmental Learning Center is located on Howe Road, West of the Bailly/Chellberg Contact Station, on the grounds of the former Good Fellow Club Youth Camp. Founded in 1998, Dunes Learning Center is a 501(c)3 non profit environmental education organization working in partnership with Indiana Dunes National Park to deliver environmental education experiences.[73]
  • Portage Lakefront and Riverwalk is the newest facility at the national park. It is located along the Burns Waterway, tucked next to U.S. Steel's, Midwest Plant. It can be reached off of Indiana State Road 249 by following the signs past the steel mill. The area offers a fishing pier, a riverwalk and a hike bike trail through the restored dunescape. There is beach access and a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) pavilion.[74][75]
  • West Beach Bathhouse is located in Portage north of U.S. Route 12 on County Line Road. West Beach has ample parking, picnic shelters, and a bathhouse with showers. The bathhouse includes changing rooms, restrooms, and a lifeguarded beach. The Dune Succession Trails, West Beach Trail and the Long Lake Trail are all located in the West Beach area.[76]
  • Paul H. Douglas Center for Environmental Education is located in the far west end of the park, in the Miller Beach community of the City of Gary. It is just north of U.S. 20 and U.S. 12. The Education Center provides classrooms for programs on environmental topics. Participation is usually during a schedule program for schools and local organizations.[72]
  • Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center
  • Pavilion at Portage Lakefront and Riverwalk.
  • Skyline of Chicago from West Beach

Dunes National Park Association

In 2012, the Dunes National Park Association (DNPA) was established as a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The DNPA is endorsed by the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The primary purpose of the DNPA is to solicit funds for the direct benefit or support of the lakeshore and related activities, advocate on behalf of the park and educate the community on the abundant resources available in the national park.[77]

See also

Geological forms (North to South)

People associated with the Dunes
  • Arts
    • Arthur E. Anderson, artist[78]
    • Frank V. Dudley (November 14, 1868 – 1957), artist[79]
    • Hazel[80] and Vin Hannell; artists and founding members of a Chicago artist community, the Association of Artists and Craftsmen of Porter County. The association still hosts the annual Chesterton Art Fair.[81]
    • Charlton Heston, during the filming of Julius Caesar (1950 film)
    • Jens Jensen, landscape architect (1860–1951)
    • Tom Mix, actor (1880–1940), starred in Lost in the Soudan (1910), which was filmed in the dunes.[82]
    • Earl H. Reed, Chicago area etcher, who used the dunes as his inspiration.
    • Otis Turner, director (1862–1918), directed Lost in the Soudan.
    • May Theilgaard Watts, Chicago area writer and teacher.
  • Geologist
    • George Cressey, wrote his doctoral dissertation on the "A Study of Indiana Sand Dunes".
  • Historic
  • Naturalist
    • Henry Chandler Cowles, (1869–1939), American botanist and ecological pioneer
    • Austin and Rheua Rand; both were ornithologist who moved into the dunes in 1947, the same year Austin became Curator of Ornithology for the Field Museum. He wrote a weekly "Country Diary" in the local paper and several books and articles in the Midwestern Almanac.[84]
    • William and Flora Richardson; William was a professional chemist, but became an avid ornithologist and photographer. Flora was an early resident of Dune Acres.[85]
    • Edwin Way Teale, naturalist (1899–1980)[86]
  • Politicians
  • Preservation

