Isotopes of nihonium

Nihonium (₁₁₃Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁸⁴Nh as a decay product of ²⁸⁸Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized was ²⁷⁸Nh in 2004. There are 6 known radioisotopes from ²⁷⁸Nh to ²⁸⁶Nh, along with the unconfirmed ²⁸⁷Nh and ²⁹⁰Nh. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁸⁶Nh with a half-life of 8 seconds.

List of isotopes

Nuclide	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da) [n 1][n 2]	Half-life	Decay mode [n 3]	Daughter isotope
²⁷⁸Nh	113	165	278.17058(20)#	1.4 ms	α	²⁷⁴Rg
²⁸²Nh	113	169	282.17567(39)#	73 ms	α	²⁷⁸Rg
²⁸³Nh[n 4]	113	170	283.17657(52)#	75 ms	α	²⁷⁹Rg
²⁸⁴Nh[n 5]	113	171	284.17873(62)#	0.91 s	α (96.8%)	²⁸⁰Rg
²⁸⁴Nh[n 5]	113	171	284.17873(62)#	0.91 s	EC (3.2%)[3]	²⁸⁴Cn
²⁸⁵Nh[n 6]	113	172	285.17973(89)#	4.2 s	α	²⁸¹Rg
²⁸⁶Nh[n 7]	113	173	286.18221(72)#	9.5 s	α	²⁸²Rg
²⁸⁷Nh[n 8]	113	174	287.18339(81)#	5.5 s	α	²⁸³Rg
²⁹⁰Nh[n 9]	113	177		2 s?	α	²⁸⁶Rg

( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture
Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁸⁷Mc
Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁸⁸Mc
Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹³Ts
Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts
Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁷Fl and possibly ²⁹⁹Ubn; unconfirmed
Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁰Fl and ²⁹⁴Lv; unconfirmed

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Super-heavy elements such as nihonium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas most of the isotopes of nihonium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.[4]

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.[5] In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.[4] The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).[6]

Cold fusion

Before the successful synthesis of nihonium by the RIKEN team, scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany also tried to synthesize nihonium by bombarding bismuth-209 with zinc-70 in 1998. No nihonium atoms were identified in two separate runs of the reaction.[7] They repeated the experiment in 2003 again without success.[7] In late 2003, the emerging team at RIKEN using their efficient apparatus GARIS attempted the reaction and reached a limit of 140 fb. In December 2003 – August 2004, they resorted to "brute force" and carried out the reaction for a period of eight months. They were able to detect a single atom of ²⁷⁸Nh.[8] They repeated the reaction in several runs in 2005 and were able to synthesize a second atom,[9] followed by a third in 2012.[10]

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=113.

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
²⁰⁸Pb	⁷¹Ga	²⁷⁹Nh	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁰⁹Bi	⁷⁰Zn	²⁷⁹Nh	Successful reaction
²³⁸U	⁴⁵Sc	²⁸³Nh	Reaction yet to be attempted
²³⁷Np	⁴⁸Ca	²⁸⁵Nh	Successful reaction
²⁴⁴Pu	⁴¹K	²⁸⁵Nh	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁰Cm	³⁷Cl	²⁸⁷Nh	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴⁸Cm	³⁷Cl	²⁸⁵Nh	Reaction yet to be attempted

Hot fusion

In June 2006, the Dubna-Livermore team synthesised nihonium directly by bombarding a neptunium-237 target with accelerated calcium-48 nuclei, in a search for the lighter isotopes ²⁸¹Nh and ²⁸²Nh and their decay products, to provide insight into the stabilizing effects of the closed neutron shells at N = 162 and N = 184:[11]

²³⁷
₉₃Np
+ ⁴⁸
₂₀Ca
→ ²⁸²
₁₁₃Nh
+ ¹
₀n

Two atoms of ²⁸²Nh were detected.[11]

As decay product

List of nihonium isotopes observed by decay
Evaporation residue	Observed nihonium isotope
²⁹⁴Lv, ²⁹⁰Fl ?	²⁹⁰Nh ?[2]
²⁹⁹Ubn, ²⁹⁵Og, ²⁹¹Lv, ²⁸⁷Fl ?	²⁸⁷Nh ?[1]
²⁹⁴Ts, ²⁹⁰Mc	²⁸⁶Nh[12]
²⁹³Ts, ²⁸⁹Mc	²⁸⁵Nh[12]
²⁸⁸Mc	²⁸⁴Nh[13]
²⁸⁷Mc	²⁸³Nh[13]