References
  1. https://irma.nps.gov/STATS/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)
  2. Cassidy Randall. The Story Behind Indiana's First National Park (Report). Retrieved March 16, 2019.
  3. The Archaeology of Porter County; J. Gilbert McAllister; Indiana History Bulletin; Vol. X, No. 1; October 1932; Historical Bureau of the Indiana Library and Historical Department, Indianapolis; 1932
  4. Dawn Bringelson and Jay T. Sturdevant; An Archeological Overview and Assessment of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana; Midwest Archeological Center, Technical Report No. 97; Midwest Archeological Center; Lincoln, Nebraska; 2007
  5. Bailly Homestead, Historic Structures Report, Historical Data Section; Dr. Harry Pfanz, ca. 1972, pg 4, manuscript, Margaret Larson; ca. 1907
  6. taylorsj (27 July 2013). "City West: Lost Metropolis of the Indiana Dunes".
  7. Henry Chandler Cowles (February 1899). "The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan. Part I.-Geographical Relations of the Dune Floras". Botanical Gazette. 27 (2): 95–117. doi:10.1086/327796. JSTOR 2465177.
  8. Engel, J. Ronald; Sacred Sands, The Struggle for Community in the Indiana Dunes; Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, Connecticut; 1983
  9. "Indiana Dunes National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  10. Thiele, Rebecca. "Park Service: Indiana Dunes Shouldn't Be A National Park". www.wbaa.org. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
  11. Carden, Dan. "Trump administration opposes establishing Indiana Dunes as national park". nwitimes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
  12. "Statement of P. Daniel Smith, Deputy Director, Exercising the Authority of the Director, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, Concerning S. 599 and H.R. 1488, Bills to Retitle, or Redesignate, the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore as the Indiana Dunes National Park, and for Other Purposes". US Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. August 15, 2018.
  13. "Indiana to get its first-ever National Park". WPTA. 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  14. Dan Carden and Joseph S. Pete. "Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore now is America's newest national park". nwitimes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
  15. U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
  16. "Dunes Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  17. "East Arm Little Calumet River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  18. "Salt Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  19. "Trail Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
  20. "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
  21. Valpo man risks life to save girl in rip current; confusion on the beach; Kevin Nevers; Chesterton Tribune, Vol. 127, No. 51, Page 1 & 12; Chesterton, Indiana; 6/11/2010
  22. "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". www.prism.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
  23. "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  24. The Indiana Dunes – Legacy of Sand; Special Report 8; State of Indiana Department of Natural Resources;
  25. Kenneth J. Schoon, Calumet Beginnings, 2003
  26. "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Data Basin. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
  27. Historic Structures Report and Cultural Landscape Report; Phase II: Environmental Assessment for Good Fellow Club Youth Camp; USDI, National Park Service; Porter, Indiana; June 2009
  28. Mammals of the Indiana Dunes; John O. Whitaker, Jr., John Gibble, & Eric Kjellmark; Scientific Monograph NPS/NRINDU/NRSM-94/24. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1994
  29. "Animals - Indiana Dunes National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  30. Ferns of the Dune Region of Indiana' R.M. Tryon, Jr.; The American Midland Naturalist; The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Vol. 17 No. 1; January 1936
  31. "Plants - Indiana Dunes National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  32. Lichens and Air Quality in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Final Report; Clifford M. Wetmore, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 1986
  33. Ecology of Miller Woods, National Park Service, Midwest Region, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Research Program, Report 90-01
  34. Native Wildflowers of the Indiana Dunes; Emma B. Pitcher & Noel B. Pavlovic, Friends of the Indiana Dunes, 1992
  35. The Singing Sands, Summer 2009, Vol. 30, no 1, National Park Service, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore; Porter, Indiana 2009
  36. The Auk, A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Volume 38, The American Ornithologists' Union, Lancaster PA, 1921
  37. 'The Cougar Almanac; Robert H. Busch: 2004; 160 pgs
  38. BioBlitz ends with success, despite weather; Northwest Indiana Times, May 17, 2009
  39. Tally of species to grow; May 17, 2009; Amy LaValley; Post-Tribune, Michigan City, Indiana
  40. "BioBlitz, Species Inventory Information, Facts – National Geographic".
  41. Natural Areas in Indiana and Their Preservation; Lindsey, Alton A., Damian V. Schmelz, Stanley A. Nichols; American Midland Naturalist, Dept of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1969; pg 523–530
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  46. Bailly Homestead, Historic Structures Report, Historical Data Section; Dr. Harry Pfanz,
  47. Chellberg Landscape Report, Chellberg Farm, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, National Park Service, March 2000
  48. Frances R. Howe, The Story of a French Homestead in the Old Northwest, p 68.
  49. BAILLY CEMETERY, at Baileytown, near Porter, Westchester Township, Porter County Indiana; Cemetery of the Pioneer family of Honore Gratien Joseph Bailly de Messein; and Marie LeFevre; Burials 1827 to 1918; Olga May Schiemann, 1952; pg 1
  50. The Bailly Cemetery; CW Nelson, Chesterton Tribune, December 22, 1949; pg 5
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  52. Good Fellow Club Youth Camp, Chesterton, Indiana; Historic Structures Report and Cultural Landscape Report; July 2005
  53. Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), National Park Service, IN-258, IN 259, and IN 260, Washington, D.C.
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  55. "Visitor Center". Indiana Dunes. Retrieved 2019-02-16.
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  57. "Chicago Tribune". my.chicagotribune.com.
  58. Indiana Dunes, the Casual Coast; Porter County Convention and Rec Commission, 2008
  59. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore brochure; National Park Service; 2001
  60. Archived January 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  61. Making the waterways more paddle-friendly; Heather Augustyn, Times Correspondent; Monday, June 15, 2009
  62. "Schedule of Events".
  63. Trainweb Report, July 5, 2017. ""
  64. APRHF News Release, July 5, 2017. ""
  65. Trains Magazine, July 10, 2017. ""
  66. Lakeshore Public Radio, July 11, 2017. ""
  67. "Professional Development".
  68. "The NPS Sister Park Initiative & Guidelines".
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  70. Indiana Dunes, Dunewood Campground Information, National Park Service; Porter, Indiana; July 2007
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  72. http://www.nps.gov/indu/planyourvisit/hours.htm%7C
  73. Dunes Learning Center at the Wayback Machine (archived 2014-07-12)
  74. The Singing Sands,; Fall 2008–Spring 2009; Vol 29, No. 1; cover story
  75. A Times Special Report, NWI Now; March 1, 2009; The Times, Hammond, Indiana; Pg AA14
  76. The Eight Beaches of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore; National Park Service, Porter, Indiana; 2007
  77. "Dunes National Park Association".
  78. "Indiana's Unrivaled Sand Dunes: a National Park Opportunity". www.calumet.tripod.com.
  79. About Frank V. Dudley : Frank V. Dudley Exhibit : Events : Valparaiso University Archived 2007-01-08 at the Wayback Machine
  80. "Hazel Hannell remembered as Dunes artist and advocate".
  81. "Gregg Hertzlieb: "Hazel Hannell: 'Still Life, 1946'"". www.valpo.edu.
  82. Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0345588/
  83. Olga Mae Schiemann, From A Bailly Point of View, An introduction to the first pioneer family of northwestern Indiana, Chicago, Illinois, 1952. Issued as a Duneland Historical Society Publication, August 1955.
  84. Images of America, Westchester Township, Westchester Public Library; Arcadia, Books, 1999; pg 22
  85. Images of America, Westchester Township, Westchester Public Library; Arcadia, Books, 1999; pg 19
  86. Dune Boy: The Early Years of a Naturalist, Edwin W Teale; 1943

Further reading
  • Hill, C.L., et al. Our Changing Landscape: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore [U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1085]. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1991.
  • Daniel, Glenda, Dune Country, A Hiker's Guide to the Indiana Dunes Swallow Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1984.
  • Engel, J. Ronald; Sacred Sands, The Struggle for Community in the Indiana Dunes; Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, Connecticut; 1983
  • Franklin, Kay & Norma Schaeffer, Duel for the Dunes, Land Use Conflict on the Shores of Lake Michigan; University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1983
  • McPherson, Alan, Nature Walks in Northern Indiana, Hoosier Chapter of the Sierra Club, 1996
  • Moore, Powell A., The Calumet Region, Indiana's Last Frontier, Indiana Historical Bureau, 1959
  • Pitcher, Emma Bickham, Up and Down the Dunes, Shirley Heinze Environmental Fund, 1987
  • Schaeffer, Norma & Kay Franklin, 'Round and About the Dunes, Dunes Enterprise, Beverly Shores, Indiana 1983.
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