Nihonium has been observed as a decay product of flerovium (via electron capture) and moscovium (via alpha decay). Moscovium currently has four known isotopes; all of them undergo alpha decays to become nihonium nuclei, with mass numbers between 283 and 286. Parent flerovium and moscovium nuclei can be themselves decay products of livermorium (although unconfirmed decays from oganesson or unbinilium may have been observed) and tennessine respectively. To date, no other elements have been known to decay to nihonium.[14] For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified nihonium-286 as a product in the decay of tennessine via an alpha decay sequence:[12]

²⁹⁴
₁₁₇Ts
→ ²⁹⁰
₁₁₅Mc
+ ⁴
₂He

²⁹⁰
₁₁₅Mc
→ ²⁸⁶
₁₁₃Nh
+ ⁴
₂He

Evaporation residue cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

Target	Projectile	CN	Channel (product)	σ_max	Model	Ref
²⁰⁹Bi	⁷⁰Zn	²⁷⁹Nh	1n (²⁷⁸Nh)	30 fb	DNS	[15]
²³⁸U	⁴⁵Sc	²⁸³Nh	3n (²⁸⁰Nh)	20 fb	DNS	[16]
²³⁷Np	⁴⁸Ca	²⁸⁵Nh	3n (²⁸²Nh)	0.4 pb	DNS	[17]
²⁴⁴Pu	⁴¹K	²⁸⁵Nh	3n (²⁸²Nh)	42.2 fb	DNS	[16]
²⁵⁰Cm	³⁷Cl	²⁸⁷Nh	4n (²⁸³Nh)	0.594 pb	DNS	[16]
²⁴⁸Cm	³⁷Cl	²⁸⁵Nh	3n (²⁸²Nh)	0.26 pb	DNS	[16]

References

Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Schneidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120". In Peninozhkevich, Yu. E.; Sobolev, Yu. G. (eds.). Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei. Exotic Nuclei. pp. 155–164. ISBN 9789813226555.
Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Popiesch, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120". The European Physics Journal A. 2016 (52). doi:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4.
Forsberg, U.; Rudolph, D.; Andersson, L.-L.; Di Nitto, A.; Düllmann, Ch.E.; Fahlander, C.; Gates, J.M.; Golubev, P.; Gregorich, K.E.; Gross, C.J.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Heßberger, F.P.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kratz, J.V.; Rykaczewski, K.; Sarmiento, L.G.; Schädel, M.; Yakushev, A.; Åberg, S.; Ackermann, D.; Block, M.; Brand, H.; Carlsson, B.G.; Cox, D.; Derkx, X.; Dobaczewski, J.; Eberhardt, K.; Even, J.; Gerl, J.; et al. (2016). "Recoil-α-fission and recoil-α–α-fission events observed in the reaction 48Ca + 243Am". Nuclear Physics A. 953: 117–138. arXiv:1502.03030. Bibcode:2016NuPhA.953..117F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025.
Armbruster, Peter & Münzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements". Scientific American. 34: 36–42.
Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich (2009). "Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (7): 1331. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.
Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry. 261 (2): 301–308. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3.
"Search for element 113" Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, Hofmann et al., GSI report 2003. Retrieved on 3 March 2008
Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Akiyama, Takahiro; Goto, Sin-Ichi; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kanungo, Rituparna; et al. (2004). "Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn, n)²⁷⁸113". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (10): 2593–2596. Bibcode:2004JPSJ...73.2593M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593.
Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011). "Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 83 (7): 1485. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01.
K. Morita; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ozeki, Kazutaka; Kudou, Yuki; Sumita, Takayuki; Wakabayashi, Yasuo; Yoneda, Akira; Tanaka, Kengo; et al. (2012). "New Results in the Production and Decay of an Isotope, ²⁷⁸113, of the 113th Element". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 81 (10): 103201. arXiv:1209.6431. Bibcode:2012JPSJ...81j3201M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.81.103201.
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Sagaidak, R.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Voinov, A.; Gulbekian, Gulbekian; et al. (2007). "Synthesis of the isotope ²⁸²113 in the ²³⁷Np+⁴⁸Ca fusion reaction" (PDF). Physical Review C. 76 (1): 011601(R). Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76a1601O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011601.
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; Benker, D. E.; Bennett, M. E.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Ezold, J. G.; Hamilton, J. H.; et al. (2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Penionzhkevich, Yu. E.; Cherepanov, E. A. (2007). "Heaviest Nuclei Produced in ⁴⁸Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)". AIP Conference Proceedings. 912. pp. 235–246. doi:10.1063/1.2746600.
Sonzogni, Alejandro. "Interactive Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
Feng, Zhao-Qing; Jin, Gen-Ming; Li, Jun-Qing; Scheid, Werner (2007). "Formation of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 76 (4): 044606. arXiv:0707.2588. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76d4606F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044606.
Feng, Z.; Jin, G.; Li, J. (2009). "Production of new superheavy Z=108-114 nuclei with ²³⁸U, ²⁴⁴Pu and ^248,250Cm targets". Physical Review C. 80 (5): 057601. arXiv:0912.4069. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.80.057601.
Feng, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Scheid, W (2009). "Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions". Nuclear Physics A. 816 (1–4): 33–51. arXiv:0803.1117. Bibcode:2009NuPhA.816...33F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003.

Isotope masses from:
- M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[3] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-4] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[5] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

[6] Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁸⁷Mc

[7] Not directly synthesized, occurs as decay product of ²⁸⁸Mc

[9] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹³Ts

[10] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁴Ts

[11] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁸⁷Fl and possibly ²⁹⁹Ubn; unconfirmed

[12] Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of ²⁹⁰Fl and ²⁹⁴Lv; unconfirmed

[EXON-1] Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Schneidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120". In Peninozhkevich, Yu. E.; Sobolev, Yu. G. (eds.). Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei. Exotic Nuclei. pp. 155–164. ISBN 9789813226555.

[Hofmann2016-2] Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Popiesch, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120". The European Physics Journal A. 2016 (52). doi:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4.

[8] Forsberg, U.; Rudolph, D.; Andersson, L.-L.; Di Nitto, A.; Düllmann, Ch.E.; Fahlander, C.; Gates, J.M.; Golubev, P.; Gregorich, K.E.; Gross, C.J.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Heßberger, F.P.; Khuyagbaatar, J.; Kratz, J.V.; Rykaczewski, K.; Sarmiento, L.G.; Schädel, M.; Yakushev, A.; Åberg, S.; Ackermann, D.; Block, M.; Brand, H.; Carlsson, B.G.; Cox, D.; Derkx, X.; Dobaczewski, J.; Eberhardt, K.; Even, J.; Gerl, J.; et al. (2016). "Recoil-α-fission and recoil-α–α-fission events observed in the reaction 48Ca + 243Am". Nuclear Physics A. 953: 117–138. arXiv:1502.03030. Bibcode:2016NuPhA.953..117F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025.

[AM89-13] Armbruster, Peter & Münzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements". Scientific American. 34: 36–42.

[fusion-14] Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich (2009). "Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (7): 1331. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.

[15] Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry. 261 (2): 301–308. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3.

[03Ho01-16] "Search for element 113" Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, Hofmann et al., GSI report 2003. Retrieved on 3 March 2008

[04Mo01-17] Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Akiyama, Takahiro; Goto, Sin-Ichi; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kanungo, Rituparna; et al. (2004). "Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁷⁰Zn, n)²⁷⁸113". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (10): 2593–2596. Bibcode:2004JPSJ...73.2593M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593.

[JWP-18] Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011). "Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 83 (7): 1485. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01.

[six-alpha-19] K. Morita; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ozeki, Kazutaka; Kudou, Yuki; Sumita, Takayuki; Wakabayashi, Yasuo; Yoneda, Akira; Tanaka, Kengo; et al. (2012). "New Results in the Production and Decay of an Isotope, ²⁷⁸113, of the 113th Element". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 81 (10): 103201. arXiv:1209.6431. Bibcode:2012JPSJ...81j3201M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.81.103201.

[07Og01-20] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Sagaidak, R.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Voinov, A.; Gulbekian, Gulbekian; et al. (2007). "Synthesis of the isotope ²⁸²113 in the ²³⁷Np+⁴⁸Ca fusion reaction" (PDF). Physical Review C. 76 (1): 011601(R). Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76a1601O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.011601.

[e117-21] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; Benker, D. E.; Bennett, M. E.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Ezold, J. G.; Hamilton, J. H.; et al. (2010). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117". Physical Review Letters. 104 (14): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.

[Organessian-22] Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Penionzhkevich, Yu. E.; Cherepanov, E. A. (2007). "Heaviest Nuclei Produced in ⁴⁸Ca-induced Reactions (Synthesis and Decay Properties)". AIP Conference Proceedings. 912. pp. 235–246. doi:10.1063/1.2746600.

[nuclidetable-23] Sonzogni, Alejandro. "Interactive Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-06-06.

[24] Feng, Zhao-Qing; Jin, Gen-Ming; Li, Jun-Qing; Scheid, Werner (2007). "Formation of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 76 (4): 044606. arXiv:0707.2588. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76d4606F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044606.

[Feng108114-25] Feng, Z.; Jin, G.; Li, J. (2009). "Production of new superheavy Z=108-114 nuclei with ²³⁸U, ²⁴⁴Pu and ^248,250Cm targets". Physical Review C. 80 (5): 057601. arXiv:0912.4069. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.80.057601.

[26] Feng, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Scheid, W (2009). "Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions". Nuclear Physics A. 816 (1–4): 33–51. arXiv:0803.1117. Bibcode:2009NuPhA.816...33F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003.